2017년 3월 4일 토요일

Lighthouse

Lighthouse

Vagueness evasion In this item, I explain the lighthouse of the beacon.
Vagueness evasion "Dengta" is transferred to this item. Please see "Dengta city" about the city of China.

The facilities which the lighthouse (whether you ask it) is installed in the tip and the port of the cape, and become the navigation target of the ship by the appearance and lamplight. It is kind of the light wave mark among beacons.

Table of contents

General statement

 
チキウ cape lighthouse（HokkaidoMuroran-shi）

The lighthouse is a tower-formed building, and an identifiable strong source of light is installed in the top even from the distant place. A source of light performs glimmering (a lens made a preliminary remark in a source of light turns with the large thing) in the night, and a ship to navigate becomes the mark to distinguish a place. In the current lighthouse, most are concrete, but wooden construction and stone construction, bake bricks, the thing of Tetsuzo are seen, too.

The lighthouse is divided into two kinds of "the breakwater Lighthouse" showing an aim and the location, the chops of "the coast lighthouse" where it is or the harbor when a ship confirms land, a main veering point or the position of the ship by a setting place.

In many countries, the lighthouse is under so-called coast guard (the Coast Guard) or the management of the harbor civil authority.

I refer to "the beacon"

Classification

 
The lighthouse which is red at the time of the arrival in port on the right side
（Fukui south breakwater Lighthouse）
 
The lighthouse which is white at the time of the arrival in port on the left side
（Fukui north breakwater Lighthouse）
  • Classification by a setting place, the role of the lighthouse
    • Coast Lighthouse (thing installed in the remarkable place of a cape and the coast)
    • Breakwater Lighthouse (when it is installed in the tip of the breakwater of a harbor and the fishing port, and enters the port the "red, light color red "white, light color green and Coast Guard which the left side paints" which the right side paints" rule [1] [2])
  • Classification (by the class of the lighthouse lens to use) by the size of the lighthouse
    • Large lighthouse (thing using the first prize, the second prize, the third class lens or a 90cm .120cm turn light device)
    • Medium-sized lighthouse (thing using the fourth prize, the fifth class flash of light lens or a 60cm .40cm .30cm turn light device, a xenon lamp device)
    • Small lighthouse (thing using the fifth class firmness, the sixth class firmness, flash of light lens or immovable lenses such as nothing less than 37.5cm)
  • Classification with the materials of the lighthouse
    • Brick building Lighthouse
    • Stone lighthouse
    • Wooden lighthouse
    • Tetsuzo Lighthouse
    • Concrete lighthouse

Quality of light

Light (quality of light) is all different, and the lighthouse in the neighborhood becomes able to distinguish it each. Quality of light of each lighthouse is transcribed in a sign on a lighthouse list (Coast Guard publication) and a chart. Quality of representative light includes the following.

  • Immovable light (F, fixed): I always maintain the constant intensity of light
  • Light and shade light (Oc, occulting): I hit constant light, and Asuma is longer than 暗間
  • A flash of light (Fl, flashing): Around one second flashes (with a long flash of light, the quick-flashing light)
  • Each other light (Al, alternating): I hit unique light in turn
  • Morse code light Mo

History

It is said to the oldest lighthouse left for the record having lighted fire on the tower of the temple of the Nile river mouth of Egypt in the seventh century B.C. that it begins. I took time of approximately 19 years from about B.C. 279, and the one of so-called world seven wonders "large lighthouse of Alexandria" was built afterwards in the pharos island of the chops. It was said that this had an altitude of approximately 134m and was used until I was partially destroyed by the earthquake of 796 years. Destruction advances by a rumor that a treasure is buried, and it is completely collapsed afterwards by an earthquake of 1375. A fortress is built, and it is told the ruins to have become extinct in 1477. In addition, the huge statue of Rhodes which was one of the world seven wonders functioned as the lighthouse in the same way.

Specifications of the lighthouse

As for the specifications of the lighthouse, height from the sea is devised for the cause. The specifications of the lighthouse doing lamplight as follows.

Light range
Of three kinds or four kinds express it, and there is one. I refer to light range.
Luminescence distance
The large thing turns a lens and pretends that it flashes on and off. This luminescence distance is set of every lighthouse and it is which lighthouse or comes to be able to judge it from the difference.
Lens
A lens called the Fresnel lens is used at the large lighthouse.
Light arc
A horizontal direction (angle) that the light is emitted. The south is expressed as 0 degrees clockwise. In the case of 360 degrees, I say "all degrees". There is the place that I cover so that light does not leak in the track and field club at the big lighthouse. "暗弧" means this.

Well-known lighthouse

World lighthouse 100 selections

List of height order

The details refer to "list of lighthouses (height order)" (English)

Lighthouse of each country

Lighthouse of the United States

As a historic lighthouse of the United States with the mon talking cape Lighthouse of New York Long Island (Montauk Point Lighthouse) [3]. A mon talking cape lighthouse was New York oldest lighthouse completed in 1796, and it was the beacon which was important to the ship which aimed at New York from Europe in the early 19th century [3]. In March, 2012, the mon talking cape Lighthouse was chosen as an American state history building [3].

Lighthouse of Japan

Management

Coast Guard transportation department (old Aids to Navigation Department) has jurisdiction over it in Japan, and marine Safety Department under each Regional Coast Guard Headquarters jurisdiction performs individual setting, maintenance, management.

Name

I write down the name of a cape and the dike which are the location. As a general rule, the lighthouse built on the tip of the dike does naming called the dike lighthouse or dike Lighthouse after the proper noun indicating the place, but there is the thing which does not name "a dike" because there cannot be a dike near by in the important harbor Lighthouse.

Generally, I use 埼 for the lighthouse built on the cape as the name of the cape. I mean it whereas it is the character that 崎 expresses that the state of the mountain is fierce and means the nose of the projecting mountainous district on the plains when land projects into the water region in 埼. Therefore, since navy Hydrographic Department of the Meiji era, a character of 埼 is used by the chart. In addition, I use a character of 崎 which an army land surveying department of the forerunner used sequentially in Geographical Survey Institute, and a character of 崎 is used on the map [4].

History

About the first Japanese lighthouse, it is said that I let you light a bonfire as a mark of the return journey envoy to the Tang Dynasty ship who broke up at the peak of the various places throughout Kyushu for (Showa era six years) for 839 years what there is after "Japan sequel to for a period" first. Was the western Kamakura era foundation of Sumiyoshi Taisha Shrine (existing Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi) of the Settsu country and a high garden lantern to be informed, and moved a place to the Sumiyoshi Park entrance that was the riding ground of the big shrine, and the oldest lighthouse which could confirm construction was restored (1974); [5].

When the Edo era began, and marine transportation became popular, a candlestick and the night-light which were a Japanese style lighthouse came to be installed in the precincts of the Shinto shrine near a cape and the port. The oldest lighthouse approved formally was rebuilt as a beacon in Imazu Lighthouse in Nishimiyaichi, Hyogo in 1858 by the Coast Guard.

November 1 is a lighthouse memorial day (1868) in 1868 when the first Japanese Western style lighthouse started construction in 観音埼灯台 which turned on (1869) on February 11 in 1869. In addition, in the existence oldest Western style lighthouse, old Shinagawa lighthouse (I turn on 1870 Shinagawa-ku museum Meiji-Mura of Inuyama-shi removing and rebuilding, important cultural property), the oldest Western style lighthouse built in the field are former Sakai lighthouses (1877 lighting, Sakai-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, historic spot of the country).

The foundation of a country of Japan was 1854, but, in the Japanese sea near the shore, the systematic maintenance of the beacon was not performed only by the setting of the short candlestick and night-light of the light range after there were many reefs. Therefore I was called "the dark sea", and I was afraid by the foreign countries.

It was established that I maintained five places of lighthouses by Osaka promise (Osaka treaty) that I tied up to the U.K. in United States, U.K., France, 改税約書 (tax convention, Edo treaty) allied with Netherlands four countries in eight places, April, 1867 in May, 1866 (I call these 13 lighthouses "a treaty lighthouse"). The start of construction was one year late for change of government by the Meiji Restoration, but was built sequentially. Richard Henry Blanton and Leon's Berni who were a foreign employee was engaged in these designs, construction.

The maintenance of the beacon advanced with development of the marine transportation, too and came to count 400 in the World War II direct first half year, but there was still difference with the standard of foreign countries, and the situation called "the dark sea" continued afterwards. A private candlestick is built in Shikinejima even if it becomes early in the Showa era. But it was hard to achieve the original duty by a blackout and camouflage in wartime. I increase by rapid economic growth drastically after the war, and all beacon total number touches 5,600 engines as of April 1, 2004, and it is 3,348 only at a lighthouse. [6]

About the jurisdiction of the lighthouse office work, it is, for example, January, 1868 in the lighthouse of Yokohama that it became the jurisdiction of the foreign administrative official. That, via the lighthouse station of ministry of official in charge of building and Ministry of Communications, it is in postwar May, 1948 that it became the jurisdiction of the Coast Guard lighthouse station (current Coast Guard transportation department) [7].

A women's island lighthouse (Goto-shi, Nagasaki) which was the last staff stay lighthouse was automated (2006) in Japan on November 12 in 2006, and all lighthouses were made no person. In addition, in the women's island Lighthouse, a well-known movie is known to "grieving as for being pleased by having made a lighthouse keeper a chief character because it was one of the stage of (Manager Keisuke Kinoshita) in a month in for many years".

List of lighthouses of the Edo treaty
  1. 観音埼灯台 (first lighting 1869)
  2. 野島埼灯台 (1870)
  3. I adopted 樫野埼灯台 (existence, active .1870 years) - for the first time rotary flash of light
  4. Medium former island Lighthouse (existence .1871 years)
  5. 剱埼灯台 (1871)
  6. Iojima Lighthouse (1871)
  7. Cape Sata-misaki Lighthouse (1871)
  8. Shionomisaki Lighthouse (1873)

  • 観音埼灯台

  • 野島埼灯台

  • 樫野埼灯台

  • Medium former island Lighthouse

  • 剱埼灯台

  • Cape Sata-misaki Lighthouse

  • Shionomisaki Lighthouse

List of lighthouses of the Osaka treaty
  1. 江埼灯台 (existence, active .1871 years)
  2. Mutsurejima Lighthouse (existence, active .1872 years)
  3. 部埼灯台 (existence, active .1872 years)
  4. Tomogashima Lighthouse (existence, active .1872 years)
  5. Cape Wada Lighthouse (abolished light .1872 years)

  • 江埼灯台

  • Mutsurejima Lighthouse

  • 部埼灯台

  • Tomogashima Lighthouse

  • Cape Wada Lighthouse

Representative lighthouse of Japan

  • 50 selections of lighthouses of Japan
    50 lighthouses of Japan which the Coast Guard recruited you as an event of the 50th lighthouse memorial day of November 1 (1998) in 1998, and was chosen by a general vote.
  • The first class lighthouse
    The lighthouse which adopts maximum "the first class lens" while I am used at a lighthouse.
  • Visit lighthouse
    The regular inside is the lighthouse which is opened to the public. Corporate judicial person lamplight society receives trust and performs visit business, and there are 15 engines in the all over Japan mainly.
  • Preservation lighthouse
    In an active lighthouse built in the Meiji era, the Coast Guard chooses a thing having high value of particularly historic cultural assets and takes preservation measures. I am sorted to four phases from A rank to D rank by high order of the value.
  • Treaty lighthouse
    See the lighthouse # history.

Public of the lighthouse

I refer to "the visit lighthouse"

I call the lighthouse which is always opened to the public a visit lighthouse. At 15 lighthouses, corporate judicial person lamplight society receives trust from the Coast Guard and performs visit business now. These lighthouses climb the upper part and can enjoy a view, and there is the thing adding a museum and an exhibition room. But I may not be shown for a wild heaven-sent chance or the winter season. In addition, at the lighthouse which is not always shown, I may be shown in particular on Marine Day and a lighthouse memorial day by around (November 1).

Footnote

[Help]
  1. The flow Coast Guard before installing it, and managing the basic rule beacon of the ^ III land mark
  2. Are red and a white lighthouse at the ^ Q1. port of why? Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Kanto district maintenance station Keihin harbor office
  3. ^ a b c mon talking cape Lighthouse, U.S. history building National Geographic Japan version, February 9, 2017 reading.
  4. What happens to ^ "埼" and "崎"; is a collection of counselor's office FAQ of the Coast Guard Hydrographic & Oceanographic Department sea
  5. A highlight "high garden lantern" of ^ Sumiyoshi Park
  6. ^ Tatsuo Otsuki, Shinichi Sakurai, Hiroshi Otomo table, Takashi Kasakawa. Present conditions - of the lighthouse in study on preservation inflection - our country of the lighthouse. Architectural Institute of Japan. It is http://wep.ocean.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp/pdf/2005/sakurai2005-02.pdf. NAID 110006293296 
  7. It is - Coast Guard (Vice-Director Nishiuchi contribution) on ^ November 10, 2010
  8. High garden lantern | of ^ Suzaki Sightseeing in Fukui information homepage

Allied item

Outside link

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