Gandhara
Gandhara (Gandhāra, Brahman: Gāndharaḥ) is a kingdom in the ancient times when I hang it in the northwestern part of Pakistan from the current eastern part of Afghanistan and existed. It was located in the Kabul () northern coast, and the east end reached to the border part of the Kashmir Valley across the Indus. [1]
The Gandharan kingdom continued during the sixth to the eleventh century B.C. and greeted the golden age under the クシャーナ dynasty which believed in Buddhism from the first to the fifth century. After I was conquered in 1021 by sultan Mahmoud of the ガズナ morning, the Gandharan place name was lost. Lahore or Kabul plays a key role of neighboring areas under the Islam rule, and is a follower of Mogul Empire; of the State of Kabul was said partly.
Table of contents
Geography
There was Gandhara as the border at the Indus river mouth from the Kabul bank of a river for the Veda era. The domain is known as ペシャーワル Valley (). The Gandharan person () went over the Indus for the のちの era and included the northwestern part of Punjab of Pakistan in the territory. Gandhara that was Persia and an important street in Central Asia prospered as an international commercial city. By the times, I might include ペシャーワル Valley (), タクシラ, スワート Valley () in the Gandharan domain in a mass, but the center was always Peshawar Valley. The King nation's capital was put in フント () of the Indus for チャルサッダ () (チャールサダ), タクシラ, ペシャーワル, last years.
History
Rule of Achaemenid Persia
The Gandharan name emerges to "a rig Veda", but I know what was incorporated in the census registers and maps by Kyros the Great of Achaemenid Persia or the Darius first in the sixth century B.C., and the name called "GADARA" is recorded to Darius first monument of Persepolis. 20 soil of Persia is written down for a book "history" of Greek historian Herodotus, but Gandhara is recorded there as Paktuike or Peshawar Valley.
Rule of 東征 and Maurya of Alexander the Great
The rule of Persia weakened by about B.C. 380, and many small kingdoms ruled Gandhara separately. Alexander the Great invaded and attacked in Gandhara in B.C. 327, but the great king did not stay on this ground for one year either. At the same time, タクシラ had Chandra King Gupta of Maurya, but I defeated セレウコス dynasty in B.C. 305 and put the southern part of Afghanistan in the follower. Maurya ruled this ground by first century and a half afterwards. The king grandchild Asoka of Chandragupta became an earnest Buddhist and erected many pagodas in Gandhara. The Bakht rear of Greece origin expanded the power afterwards in this ground when Maurya declined and withdrew to the Indian subcontinent. In about B.C. 185, Gandhara and Punjab were conquered by the Bakht King Lear Demetrios first. After Bakht rear division, the independent government in the Bakht rear inside ruled Gandhara afterwards.
King Menandros and rule of the India Greek morning
The Menandros first of the India Greek morning is the Gandharan most famous King. He who became a Buddhist was drawn to the Buddhist Scriptures as "the question of a ミリンダ king" and came to be well known to many Buddhists. The king Menandros died in about B.C. 140, and division of the India Greek morning began. Similarly I was pressed by a race of Parthia ancestry, and a サカ group emigrated to Gandhara from Iranian Plateau (India Scythian kingdom). The Pashto used in current Pakistani northern part, Afghanistan assumes the language of this サカ group the origin. Parthia paid the eastern part of Iran to a follower in B.C. 90 and expelled the last Greek power to remain in Afghanistan in about B.C. 50. Parthia swept away the Greek inhabitants who brought a Greece-like art style into Gandhara. It is from this time that we see development of the Gandhara art (from B.C. 50 to 75).
Golden age under the クシャーナ Asaji world
When Parthia kingdom was weakened by death of the rivalry with Rome and Mitra Date's second of B.C. 92, the grand seigneur Sioux lane family (the family who diverged from the imperial family) of Parthia started an invasion in the east territory occupied by India Scythian and Otsuki. After having fought against many local feudal lords including King クジュラ カドフィセス of the クシャーナ morning in Gandhara, the Parthian ruled the domain where all Bakht rear and north India were very large to a follower. I declared independence from Parthia, and, in about 20, one of the conquistadors ゴンドファルネス of the Parthian built the India Parthia kingdom in the domain that I conquered. This kingdom continued somehow as the first century, but the north India district was conquered again by クシャーナ morning in about 75.
Gandhara greets the golden age under rule of the クシャーナ morning after this. A lot of remains of an ancient structure of a pagoda and the temple of this time are seen in ペシャーワル Valley and タクシラ. The Gandhara art prospered under the king Kaniska (the reign: for from 128 years to 151 years) rule, and much Buddhism buildings were erected. The king Kaniska was the greatest person who has rendered distinguished services that Buddhism would show an expanse in the Far East from the Central Asia. With King, Gandhara played a key role of neighboring civilization, and the Buddhist art that prospered in the ground spread throughout Asia. The huge pagoda of 120 meters was erected in ペシャーワル and much Buddhism remains were left and were deified as a pilgrimage place from the East Asia in coming ages. After death of Kaniska, the kingdom began to lose east territory, and a follower of the サーサーン morning received it on the west. However, the new pagoda continued being erected by the cause of the head of a family of the クシャン group, and the old thing was expanded. A large Buddha statue was built in the temple, and an image of Buddha inscribed on the polished cliff was carved at the cliff.
Decline
In about 450, F Tal invaded it, and Hinduism became popular at one time, but サーサーン dynasty regained it again and expelled F Tal for 568 years. When サーサーン dynasty was defeated by Islamic Empire for 644 years, Gandhara was ruled by a race of テュルク origin, and Buddhism spread out again. When Gandhara greatly transformed during these several centuries, I record the traveler's diary by the Buddhism pilgrim from much China. Hinduism gradually became the prosperity, and the chaitya was abandoned in sequence. Islam power invaded it, and the Gandharan name was forgotten afterwards.
There is an opinion to come from "Gandhara" in the place name called current Kandahar, Afghanistan [2].
Gandhara art
It is famous as the Buddhist art that adopted Greece, Syria, Persia, various art styles of India. I was considered to be from B.C. 50 to A.D. 75 of the Parthia reign at the start time and was full of the prosperity from the first to the fifth century of the クシャーナ Asaji world. The Buddhism born in India denied that I admired an idol of the Buddha itself at first, but I met Greece civilization in this ground and brought about a Buddha statue for the first time. In addition, the Mahayanist Buddhism was born, too. An image covered with the crown with the Chinese phoenix to the head called "兜跋 (X) god of treasure image" exists, and there is an opinion that the origin of the god of treasure is the Hermes of the Greek myth (Mercury of Rome). F Tal invaded this ground in the fifth century, and the prosperity told the end.
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The terra cotta of the woman. チャールサダ exhumation. The B.C. first century〜The third century
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The terra cotta of the earth mother image. Monkey Delhi exhumation. The B.C. first century
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Prince Buddha image. The first to the second century
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A Buddha standing straight image. The first to the second century
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The Buddha statue that the fold of clothes is like Greece, Indian national museum
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A brain of Buddha. The second century.
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Brain of Buddha, Indian national museum
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Acanthus leaf pattern decoration.
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Greek God Atlas who is seen in the Buddhism remains
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Wine and court dance and music. ハッダ exhumation. The first to the second century.
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Birth of シッダルタ. The second to the third century
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A Hellenism sculpture. Exhumation in northern Pakistan.
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A Hellenism sculpture. Gandharan exhumation. The first century
Source
- ^ Political History of Ancient India, 1996, P151
- ^ Hobson Jobson Dictionary
Allied item
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Gandhara
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