カトナ
カトナ (カトゥナ, Qatna, Arabic: قطنا, current Al = マシュラファ al-Mashrafahالمشرفة) is a remain of the ancient city state in Syria. It is in northeast 18km of Homs, 遺丘 ter= L = ミシュリフェ (Tell-el-Mishrife) in branch wadi yl = アスワド (Wadi il-Aswad) of the Orontes. The area of 遺丘 (Teru) is west Syria in 1 square km, but is a city of the largest Bronze Age. 遺丘 of the plateau of the limestone of the Syrian Desert is located to decrease, and face the fertile Homs Basin.
Table of contents
Summary of remains
The remains of an ancient structure of the castle wall around a town of カトナ are left now, and, as for the height, it is to 20m in a part. When limestone covered the wall surface formerly, the remains of an ancient structure of the castle wall are supposed by sun-dried brick and a piece of the limestone which I made with mud. A moat is dug in front of the castle wall. Form of the cities that a castle wall surrounds in a rare thing for a city of the Bronze Age is a quadrangle, and the gate is established around the middle of each side. Four castle gates are covered in white limestone and オーソスタット (board of the stone covering orthostats, the lower part of the wall) using the black basalt, and the basics reach the bedrock. The width of the entrance of the gate is 4m.
When it was an acropolis, a certain hill ('colline centrale') is supposed near the center of the town. There was the palace in the neighborhood called "hill ('Butte de l'eglise') of the church" in the north of the acropolis and was the largest building in Syria of the Bronze Age while I was known now. However, in the case of excavation of the 1920s, most of walls of the sun-dried brick of the palace are missed and are dug up, and only the wall of the part that the wall which overturned and firm floor make a border with slate remains. The layout of the palace of カトナ is similar to a palace of Mali very much. A lot of foundations of pillar made of the basalt are found and can compare how to handle this pillar with the palace of the shop rim rim King (Yarim-Lim) of the class of remains of ARA lava seventh. Some rooms including between a certain Emperor's chair have a very big dimensions, and 20m in length is considered that a beam made of the cedar was used for a roof. It is seen, and it is thought that this palace dates back to the first half for a period in B.C. 2000 with the house of the first King イシ アッドゥ King (later description) knowing the name of カトナ. The second palace is found in "the small acropolis" in the north of the central hill in 2002 and is thought with a house of the imperial family.
I begin to be able to modernize the town of the Christian on 遺丘 (Teru) from the 1980s. In the town of this mistake re-feh (Misrife), there are 2,500 inhabitants as of 2000.
Excavation
In ter= L = ミシュリフェ, excavation was performed under the conduct of Robert du Mesnil du Boisson during for 1,924 years of the French mandate era and 1927 through 1929. He discovers a part of the palace of the Bronze Age, three gates, graves; the result of today's investigation become basic. A hill and the gate of the central part were excavated in 1994 by a Syrian culture archaeology total station (Syrian General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums)-saving. Excavation was reopened in 1999 by an archaeology total station, Italian ウーディネ University, German テュービンゲン University, but has opposition with the discovery of a King grave of 2002 and the clay board of the cuneiform character between Germany and Italian investigation teams.
History
History of the trade
A trade road to bind the Mesopotamia district and island, Crete, district of Cyprus of Egypt together was formed for a period in B.C. 2000. There was カトナ in the middle of a way to the Mediterranean Sea via タドモル (Palmyra) from the basin (Mali) out of the Euphrates. In addition, I went to the way to Egypt via ヤムハド (ハラブ, Aleppo), カトナ, ハツォル (Tel Hazor) - メギド (Tel Megiddo) from エマル (Emar) along the Euphrates. There was the big valley where a mountain range of the Syria shore region which the Lebanon Mountains from the south broke off to the west of the Homs Basin with カトナ, and led to the north began, and the way which left for port Byblos and Tripoli along the Mediterranean Sea gave off it.
カトナ was a way station of the tin trade to reach the Mediterranean Sea via カトナ from Mali and copper from Cyprus traced this trade road adversely and left for Mesopotamia. In a large quantity of clay board documents discovered in Mali, the articles which reached Mali via カトナ included cloth and clothes, certain bow, jewel, wood, wine, two tanks, and part was carried to the Babylon more.
City state カトナ
It dates back to the times of the Ulu third dynasty that カトナ emerges for documents first. In カトナ, the Sphinx of daughter, イター of アメンエムハト second () (from B.C. 1875 to B.C. 1840) of the Egyptian twelfth dynasty is discovered in the debris of the palace where is in the latter half of the Bronze Age, and the twelfth dynasty and relations with カトナ are not clear because I do not become clear when this Sphinx was brought by カトナ although I tell you about strength of the influence from Egypt.
The first カトナ (カタヌム Qatanum) King understanding the name by documents discovered in Mali is イシ アッドゥ (Ishi-Addu, "アッダ my help"). He made シャムシ アッドゥ (Shamshi-Addu) and an alliance of upper Mesopotamia. It is the person who was the governor of ナザラ (Nazala) in the days of a prince in the アムト ピ L (Amut-pî-el) of the son to have succeeded イシ Ado. His reign was the same period with king Hammurabi of Babylonia (from B.C. 1792 to B.C. 1750). Younger sister ベルトゥム (Beltum) of the アムト ピ L is married to Malian King shops muff アッドゥ (Jasmah-Addu). Probably her mother is thought to be Ashur or lamb better Ashur (Lammassi-Ashur) from エカラトゥム (). The King gym re-rim of Mali marries princess dam Fra SIMM (Dam-hurasim) from カトナ, too. After Mali is conquered by Hammurabi and was destroyed, the documents about カトナ decrease. ヤムハド (Aleppo) which the ヤリム rim third ruled became the biggest rival city of カトナ, and I was influenced at one time by ヤムハド.
When ミタンニ empire gains power in upper Mesopotamia, カトナ links the alliance to ミタンニ, but becomes Egypt and the debatable land between ミタンニ. It is written to the inscription of a part of the カトナ palace (palace C room, room called the Nin エガル (Nin-Egal) shrine) that a person from ミタンニ lives in カトナ. It is considered that the expedition of the アメンホテプ first (from B.C. 1515 to B.C. 1494) and the Thutmose first (from B.C. 1494 to B.C. 1482) of the Egyptian 18th dynasty in Syria reached カトナ, but the decisive evidence is not found. It is written in the seventh pylon (pylon) of アメン Ogami of Carnac that the Thutmose third (from B.C. 1479 to B.C. 1425) stayed in the place of カトナ in the 33rd year of the reign.
The アメンホテプ second (from B.C. 1427 to B.C. 1401) was attacked for the middle across the Orontes by カトナ, but I gained victory and took war trophies. It is written that there was the equipment for tank of ミタンニ in that.
Fall
On the other hand, the name of King, イダンダ (Idanda) in about B.C. 1400 when I was not known is found in the clay board of the cuneiform character found in the basement of the カトナ palace before. In the case of an expedition of the King swish pill re-horse first (from B.C. 1380 to B.C. 1340) of the Hittite in Syria, the prince demanded help from the Egyptian アメンホテプ fourth Akiji () of カトナ (Akizzi), but I am devoted to a shakeup that he worships God アテン alone and transfers the capital to capital flax luna newly, and カトナ will link the name in the Syrian city state where it is plundered of conquest by a Hittite, and inhabitants were taken to after all. Five autograph letters which Prince Akiji addressed to the アメンホテプ fourth are included in a clay board, the amateur luna document which a policy inside and outside Egypt of this time was written down.
In addition, the name of カトナ was listed in the Egyptian geographical book until the times of the Ramses third (B.C. 1180) of the Egyptian 20th dynasty. Because the state that an Aramean attacked カトナ in terminal (the B.C. twelfth century) in the Bronze Age is written for the documents found in エマル, I know that カトナ still at least existed at this time.
I understood that a person lived in 遺丘 in (the B.C. seventh century) in the new Babylonia times from an excavated article, but it was in a worthless town because Homs (エメサ) of the neighborhood had already taken the role called the way station of paths of trade away.
Excavated article
There is the earthenware which is in the middle of the Bronze Age which I imported from Cyprus from a palace trace of カトナ. In addition, by the new excavation, the earthenware made earthenware studio trace and here of the period in B.C. 2000 is found a lot.
In 2002, an image made of basalt without the head was found in the garbage disposal hole where was in the latter half of the Bronze Age. Because I wear a thick typical "Syrian coat" for this image はへりの, and this is a symbol of the common noble person, it is thought with an image of the King of カトナ where does not know the name.
Similarly, in 2002, 63 pieces of clay boards which I wrote a cuneiform character were discovered in the trace of the corridor found under one of "the Emperor's chair" of the palace. These are covered to the wreckage of the beam of the roof which burnt down, and it is considered that I was covered at the time of the aggression of the Hittite. This is thought about with a document in accord with the storage of document of a イダンダ king, and administration documents about a report and the domestic politics about the hopeless politics situation of covered north Syria at the time are included in the menace of the Hittite. It is the document which is not seen so far which these documents mix Akkadian and Hurrian and wrote.
Outside link
- on recent finds of the German mission (German)
- http://www.qatna.de
- archaeobotany at Qatna (Tübingen University)
- The official website of the Italian Mission (Udine University)
Coordinate: 34°50'06" N 36°51'57" E / 34.83500 degrees N 36.86583 degrees E
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia カトナ
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