Antibiotic
The generic name [1] of the material which a microbe is produced with the antibiotic (こうせいぶっしつ, English: antibiotics), and obstructs an increase and the function of the living body cell including other microbes. Generally, it is synonymous with antimicrobial (antibacterial drugs), but includes an antiviral agent and an antifungal drug, the anticancer agent in a wide sense.
Penicillin which Alexander FlemingSir found from green mold in 1928 is the world's first antibiotic. After it was in use once although I needed time of ten years from discovery of penicillin to the practical use, the antimicrobial using antibiotics such as the streptomycin was developed in sequence and brought a revolution for medical care of the human. As for what may be called one of the discovery that the development of penicillin is the grandest in the 20th century by this [2].
It is said that the naturally derived antibiotic has 5,000-6,000 kind in about 1990, and approximately 70 kinds (when I include a very small amount of ingredient approximately 100 kinds) are used for practical use. In addition, as for the half designer drug, 80 kinds are used [1].
Table of contents
A name and definition
As for the word of antibiotics, a phenomenon (English: antibiosis) to compete for that the cell man Waku's man who discovered streptomycin sort of of the antibiotic produced when double bacteria existed in the same place in an American bacteria society of 1942 was decided for the cause. Therefore the definition of the original antibiotic was "the chemical substance which inhibited growth and the metabolism of other microbes derived from a microbe" [1].
Since discovery of penicillin of 1928, as for many "antibiotics for the infectious disease," "the antimicrobial" (antibacterial drugs) for bacteria was often found, and it was the public to point to "the antimicrobial" (antibacterial drugs) speaking of "antibiotic (antibiotics)".
Exploration and a study advanced and there were many infectious diseases except bacteria and came to be known, and the antibiotic for the infectious diseases such as a virus or the fungus was developed in sequence, and an anti-viral drug and antifungus appeared and I adorned a natural product chemically again and improved it, and it was not natural, and the antimicrobial of the artificial composition was developed afterwards, too. It was spread by the definition such as the beginning to include an antitumor material in a concept before long [1].
The sarcomycin which Dr. Umezawa Hama husband of Natl. Inst. of Health (existing: the National Institute of Infectious Diseases) discovered in 1953 was the antibiotic which had anticancerous activity as well as the antimicrobe activity to bacteria, a fungus. Mitomycin C by the Dr. Toju Hata of Kitasato Inst., adriamycin (existing: doxorubicin) of the Italian Federico Arcamone doctor were put to practical use as an anticancerous antibiotic, too.
In other words, "it is antimicrobial, antifungus, an anti-viral drug coming from a production thing of the microbe and an anticancer agent, and most of are antimicrobial" with an antibiotic. The name "antibiotic" is not used with a research organization, the medical institution specialized in the infectious disease very much and uses a name "antimicrobial "・" anti-viral drug "・" antifungus "・" antiparasitism medicine for a bowel complaint" each now.
In late years there is the thing which is semicomposed by a thing produced by chemical synthesis and a natural derivative [1]. The antibacterial agent which was completely composed artificially including pyridonecarboxylic acid system (quinolone new quinolone system) and the sulfa drug is generally often called "an antibiotic", but "composition antimicrobial" and one calling are right and call an antibacterial antibiotic, composition antimicrobial with the antimicrobial of the wide sense in total closely.
Furthermore, the redefinition which the materials playing an active part in a material blocking the activity of the enzyme participating in life activity deeply selectively, the immune system of the higher animal included is demanded [1].
Classification
The classification of the antibiotic with two of the classification by a classification and the action from chemical structure [1].
By the classification from chemical structure, I am classified roughly into β-lactam system, an aminoglycoside derivative macrolide derivative tetracycline system, peptide system, nucleic acid system, polyene system, but may add penicillin system, cephem system, monobactam system more finely [1].
By the classification from action anti; is bacterial; antimold (fungus) characteristics anti; is viral, and is separated by the antitumor nature. When I make much of a use, I am classified in agriculture use for the medical animal. From the scope, I may be sorted in wide area, narrow area [1]. From action mechanism, there are the names such as cell wall action characteristics, too [1].
As a classification of the action mechanism, I am greatly separated by a nucleic acid composition inhibitor, a cell wall composition inhibitor, a protein composition inhibitor.
- Nucleic acid composition inhibitor
- rifampicin
- Cell wall composition inhibitor
- Beta lactam system,Fosfomycin、Vancomycin
- Protein composition inhibitor
- Tetracycline system, macrolide derivative aminoglycoside derivative chloramphenicol
Quinolone system and the sulfa drug are the synthetic antimicrobial which assumed nucleic acid synthetic inhibition mechanism and are not an antibiotic.
Reactions of drugs
The antibiotics containing the antibiotic are chemical substances indicating the toxicity only to bacteria selectively by acting on a metabolic pathway necessary for bacteria to multiply. For example, the beta-lactam antibiotic obstructs the composition of the cell wall peculiar to bacteria, but hardly shows the toxicity for the cell of the human body. Like alcohol, povidone iodine, it is merely distinguished from a sterilizer, the disinfectant deadening bacteria by chemical action.
I overcome the bacterial infection that was the biggest menace of the human and will largely stretch out an average life span [3]. However, the fight with the infectious disease was not over, and the new infectious disease that is not developed of the cure, the revival infectious disease that the effect of the antibiotic becomes thin and did become the problem.
In addition, when use it abundantly because the antibiotic acts on the bacteria which do not show pathogenicity; of the internal indigenous bacterium may lose the balance. When an indigenous bacterium extremely decreases, other bacteria or funguses (mold) propagate explosively and may thereby show pathogenicity. Furthermore, the appearance of the resistant bacteria which the bacteria which survived tolerize becomes the problem.
Clinical application
Most of the antibiotics are used as antimicrobial. A way of thinking of the clinical pharmacology is applied to the dosage method of the antimicrobial. Although the dosage of the antibiotic for bacterial infections is different from the chemotherapeutic agent, it is called chemotherapy by the antibiotic for the clinical medicine in a mass.
In addition, the polyene macrolide system antibiotic is used for the treatment of the fungus. In addition, antibiotics such as mitomycin C and bleomycin, adriamycin, the doxorubicin are used for cancer treatment. In addition, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, エベロリムス are antibiotics, too and play an active part as an immunosuppressive drug in collagenosis, autoimmune disease, the spot of the transplant medical care.
Tolerance and abuse
The organization about the issue of resistant bacteria performs a campaign to reduce the use of the unnecessary antibiotic [4]. For correspondence to the issue of resistant bacteria, resistant bacteria taskforce of ministries and government offices crossing was made in the United States. Organizations such as the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the American National Institutes of Health (NIH) participate in taskforce [5]. In France, "Antibiotics are not automatic" campaign by the government is started in 2002 and aims at the prescription reduction of the unnecessary antibiotic [6].
The first rule of antibiotics is try not to use them, and the second rule is try not to use too many of them.[7]
(preventing you from using the first rule of the antibiotic, the second rule are to prevent you from increasing kinds to use too much)—Paul L. Marino, the ICU book third edition [8]
Is American family doctor society (AAFP) guidelines; "urge it with (should not be used, evidence level A) which must not use an antibiotic for a cold of a child, the adult [9].
In the British national medical technology evaluation mechanism (NICE) guidelines, I raise otitis media acute as the patient whom ahead of the prescription of the antibiotic or should delay, acute throat flame / acute pharyngitis / acute tonsillitis, cold, acute nose sinusitis, acute cough / acute bronchitis [10].
Dosage to a domestic animal
In the domestic animal, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries demands "responsibility use of carefulness that there is" for drug resistant bacteria risk reduction [11].
History
Footnote
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The biochemistry dictionary second edition, p.471 [antibiotic]
- I read ^ http://archive.fo/xnQ5N with "the representative medicine of the 20th century" on - Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association September 14, 2016
- ^ McKeown. T. (1979). The role of medicine. Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
- ^ Larson E (2007). "Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance.." It is 435–447. doi: Annu Rev Public Health 28 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144020. PMID 17094768.
- ^ CDC - Antibiotic / Antimicrobial Resistance (Report). The American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009-03-12).
- ^ Sabuncu E, David J, Bernède-Bauduin C et al. (2009). Klugman, Keith P.. ed. "Significant reduction of antibiotic use in the community after a nationwide campaign in France, 2002–2007". PLoS Med 6 (6): e1000084. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000084. PMC 2683932. PMID 19492093. An archive by the point of original 2010-11-17..
- ^ Marino PL (2007). "Antimicrobial therapy." The ICU book. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-7817-4802-5.
- ^ pole L. Marino "ICU book third edition" medical science international, March, 2008. ISBN 978-4 - 89,592-500-6.
- ^ Fashner J, Ericson K, Werner S (2012). "Treatment of the common cold in children and adults". Am Fam Physician 86 (2): 153–9. It is . PMID 22962927
- ^CG69: Respiratory tract infections (self-limiting): prescribing antibiotics(Report). National medical technology evaluation mechanism in the U.K. (2008-07).
- About ^ "antibacterial agent to use for a domestic animal." Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (October 27, 2016). November 1, 2016 reading.
References
- Way of thinking of the antimicrobial, how to use inside and outside medicine company ISBN 4498017587
- For "biochemistry dictionary second edition" Tokyo chemistry coterie, 1,995 years, it is the second edition sixth impression. ISBN 4-8079-0340-3。
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