Military robot
The military robot (ぐんじよう robot) is a machine used for military activity (robot). I say a military robot (ぐんよう robot), the military robot (military affairs robot).
In this clause, I explain the associated thing which is below similar to.
- A battle robot (father robot not to hold) to robot (I do not do it I seem to ask it a robot) for the battle
- The robot which participates in a direct battle act
- A robot weapon (I live for a robot) and unmanned weapon (むじんへいき)
- The weapon which it was developed, and was made automation, intelligence
In addition, about an aerial "fighting robot including the science fiction (SF)," it is reference with the list of aerial robot weapons (or robot animated cartoons) separately. I explain an actual technique to a weapon and the existing technique of the research field in this clause mainly.
Table of contents
Summary
As for the concept to say, it is thought that probably I existed before the word robot more to use a robot for military activity if I consider the idea "artificial soldier" such as golem and talose found by a myth. It is the extension of the idea to say to replace activity in the dangerous environment with a machine. Until late years, I was considered as an aerial weapon, but, with development of the robotics, the thing of the existing business specialized in the field of identification begins to appear. But the weapon used for direct destruction is conscious of the rest of the thing which advancement and the intellect Buddhist clergyman move, and missiles (cruise missile) are not called "a military robot".
In the present age when the mass media developed, loss (→ death in battle) of the human life has a big influence on continuation of the war as seen in the Vietnam War or a battle of Mogadiscio, but is expected by a military robot coming up when the loss of the human life is minimized. In addition, the removal or reconnaissance, patrol, the guard of dangerous materials are dangerous and are monotonous, but the application to an important duty is expected without depending only on battle activity.
In addition, by the military activity, a direct battle act and an unexploded shell and a mine to remain behind in after a battle as well as activity such as reconnaissance and the caution with a meaning tactically are seen in the problem to accompany it, and to occur such as the peace and order connection again, and it is thought that there is the place playing an active part of the robot in the processing in this postwar period and can assume the field called the peace use of the robot having a military function in the peace recovery.
In addition, a robot for the reconnaissance with the operation results is cast to investigate the point that the danger of radiation exposure and the second disaster is accompanied by on the occasion of The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 2011 in Japan, and the possibility called the conversion to a black spot investigation to be piled up in the field of the rescue robot in Japan is shown.
Existing science of war device
A lot of kinds of the unmanned weapon, robot weapon are researched and developed in order to avoid human damage now in the world developed country. For a representative thing, it is demanded that all digest a high-risk duty on behalf of a human being with an unmanned surveillance aircraft, a mine disposal car, a bomb disposal car, an unmanned midget submarine.
Particularly, in the United States, a war-weariness feeling spreads over the nation from size of the human damage of the Vietnam War and is eager in this field from the lesson that has finally withdrawn. In the attack and Iraqi War in Afghanistan, later peace and order stabilization operation, the actual fighting spends many unmanned weapons and gives an effect.
There are many things which a human being steers by radio, but, like an unmanned surveillance aircraft global hawk, it carries high AI, and there is the thing that autonomy acts.
On the other hand, as for the supplies, the personnel transport in battlefields, it is studied no person becoming it, and robot car racing hosted by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is performed, and expectation is held for supplies transportation by the non-leveling of ground where a military horse carried the animals walk robot called the big dog on once.
Attack with the unmanned aircraft
The armed unmanned plane including the MQ-1 predator comes up much in the world and is cast the actual fighting in the dispute, Iraqi War in Afghanistan. The main duty is a ground-attack, but there is the case used for the aerial dogfight with the manned plane in the Iraqi War (I refer to the article of the RQ-1 predator).
In late years the unmanned aircraft which has ability for attack in Afghanistan and Pakistan ter; participate in re-barn, al Qaeda attack; in August, 2009 Pakistan ter; succeed in the killing of the バイトゥッラー マフスード commander of the re-barn exercise, but it is a problem there being many victims of the private citizen by mistaken bombing and the victim [1]; [2]. This becomes caused by the fact that the false report of misconception and the ground troop of the member of unmanned aircraft operation, the power of the Hellfire missile are too big [3]; [4]. I adopt スコーピオンミサイル which is smaller, and is exact about the problem of the Hellfire missile and am to deal [4].
Mental problem of the vehicle driver
Even if I am shot down because a human being does not board body itself and cause an accident, a member of operation does not have the danger, and the member of operation can just return from the United States to the home again via a satellite because remote control is possible without being dispatched in the battle front for a long term if I finish a duty. There is the opinion that it gives a member of operation of the unmanned aircraft a big mental stress to consider the moment when [5] [6] kills and wounds a thing and enemies living life that it is impossible by the conventional military operation to go back and forth in the peaceful daily life and battlefield "to go to the game of the soccer of the child from the situation that can fire a missile when next" with the opinion that the use of such an unmanned aircraft is hard to have the actual feeling that a vehicle driver killed and wounded human beings toward by a color TV camera and an infrared camera clearly [7]. According to the P W singer of the international political scientist, post-traumatic stress disorder really develops in the pilot of the unmanned aircraft in the ratio that is higher than a soldier unfolding in Iraq [8].
One of seven people is a private citizen (private military company), but an officer is in charge of the attack by the rules of engagement of U.S. forces among the vehicle drivers of the unmanned aircraft in the U.S. forces [6].
Future
I distinguish an ally and enemy as a far-off future story by oneself, and it is thought that the function attacking is realized, but, under the present conditions, the identification of the ally and enemy is difficult, and it is predicted other than a registered friend soldier by (including the citizen who is demilitarization) that development, introduction run into difficulties for the reason that I may attack.
It is a plane battle by modern plane with the manned weapon to demand an attack judgment from the headquarters side from the relations that are hard to distinguish the ally and enemy by a radar and viewing to some extent, and general, but a style to demand attack permission from the headquarters side through an operator on the occasion of a real attack as a realistic plan in the case of an unmanned plane is the main policy of the present conditions. Movement to the patrol (patrol) inside and the strategy point is automatic navigation with the developing UCAV, but, as for the use of real weapon, remote control in the real time becomes the basic policy. In response to communication interference, a predetermined target is programed beforehand in the future, and the development of the air raider which adds an attack to the predetermined aim that the defense including the radar site is warm, and is high-risk is pushed forward, but it is predicted that after all it is a style for the battle permission for the war with the encounter with the accidental plane.
There may be too many an obstacle and assumed recognition objects with the weapon above the ground, and difficulty to automation is predicted in particular more. Therefore, I comprise a good image sensor of the precision to some extent, and, in the case of the present military robot above the ground, it is the operational means that a style to judge the situation from the picture which a remote vehicle driver has been sent to, and to distinguish a target is important.
Disposal of dangerous materials
Because the U.K. already carried a bomb for anti-terrorism use to the safety zone in the field of the bomb disposal in the 1980s, I applied a remote control-type robot, and there was the case which I blew up a bomb with a shotgun attached to and processed, and such a bomb disposal robot was applied, and a same kind robot was applied by the guard, and even Israel acted even as Germany for prevention of terrorism by 2006 FIFA World Cup, if necessary, by looking for smell (explosive substance marker) of the volatilization thing of the explosive substance characteristic. （→Explosive substance detector）
Robot development for the antipersonnel mine removal is pushed forward by an appeal [9] of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan, and, from the laboratory level of the university to a machine maker, the major company, various researchers, developers participate. In a many legs robot and a crawler (endless track-type self-run-type robot), watches of the night, I am put in the field of vision until unmanned use of mine disposal vehicle (→ mine disposal tank) other than an unmanned small helicopter (development type of the radio control copter for the industry) for the mine detection and am asked about the story called the proof experiment by 川崎重工 by these [10].
In addition, there is still the damage with impromptu composition explosion devices picked with the main line roadsides, and, in Iraq which U.S. forces present after the Iraqi War, the introduction of the vehicle enduring the explosion that I cannot prevent by conventional military affairs vehicles such as MRAP is pushed forward, but it stops and I let precedence approach it and use a military robot by the remote control for the reconnaissance for the removal of the suspicious-looking object when, on the other hand, there is a suspicious-looking object (heaps of artifact and earth and sand which were able to be clogged up unnaturally) on the shoulder. There are a lot of robots rolled up in an explosion, but it may be said that it is the example that reduced the human damage surely. The effectiveness is recognized for the removal of such a dangerous trap, and plural makers including QinetiQ develop a robot for such a reconnaissance other than iRobot producing it, and the military robot in Iraq casts the robot vacuum cleaner rumba into "a market".
Interface
As for the man-machine interface of the military robot, various things are used.
Visual operation
The simple operation system that the movement situation was used for with construction machines with a thing to modify confirmation, movement even now while being old, and an operator being viewing, and operating the controller which incorporated the joy-stick which I looked at in arcade games with the robot which I remotely controlled was used.
The oldest use example left for the record in this is considered to be a tele tank (Teletank, the from 1930s to 1940s first half) of the Soviet Union. The weapon of the radio control from an existing tank such as these T-18, T-26, T-38, BT-5 and BT-7 was spent in winter by war. In addition, the Nazis Germany forces cast Goliath into World War II, and a soldier derives cable broadcasting by viewing from far away and lets you blow up at an objective place. There were remote operation equipment parts and developed 号, but the Japanese military was not used for the actual fighting, too. These remote control weapons did structure to be able to be called the model of the modern military robot.
However, you must be at the position where a robot is seen from an operator, and a limit produces this method to distance necessarily and means that a robot operator may be seen from the hostility power that discovered a robot. Therefore, I cannot spy without a problem by the explosive substance processing, and, in the case of remote-controling it, inconvenience exists on a weapon discharge platform.
Video camera, remote control
For the thing which may be next to this robot to operate directly, and is seen, carry a video camera; this cable broadcasting stream down a picture to an operator by radio, and is a method that the operator who saw this operates joy-stick and steers a robot.
This can look at various directions in the viewpoint of the robot if I change the direction of the video camera, and there is not the thing that even the military robot of the reconnaissance type put to practical use in the 2000s greatly changes. この映像の伝達方法は従来はアナログのビデオ映像で送信していたが、後にデジタルビデオ映像にとって変わられ、これと平行してロボットと操作者間の通信はデジタル通信が利用されるようになってきている。
2000年代になって急速に発展を見せた軍事用ロボットでは、こういったビデオ映像以外にも様々なセンサからの情報が操作者に送信され、より詳しくロボットの周辺状況を知ることができるようになってきている。映像面でも、地上偵察では通常のビデオ映像に加え暗視カメラなどが利用されている。
無人航空機ではレーダーは勿論、GPSなどを利用して現在位置を測定・把握するものもみられる。こういった方向性は誘導兵器にも見られ、湾岸戦争では兵器側の映像が盛んにテレビにも出たため、米国内では「ニンテンドーウォー（意訳：テレビゲーム的な戦争）」とも呼ばれた。
最近の軍用装甲車や軍用船舶にはRWS（Remote Weapon Station/System）と呼ばれる遠隔操作式のロボット銃座が備えられている物があり、乗員が車外に身を晒す事無く、車内で搭載カメラの映像を見ながら銃器を操作して攻撃できるようになっている。さらに敵の攻撃を感知して自律的に反撃を行うシステムも研究開発されている。
コントロールとコンピュータ
遠隔操作対象が高度化する一方で、この軍事用ロボットから送られてくる様々なデータを処理するため、操作者側のコントローラーもコンピュータで自動化・効率化が為されており、自動操縦の指示などはこのコンピュータに予めデータを与えることで運用可能であり、特に実用化されている軍事用ロボットでも地上偵察用では、戸外でも使えるよう防水・防塵仕様のノートパソコン程度のコンピュータに無線送受信機を接続して利用する形態が見られる。
また歩兵の将来像としてウェアラブルコンピューティングにより高度に情報化された歩兵が想定されており、この歩兵が備えるであろうヘッドマウントディスプレイを介して偵察ロボットを操作することも実際の方向性として進められており、この場合においてロボットのオペレーターは家庭用ゲーム機のゲームコントローラのようなものを操作することが考えられている。すでに実用化された無人偵察機の場合では、複数のモニタを備えた操作席に座ったオペレータが、衛星回線経由で米国の軍オフィス内から遠隔地のロボットを直接操作することも可能となっている。
ただこういった遠隔操作では、いくらかコンピュータの補助があるとはいえ、操作者は目や耳を介して得た情報を元に判断し、手を使ってコントローラーを操作するため、見落としや操作ミスといった面で確実性に限界が存在し、これは高度化しつづける航空機などの兵器操作でも同種の問題を含んでいる。特に前線では悠長にコントローラーを取り出して操作しにくい状況などから、やや後方から操作したり、軍事用ロボット操作中の兵士を他の兵士が援護したりしなければならない。
サイバネティックスの可能性
このコントローラーを操作するために無防備となり易い問題において、ユーザーインターフェースの次のステップとしてサイボーグ技術や脳とコンピュータを直接繋げるという、ブレイン・マシン・インタフェース技術などもSFから現実のものとして研究開発がすすんでいる。軍事用ロボットの操作でも、兵士の頭脳にコンピュータを埋め込み、偵察ロボットや攻撃ロボットを「自分の分身や体の延長」のように、無人兵器を直接遠隔操作出来るようになる可能性も存在する。
だがこのアプローチは人体への侵襲（人為的に傷付けることなど）を伴うため、医学面での技術的ハードルと同時に、倫理面等での問題も予測されるため、実用化は21世紀初頭の段階では未知数である。
ロボットの兵隊
フィクションの世界では、人間の代用品としてのロボットという発想の延長で、ロボットの歩兵のようなものも登場しているが、現実の世界では人工知能の開発以前に、二足歩行ロボットなども技術的な面で依然研究段階にあり、実際に歩兵の代用品として機能するものは存在しない。加えて現用兵器のロボット化の項でも述べたが、敵・味方の識別という非常に高い技術的ハードルが存在している。
戦場に於いて地上戦をする上では、戦闘車両と共に歩兵は戦術レベルで必要不可欠な要素にあり、加えて兵器を操作するのも人間である。この人間が持つ優位性は、喩えて言うなら火薬を使用する現用の銃器とレーザーガンなどのSF兵器の関係のようなもので、当面は置き換えが起こらないものと見られている。このため米国を中心として歩兵の安全性を向上させる意味で、むしろボディアーマーの利用やパワードスーツの研究開発のほうが現実的なプランとして進められている。
なお人間の姿や形をしたロボットの兵隊というのは、実際の戦闘の面ではほぼ架空の話の上だけというレベルではあるが、その一方で急病や負傷した人間の反応を模したロボット（一種のダミー人形）などは救急救命士や衛生兵の救急処置教育に用いられる場合がある[11]。これは全く別の意味で、また間接的ではあるにせよ「歩兵の命を救っている人間型ロボット」と呼べるかもしれない。
架空の軍事用ロボット
これらロボット兵器の行き着く先は、完全に自動化されて索敵から攻撃までをも自己判断するロボット歩兵が挙げられ、人命損失を防げると考えられている。また、レーションなどの食料を必要としないロボットは、人間の歩兵よりも補給が簡略化できることも予測される。
その一方、ロボットアニメなどに見られるようにSFの分野では戦闘用ロボットに一定の人気があり、こういったロボットはさまざまな作品中に見出せる。これらでは、人が乗るものから完全自動化したものまでさまざまであり、一種のヒーロー的な側面も見出せる。
フィクションにおけるロボット兵器に関しては、架空のロボット兵器の一覧を参照。
軍事用ロボットの主な種類
- 無人機
- 無人航空機
- UCAV - 直訳すると無人戦闘航空機。
- 無人潜水艦 (en:Robotic submarines)
脚注
- ^ 無人機プレデター＆リーパー【２】死者1000人、巻き添え多数 - 時事ドットコム
- ^ ロイター 米無人機攻撃、パキスタンでは市民400人超が犠牲に＝国連調査 2013年 10月 19日 13:28 JST
- ^ テロとの戦いと米国：第４部 オバマの無人機戦争／２ 「情報」が招く誤爆 - 毎日新聞 2010年5月1日
- ^ a b 巻き添え減らせ、ＣＩＡが対テロ新型ミサイル - 読売新聞 2010年4月27日
- ^ テロとの戦いと米国：第４部 オバマの無人機戦争／１ ピーター・シンガー氏の話 - 毎日新聞 2010年4月30日
- ^ a b テロとの戦いと米国：第４部 オバマの無人機戦争／３ コソボ、イラクで操作した… - 毎日新聞 2010年5月2日
- ^ 「地球の裏側から無人航空機でミサイルを発射する」兵士たちのストレス - WIRED.jp 2008年8月22日
- ^ P.W. Singer が語る軍用ロボットと戦争の未来
- ^ 地雷除去プロジェクト
- ^ 川崎重工プレスリリース
- ^ 「High-tech war games help save lives」CNN記事（英語）
関連項目
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Military robot
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