Ansei Five-Power Treaty
The generic name of the treaty that the Edo Shogunate tied up Ansei Five-Power Treaty (あんせいのごかこくじょうやく) to each of United States Netherlands Russia U.K. France in five countries in (1858) for Ansei five years of the late Tokugawa period. I say the provisional agreement (あんせいのかりじょうやく) of Ansei.
Table of contents
Summary
The official name each 日米修好通商条約 (Ansei June 19, 5), 日蘭修好通商条約 (July 10), 日露修好通商条約 (July 11), 日英修好通商条約 (July 18), 日仏修好通商条約 (September 3). The Shogunate concluded the treaty that was Portuguese (1860) and similar to Prussia (1861) afterwards, and Bunkyu trainer Europe mission was dispatched in these countries. The treaty that was similar to Spain (1868), Sweden Norway (1868), Austria-Hungary (1869) was bound together again more afterwards Swiss (1864) Belgian (1866) Italian (1866) Denmark (1866) after it became the Meiji.
日米修好通商条約調印後, the Edo Shogunate concluded an equal treaty by diplomatic pressure of the Great Powers sequentially between each country. Naosuke Ii of the Shogunate chief ministry signed these treaties based on the responsibilities after the fashion of a precedent. But the Emperor Komei did not accept these treaties and did not give an Imperial ordinance.
Because court nobles of the exclusion of foreigners group were superior in the Kyoto Imperial Court at the time, as for court nobles, the treaty that I signed criticized the Shogunate and "dogmatism acting at own authority" of Ii strictly without waiting for Imperial grant without recognizing this saying that it was invalid (I criticized it with "no Imperial grant signing" at first, but criticized it halfway with "違勅調印"). As a result, strain between the Imperial Court and Shogunate increased at a stretch and triggered cases such as the Mass Execution of Ansei or the assassination of Naosuke Ii.
It became difficult for the Edo Shogunate to carry out a treaty by these problems before a deadline for contract and, in 1962, demanded postponement of an open city, the opening of a port from each country and saw tentative solution about the postponement (London memorandum).
If the association of Britain and France orchid three countries fleet which I became irritated with visits a shore off Hyogo that was an Imperial capital of the Imperial Court and demands the Imperial grant of the treaty and the Emperor Komei will do Imperial grant (October 5, 1865) on November 22 in 1865 after all (but only the Hyogo opening of a port does not accept it, and this leads to 改税約書調印).
In addition, the Emperor Komei passed away at 35 years old in 1867 two years after the Imperial grant.
The point that became the problem is following three points mainly [1].
- Rule (the thing which is different from the extraterritoriality) of the consul jurisdiction
- Lack of the tariff autonomy
- 片務的最恵国待遇 (if it is not 片務的, it is not an unequal treaty)
Unequal treaty
These treaties were the unequal treaties that there was not tariff autonomy to accept consul jurisdiction. However, there was that this "inequity characteristics" became the problem after the Meiji Restoration and was not considered to be a big problem by the late Tokugawa period.
A law of Japan was applied to a foreigner early in the Edo era, and there was the example that a member of Netherlands firm of Hirado became the capital punishment, but the punishment came to be entrusted to the Netherlands firm head when a Dutchman violated a crime afterwards. Therefore, the consul jurisdiction was rather convenient for the Shogunate. The example which judged the crime of the foreigner in consular jurisdiction after the foundation of a country includes Morse case and Ainu human bone illegal dig case, but it is the judgment that the Japan side is satisfied all with.
There was not the tariff autonomy, but the tax rate set at first was more proper than the Tientsin Treaty of the unequal treaty in the same way [2]. In addition, excess of exports of Japan was in a state the foundation of a country predominantly at first (in the example of the Japanese-to-English trade in Yokohama of 1863 export from Japan as for approximately 10 million dollars, the import of Japan 4 million dollars); [3]. The duty income of the Shogunate is around 2 million dollars in 1863 when I convert it, but the opinion that I was equal to a tribute income has this from now on. The prices of Japan soared after the foundation of a country, but because this published Manen oval gold coin for the correction of the gold and silver exchange ratio, a thing and export (raw silk in particular) that one value became conventional 1/3 are brisk, and this is because it lacked the country circulation. All have nothing to do with the tariff autonomy. Because import increases after import duties were lowered by signing of 改税約書 of 1866, and a cotton product made in a cheap foreign country by the mass production flowed, the cotton production by the Japanese manual industry receives severely wounding. However, it was a matter not to be able to avoid when I put this if I changed into industrialized society.
In addition, seeing from a foreign country, the Ansei treaty was unequal. The trip in Japan of the foreigner except the diplomat was prohibited in principle. Therefore, the foreign merchant could not go to the place of origin of the direct raw silk, and a Japanese merchant held the decision right of the price. This was the cause that caused the remarkable rise of the raw silk price. It is said that it fixed on inequity characteristics to have woken up current treaty enforcement exercise (the exercise that is going to draw the concession of the negotiations other country by enforcing a current treaty rule strictly) in treaty revision of the Meiji because a foreign hard-liner (foreign hardliner) who has dissatisfaction toward revised contents objects to a treaty reform bill.
Treaty revision negotiations were carried out as one of the most important problems of the new government after the Meiji Restoration intermittently, but the progress was not sweet. It was about in 1911 after the Russo-Japanese War that the unequal part of the treaty was canceled (1911).
| Agreement tariff rate | Inland trade rights | [1]The coastal trade right [2]The coast marine transportation right [3]The inner river navigation right | Customs right of management | Consul jurisdiction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tientsin Treaty (1858) | Export duty, import tax: 2.5% of 5%+ domestic tariffs | Approval | [1]Approval [2]Approval [3]I approve only Yangtze River | 外国人税務司制度 | Approval |
| 日英修好通商条約 (1858) | Export duty: 5% Import tax: .35% of 5% .20% | A denial. The traffic within the treaty port 10 village is admitted | Denial | I adhere to own sovereignty | Approval |
Footnote
- Revised Hidemasa Kokaze (professor at Ochanomizu University graduate school) of unequal development of the nation culture, entering into a treaty with the formation of the ^ NHK Senior High School lecture Japanese history 29th Chapter 4 modern nation
- I state that the Japanese side trusts Harris about the setting of the tariff rate in negotiations of ^ 日米修好通商条約 totally. But I inquire whether the tariff rate of 20% is at the same level as the thing of American and European countries, and Harris answers it Yes. The tariff rate of European countries was really the degree, but the United States which was a mother country of Harris was protectionist in those days, and it became the tariff rate about 50%.
- History, P9 of ^ Yokohama opening of a port 150 years. The original "the report of the British consul" of the living-in-Yokohama U.K. consul making
References
- It is ISBN 978-4,642,066,617 written by Hiroshi Mitani "Perry visit to a shore" (Japanese history library) (Hirofumi Yoshikawa building, 2003)
- Netherlands 商館長日記訳文編之四 (bottom), Tokyo University document editing place Japan-affiliated overseas historical materials
- Written by Hugh Cortazzi, "successive British ambassador 1859 - 1972 Japan and Britain cultural exchange meeting for the study translation (文眞堂, 2007) ISBN 978-4,830,945,878 to Japan"
- History - port and customs - of Yokohama opening of a port 150 years, Yokohama Customs House
Allied item
- Japan-U.S. sum pro-treaty・Japanese-to-English sum pro-treaty・Japan and Russia sum pro-treaty
- The foundation of a country of foundation of a country # Japan
- Manen first year Japanese mission to America (mission dispatched in the United States for 日米修好通商条約批准)
- Bunkyu trainer Europe mission (mission for Niigata, the opening of a port and open Ichinobe period negotiations of Edo, Osaka of Hyogo included in Ansei Five-Power Treaty and Karafuto demarcation negotiations with Russia)
- The issue of currency of the late Tokugawa period
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