2017년 3월 28일 화요일

Tokimune Gaun

Tokimune Gaun

The inventor that Tokimune Gaun (chest (たっち standing yes, time heart), Tenpo era August 15, 13 (September 19, 1842) - 1900 (1900) June 29) invented 臥雲式紡績機 early in the Meiji era. The childhood name is 栄弥. The original family name is Yokoyama, and the "臥雲" family name comes from the mountain of the temple which was a chief priest [1].

Table of contents

Life

A native place of the Shinano Kuniyasu cloudy weather county small Tada well Nitta village (existing Horiganemita, Azumino-shi, Nagano). Father is matter Juro. Wide Yamaya was ever a powerful farmer, but was ruined to charges of father [1]. I helped with the tabi bottom texture business which I ran as business and considered spinning instrument improvement for efficiency improvement since the days of a boy. I become a priest at 20 years old (1861) in 法降山安楽寺 (Iwahara-mura) of the neighborhood in the Bunkyu first year and introduce myself as Chie. Become a chief priest of 臥雲山孤峰院 of the subordinate temple in (1867) in 1867, but because was done with an abandoned temple in 1871 by 廃仏毀釈 of the Meiji government, do laicization, and give Tokimune Gaun [1]; [2].

Since the foundation of a country of the late Tokugawa period, the spinning industry of Japan was suppressed by import cotton yarn and cotton cloth, but invents first 臥雲式紡織機 (galla紡) in (1873) in 1873. I was called galla紡 from the noise [1]. I applied for a patent in 1875, but a public auction was permitted and I was mediated in 1876, the following day by Tsukama prefectural government office and exhibited it at government control Matsumoto open product company and I borrowed a part of the Matsumoto open product company and established consecutive cotton Corporation [1]. Undertook an enterprise in galla紡製作, and exhibited for the first inside the country encouragement of industry exhibition held in Ueno, Tokyo in (1877) in 1877, and won the Otori crest medallion which was the best prize [1]; [2]. 臥雲式紡績機 spread out in each place, but imitations appear one after another in each place [2], and consecutive cotton company falls into a difficult situation and closes this in 1880 [1]. In addition, galla紡機 declined from about 1890 because Western style spinning machines spread and came to spin a homogeneous, thin thread fast.

In 1878, Kawazumi many けと of Hata-mura, Higashichikuma-gun, Nagano (existing Matsumoto-shi) got married [1] and sent a latter half student with this village as a base. I succeed in invention (in comparison with the conventional weaving machine production efficiency a travesty fabric woven of fishing net as woof machine of 15 times.in 1899 the patent acquisition) to weave a silkworm net helping prosperous sericulture in those days [1] and I exhibit it at the third inside the country encouragement of industry exhibition and, in 1890, receive the third class existence success Prize [2]. In about 1896, I built a factory and started the production of the silkworm network by oneself, but died of illness several years later. The eldest son inherited the Kawazumis, and 四男紫朗 (inherited 臥雲商会 in Matsumoto, and invented "臥雲式回転稲抜機" in about 1914, and did it) inherited 臥雲姓 [1]; [2].

In 1892, 事績 is placed in "the high elementary school Osami textbook" of the Ministry of Education editing [1]. In 1893, I am placed in "Japanese Osami book" (gold port temple publication) [1]. In 1915, Tokimune Gaun biography is placed in "the business Osami textbook" [1]. In 1920, Aichi Mikawa spinning trade association builds a honoring monument of Tokimune Gaun in Okazaki-shi [1]; (exist on the site of the Okazaki-shi cough Rei hall). In 1961, I become Okazaki-shi honorary citizen [1]. In 1882, I was given the Medal with a Blue Ribbon by an achievement of the invention [1].

Galla紡 and Western style spinning

The capitalism industry that is in manufacture form developed a wholesale dealer system mainly on farm village woolen stuff industry in the U.K. since the 16th century, but the Industrial Revolution begins from cotton industry when it is the 18th century. It is the invention of spinning, the cloth machine and the invention of the power organization. France United States Germany introduced these techniques and developed the own country industry and achieved the Industrial Revolution at the past mid-19th century. Russia, Japan accomplished the Industrial Revolution at the time in the early 20th century, too. However, the areas of other Asia Africa Latin America became a colony, the dependency of the capitalism countries without being able to plan development of the own country industry (in this paragraph by high school textbook "world history" Jikkyo Shuppan, the 1987 version).

The cotton yarn cloth which is daily necessities occupies 36% in import a total of approximately 246 million yen from (1868) to 1877 of 10 years under the background in 1868 in such times [3]. The intense inflow of this foreign cotton yarn cloth was conscious of as the great problem that Japan was a chance to surrender to European and American capitalism. As a result, the Satsuma feudal clan established a spinning place in Tokyo in a Sakai spinning place in a Kagoshima spinning place in 1872 in 1870 in 1867 [3]. However, the cotton yarn output in the Western technique in 1,878 years was only 2.8% of the amount of cotton yarn cloth import of the same year with the total of 3 prefecture five prefectures 7 factories [3]. But Japan did not yet have the base which ported a large-scale factory system with modern technique and capital. Therefore the government establishes a government control model factory in Aichi in Hiroshima that was a raw cotton production center like Tomioka silk mill in the raw silk spinning in 1881 in 1880 and does the no interest paying by annual installments repayment sale of the spinning machine and increases machine spinning mills by the government protection [3].

Tokimune Gaun invents first galla紡 in 1873 while I did it this way and adds improvement and wins Otori crest medallion at the first inside the country encouragement of industry exhibition of 1877. Because I could install the simple structure of galla紡 with the capital that there was fewer it than the spinning of the Western ceremony that needed huge construction costs, it spread widely. The management of consecutive cotton company presented an active state after the first inside the country encouragement of industry exhibition for a while, and established the branch in Tokyo, and production sold 紡機 585 (as for 585 periods, unknown); [3]. I established the branch office in Yamanashi, Ishikawa. However, in the buyer, there was the person whom I began business as the person who changed structure of 1-2 of the machine which I bought, and imitated it, and was going to sell it elsewhere and technique immaturity, and the results did not go up. In addition, because patent system was non-establishment in this time, I was able to perform the imitation of the invention freely, and Tokimune Gaun did not care that I was imitated. Therefore, consecutive cotton company fell into poor management, and the complication occurred inside, too. I closed a Tokyo office in July, 1880 and was dissolved virtually in December of the year [3]. Galla紡 did not bring much wealth to Tokimune Gaun, but supported Japanese cotton business of Meiji 10-20 years [3]. In Mikawa who was a production center of the raw cotton, the union membership of the trade association changed with 206 in 208, 1892 in 481, 1890 in 483, 1888 in 264, 1887 in 1884 and was the golden age when there was 1887 through 1888 in early stage of Gullah 紡界 [3]. However, galla紡 makes adverse circumstances you as, for example, a large-scale Western style spinning mill is built one after another in Aichi after 1885, and they become popular. This is because a cloth supplier gradually switches a thread to use to Western style machine yarn from gallayarn [3]. Japan which imported cotton yarn of 13,610,000 yen in 1888 exports 2,000 yen for the first time in 1890, and, in 1897, export exceeds import with export 13,490,000 yen for import 9,620,000 yen for the first time [3], and the development of such a Western style machine yarn in Japan changes with a production 800,000 bale of the cotton yarn, an import 3000 bale, an export 300,000 bale [4] in 1903 and leaves for the establishment of light industrial country Japan.

Current galla紡

I am poor at the pulling that the cotton yarn by galla紡 is big, and is not homogeneous, and is strong. From this, a texture becomes coarse and rather has a characteristic such as being superior in absorbency softly when I wove it. This characteristic is liked, and there is demand, and 2-3 companies perform spinning by galla紡 in spite of being small scale in Aichi [1]. In August, 2014, the Toyoshina folk museum of Azumino-shi, Nagano held temporary exhibition "Edison of Azumino" in the summer and took it up led by Tokimune Gaun and carried out field visit society such as observing two factories of Okazaki-shi that used galla紡 as "field learning to trace the footprint of the invention" and Tokimune Gaun honoring monument.

How to read name

There is a divergent view how you read "辰致". It is said that there are many people who call it "たっち" in a hometown, descendants. Susumu Kitano emphasizes that the work should be "time heart" in "Tokimune Gaun and galla紡機". In "adult name encyclopedia" (Heibonsha Publishers Ltd., 1953), as for "Shinano person" (Takeo Murasawa edition), as for "person (Shinano historical story society) of Shinano", as for "Japanese history unabridged dictionary" (river appearance Publishing new company), "a standing chest" reads "document history chart" (Hamashima Bookstore) "time heart" "しんち" "たっち" saying "I stand" (Masaaki Murase "Tokimune Gaun" (Hirofumi Yoshikawa building person library 125) introducing these adopts "たっち").

2013 center entrance examination

In so-called center examination by National Center for University Entrance Examination, there were the same questions about Tokimune Gaun as third 問 of "Japanese history A", the fifth 問 of "Japanese history B" in 2013. It was a problem to choose whether it was Tokimune Gaun as "the person who a patent system was passed in 1885, and invented galla紡 of the spinning machine in the times when this system was undeveloped, but fell into the poverty with a large quantity of imitations", or it was Sakichi Toyoda.

Family

References

Footnote

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kazuo Miyashita "Tokimune Gaun" native district publishing company
  2. ^ a b c d e "citizen's thyme" September 19, 2010 article
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Masaaki Murase "Tokimune Gaun" Hirofumi Yoshikawa building
  4. 235 pages of graphs for ^ Senior High School textbook "history of Shinnihon" Sanseido, 1,988 years for

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