2017년 3월 18일 토요일

Psychological warfare

Psychological warfare

The psychological warfare (しんりせん British: Psychological Operations, PSYOP, Psychological warfare, PSYWAR) says a form of the struggle that aimed at contributing to the achievement of a political purpose or the military aim by putting acts such as the premeditated utilization, operation, advertising, prevention for information for the purpose of having an influence on an opinion, a manner, feelings, an impression, the actions such as a nation, an organization, the individual to become the target aim. [1]I say psychological warfare, a propaganda campaign, the ideological conflict in some cases. Refer to board external war for the psychological warfare in the board game.

Table of contents

Summary

Human cognition, imagination, information, neutrality to have always include incompleteness. In addition, what's called situation that is more indirect than the real life of society and the international situation does almost indirect information to materials and is strengthened the formation based on fictiveness of a certain uniformity such as own view of the world and premise, the psychological unconsciousness. Therefore there is room to have a psychological influence by means such as 宣撫工作, the spin control here because the possibility that disagreement with the reality occurs always exists. [2]For example, I can rouse only an impression based on experience or prejudice of oneself when the human being faces an unknown event and the act that I cannot understand. In other words, the human intellectual power may be often prescribed by the information to hold it. [3]The thought of nation public opinion and the policy decider of a foreign country or the own country, the practice of the psychology action (Psychological action) to a psychological object including the morale of the armed forces are performed in the psychological warfare and can help the accomplishment of various policies and military operations. The psychology action reduces legitimacy and the influence of a potentiality enemy country and the potential reality-like enemy country in the neutral country using a psychological medium and is planned to support these countries and friendly feeling and manner at the same time again.

Classification

Information war

I can place the psychological warfare in an information war. General classification is possible, and, in an information war, the anti-information against the information activity of the enemy can classify roughly with anti-psychological operation to point to psychological operation and counterespionage, the electronic protection to point to electronic warfare, military discipline, a psychology attack, the information attack according to this for "the offensive vs. information" and a military manoeuvre of "防勢対情報".

National psychological warfare

The national psychological warfare intends for a citizen of enemy country, neutral country, friendly nation, own country, an ally. It is intended to enable a state policy more by working psychologically through a time of peace, the wartime and says that I use political economical military diplomacy-like means premeditatedly.

Military psychological warfare

For the purpose of affecting the public opinion, the feelings, the impression, the manner of the citizen of enemy force, enemy country, I say that I perform advertising premeditatedly and that I take measures to the means of the enemy to contribute to the achievement of the strategy target of the armed forces in military activity with the military psychological warfare. In the Self-Defense Forces, psychological warfare usually says these military affairs psychological warfare. In addition, I classify the military psychological warfare in strategic psychological warfare and tactics psychological warfare from strategy target and can think.

A principle and basic concept

There are the following things in a principle of the psychological operation.

  • I define the clear aim.
  • I am based on the analysis to an object.
  • I draw up psychological operation for an audience at the top using the appropriate media.
  • I ascertain a result and the value with the relations that are close to strategy target.
  • I plan it to minimize an enemy against psychological operation.

The psychological operation varies in the analysis that is necessary by an object becoming the strategy target and the media applying it. In addition, the general situation varies according to a military operation except war or the war.

  • The psychology subject (Psychological theme) is an idea becoming basic of the psychological operation or a design.
  • A study to be useful for art and part of the psychological operation that described the deep country of relations and a local characteristic for psychological operation with the basic psychological operation study (Basic psychological operations study) briefly promptly.
  • The key symbol (Key symbol) refers to a monotonous, suggestive repeated element in the psychological operation.
  • The object which is set to achieve a purpose of the psychological operation with the target audience (Target audience).
  • Feelings state of aim spectators is the present conditions of the mental tendency, motive with the psychology situation (Psychological situation).
  • Technical non-technique-like means to establish the all kinds of interchange with the audience whom I aimed for with the psychology medium (Psychological media).
  • The technique that is used for some aim audiences with the psychological operation approach (Psychological operations approach) to cause the reaction of the aim.
  • A suit to have an influence on the target opinion, feelings, manner, action in information, an idea, a doctrine directly or indirectly with advertising (Propaganda). (propaganda wants to be referred to, too)
  • The public information duties (Public affairs) are publicity work to democracy and the community with engines.

Means

Political propaganda

The details are reference in propaganda. The main means in the psychological warfare is political propaganda (Propaganda, propaganda, public information). This is performed mainly by a secret service of the government, the public relations department of ministries and government offices, a psychological operation corps of the armed forces, and concrete methods include wartime nation instruction, an investigation to government announcement, news censorship, a publication and various communication and participation, thought pulse-taking in a film and play, the music, instruction of the foreign language news, the distribution of the poster handbill brochure. I classify the advertising in black propaganda (English version) (Black propaganda), gray propaganda (Grey propaganda), white propaganda (White propaganda) from the contents and am understood. The black propaganda is advertising to occur from anyone other than a fact [4], and the white propaganda is advertising spread by the authorities [5], and, as for the gray propaganda, a source of information points to the unidentified advertising. [6]These are not used only as one-sided advertising and may be used as neutralization advertising (Counteracting propaganda, Counterpropaganda) to neutralize the advertising contents of the enemy, and use is various. [7]

Military advertising

The public relations in the battlefield has many points where are different from the normal advertising in the content. This is because the object in the military psychological warfare is the morale while an object in the national psychological warfare is public opinion. There are two kinds of the advertising to let advertising and the enemy called the fighting spirit strategy (MO, Morale Operations) for the purpose of reducing the general morale and solidarity of the enemy in a form of the military advertising perform the acts advantageous to the enemy such as surrender, an escape, the pair senior officer crime. It is necessary for every advertising to be based on a fact, but it is necessary for the advertising of the armed forces to use appropriate information based by a military situation in particular. This is thought about by an opinion that the tendency that the thought of the soldier makes realism by generally experiencing a battle is recognized. Thus, the advertising of the appropriate armed forces must plan the advertising that it is easy to receive for the soldier after having grasped a trend of thought and the psychology of the target soldier individually. [8]By the way, for contents of the advertising of the armed forces, what the information that an enemy makes it easy to surrender more, the subject about illogicality and the insignificance of what an enemy thoroughly makes resistance against, information about the hopeless situation of the enemy, hopeless war situation in the future when an enemy will face it, the information of the concrete action point for surrender are included in is appropriate. [9]

Education

It is a process to give constant knowledge and model, skill for a human being, and the education has the meaning of preparations for the advertising work of the inimical character in the psychological warfare if I observe it functionally. According to the genetic psychology, the human being develops the intellectual ability progressively for youth in childhood in the infancy, but the intellectual development of the youth in particular is remarkable. The rational thought method after the youth is called "formal operation" and controls an abstract logical thought. Influence of the school education in particular is strongly influenced by this, and it is observed that it is difficult that the inexperienced person of the school education reasons assuming a proposition not to be based on a true experience according to Russian psychologist ルリア. [10]The decrement of the effect of the friend advertising by the increase of the effect of the enemy advertising by the drop of the highly advanced intellectual power and the drop of the understanding may produce the lack of the intellectual ability. I obstruct solidarity and can perform canceling the stereotype that is harmful to a friend letting the morale decline or the moral education to prevent an act advantageous to the enemy.

Censorship

Censorship is to participate forcibly for expression and contents in a publication or broadcast, a picture, the mail such as newspapers by secret services of the government. The meaning of the counterespionage to prevent the espionage of the enemy has this, but there is the function to isolate the advertising of the enemy from an advertising object in the psychological warfare, and to prevent. For the purpose of drop, revolt of the defense awareness of the nation or check of the act advantageous to the enemy, it is performed as defensive means.

Advertising diplomatic

It is every foreign activity to be carried out to have influence that it is like a friendship of the friendship on the foreign nation public opinion by advertising diplomatic (Propaganda diplomacy) government authorities. I say the public information diplomacy (Public diplomacy). It is often performed as activity in fields such as culture, education, science, a technique, art, sports, sightseeing, the friendship. I distinguish it from the private interchange by the citizen and am understood. [11]

Terrorism

Terrorism (Terrorism) is means to come close for the achievement of the political purpose by giving an object fear in psychological warfare continuously. The concrete methods include destruction work, assassination, a blast, a snipe, arson, a kidnapping, slaughter, a surprise attack, advertising. As an object of the terrorism, there is the government, nation public opinion, world opinion, and the technique is applied by the object, too. The thing that unpredictability is shown enough is used in the technique of the terrorism, and the psychological influence is made much of. [12]

Footnote

  1. ^ DOD Dictionary of Military Terms - psychological operations
  2. It is Clause 13 - Clause 18 ^ ウォルタ Lippmann, Tomiko Kakegawa reason "public opinion top and bottom" (Iwanami Shoten)
  3. It is Clause 27 ^ ウォルタ Lippmann, Tomiko Kakegawa reason "public opinion top and bottom" (Iwanami Shoten)
  4. ^ DOD Dictionary of Military Terms - black propaganda
  5. ^ DOD Dictionary of Military Terms - white propaganda
  6. ^ DOD Dictionary of Military Terms - grey propaganda
  7. It is Clause 233 written by ^ Paul Linebarger, 須磨彌吉郎譯訳 "psychological warfare" (Misuzu Publishing, 1953)
  8. It is Clause 227 - Clause 228 written by ^ Paul Linebarger, 須磨彌吉郎譯訳 "psychological warfare" (Misuzu Publishing, 1953)
  9. It is Clause 228 written by ^ Paul Linebarger, 須磨彌吉郎譯訳 "psychological warfare" (Misuzu Publishing, 1953)
  10. It is Clause 53 ^ Hirotsugu Yamauchi, the Tsukasa Hashimoto supervision, 岡市廣成, a Naoto Suzuki edition "psychology outline" (Nakanishi-ya publication, 2006)
  11. It is Clause 9 - Clause 13 ^ Masayoshi Matsumura "public information cultural diplomacy of 新版国際交流史近現代日本 and private interchange" (another person building, 2002)
  12. ^ Ryuki Sado "the terrorism something" (Bungeishunju Ltd., 2001)

References

  • Written by Paul Linebarger, 須磨彌吉郎譯訳 "psychological warfare" (Misuzu Publishing, 1953)
  • Minoru Hattori "defense studies outline" (original bookshop, 1980)
  • ウォルタ Lippmann, Tomiko Kakegawa reason "public opinion top and bottom" (Iwanami Shoten)
  • The Kensuke Ehata "information wow information infrastructure which is aimed" at (Toyo Keizai Shinposha, 1997)
  • Seiichi Nakata "Tracy Japan soldier captive secret questioning place" (Kodansha, 2010)
  • 眞邉正行 "defense glossary of terms" Diet publication society
  • Hirotsugu Yamauchi, the Tsukasa Hashimoto supervision, 岡市廣成, a Naoto Suzuki edition "psychology outline" (Nakanishi-ya publication, 2006)
  • Hiroshi Minami "introduction to social psychology" (Iwanami Shoten, 1998)
  • Field Manual No. 33-1 (FM 33-1) "Psychological Operations" (Department of the Army, 18 February 1993)
  • Air Force Doctrine Document 2-5.3. Psychological Operations. (Secretary of the Air Force 27 August 1999)

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