2017년 3월 11일 토요일

Philosophy of the 19th century

Philosophy of the 19th century

When I consider it for history of philosophy, in the 19th century, various new thought is born, and the philosophy (じゅうきゅうせいきのてつがく) of the 19th century develops and is the origin of the modern thought and the time when it was.

Table of contents

Summary

The opposition of the U.K. empiricism to originate to the lock was integrated with continental rationalism to begin to Descartes by Kant, but I reach one peril point in the Germany idealism that was going to overcome this, and, raw philosophy, the new Kant group whom birth develops, and various tides go against the times, and Marxism, psychoanalysis raise "come back to Kant" as a slogan is German academism philosophy, and it is a big tide.

In the U.K., empiricism declined by rise of the Hegelian School at one time, but I was reinstated by the new clothing called the utilitarianism backed by the Industrial Revolution and bore fruit as pragmatism again in the new ground called the United States of America.

Social backgrounds of these tides on thought include that relations or the social structure of individuals greatly changed by various contradiction (poverty, severe labor, colonial rule, collapse of the community) by the French Revolution and the later Napoleonic Wars and democratic ideologies having spread widely and a sudden rise of the capitalism and the expansion of the imperialism.

I cannot overlook what a tide of the critical examination for "dogmas" such as thing and Christianity doctrine or the Newton dynamics (if I add it a system of the Hegelianism) which decentralization of the discipline with the development of science accelerated as an academic background has an influence on.

It is in the time of the big change called the Meiji Restoration from a disturbance of the late Tokugawa period in Japan and thought is historic and accomplishes a large switch at this time.

Idealism philosophy in Germany

 
German idealism and the neighboring people. Kant (in the left), Fichte (top right corner), Schering (the lower left), Hegel (the lower right)

Is stimulated by criticism of critical philosophy of Kant and Jacobi for it; world and in arresting a human being as self-development of the ideological principle called God or the Absolute; is characterized. Line Holt, Hel darling, sol garfish, theologian Friedrich シュライアマハー are considered to be a main debater of the German idealism other than philosopher Fichte, Schering, Hegel. The alternating current with the literary world such as Goethe or シュレーゲル brothers was performed flourishingly elsewhere at this time, too.

Pioneers of the raw philosophy existentialism

I was considered to be "a century of the history" in the 19th century, and the history that ランケ founded developed as new study and spread out. However, unlike natural science, theories jumped into the mental science such as history, law, the economics contraposed against this as dishonest study and were not able to see concord. In such times, Friedrich Nietzsche is the person who preached conquest of the historicism [1] for the first time in pioneer article "merits and demerits (1874) of the history for the life". Stopped and did that history was study because the history was different from the mathematics as the pure science in the essence, and it was thrown out in a flow of the infinite history as for all value, and objectivity as the science was destroyed when I bore false witness, and history brought everlasting despair and doubt for him when it was raw and must be subordinate. A critical mind that science and life to rise in the naturalism should be the own domains that they measured each was shown in form to criticize history accomplishing remarkable development in those days there. Nietzsche is considered to be a pioneer of the true philosophy. I appeared as the literal essays which was often written by anonymity such as Kierkegaard, but I distinguished natural science and mental science after Wilhelm Dilthey who got a head start being the objective mind body which there was in a flow of the history about life, and having done it when it was the bedrock which should do the starting point of the philosophy and did historic recognition when the characteristic of an example and the epistemology of the mental science to do was based on linkage of an experience, expression, the understanding. This linkage was self-interpretation of "the life", and it was said that the history was the entirety of every depersonalization of this individual self interpretation, and historicism was given the philosophical basics.

Scientific materialism

The 19th century was the time when "a scientific century" and the natural science as I was called developed later, and K leaked, and Scot (1871-95), J フォークト (1822-93), the Ludwig ビューヒナー and others came to insist when the philosophy became needless by systematizing only natural science-like intellect.

Marxism

Hegel left, Ludwig Feuerbach pass, and Marxism is established. The starting point is in the historical philosophy of Hegel. Marx and Engels let "you fell down" for materialism and do the history that Hegel regarded as the development process of the idea, and, with expectation of the development process of the material, nature and a person, power and power to be opposed overcame contradiction, and new exercise and the entirety of the things which it was, and developed were the world and insisted when the capitalism overturned according to a development law of such dialectics-like history, and society without the rank came.

Psychoanalytical

If I recollected the contents which a hysteric sealed unconsciously and made it a language and could express it while I repeated treatment experience as a family practitioner backed by the mechanism-like physiology that Sigmund Freud was represented by Helmholtz, a materialism-like scientific view, I did it when the symptom disappeared and named this cure psychoanalysis.

New Kant group

At the mid-19th century, an Otto leap man uttered it in the book "Kant and imitators"; "come back to Kant" (Zurück zu Kant!) Kant theory begins to be reinstated triggered by という motto, and a new Kant group is formed. The characterization, the natural science and the mental science insisted on originality as the study that was different from natural science in mental science afterwards whereas the Vin Dell bunt criticized that Dill Thailand which gave the philosophical basics in historicism when a southwest German school (Baden school) was founded by Wilhelm Vin Dell bunt distinguished natural science and mental science by the domain and the natural science "was nomothetic" and was (nomothetisch) when "personality was descriptive", and the mental science was (idiographisch) saying that they were distinguished not "the difference by the domain" by "the difference by the method". Heinrich Rickert made the concept called "a cultural science" as a concept for the mental science and not only I systematized this, but also made a design of the study of value that overcame relativism.

Utilitarianism

I succeeded in the Industrial Revolution, and it was a problem first how you harmonized the profit of the individuals interval or an individual and social profit early in the U.K. which developed as "the world's factory". The morality theory that was born to solve this problem was necessary. Therefore the thesis that occurred is "the biggest happiness of the greatest multitude", and the philosophy that was born to realize it is utilitarianism.

Pragmatism

 
Pragmatic thinkers, Perth (in the left), James (top right corner), Dewey (the lower left), Mead (the lower right)

The pragmatism unfolded led by University of Chicago in the United States of America. It begins in what Charles Sanders Perth announced in the young philosopher circle called "a metaphysics club" in the early 1870s.

The pragmatism developed by William James, John Dewey and others by itself, but is the source of the analytic philosophy in the other. I can learn it from Perth being evaluated as one of the semiological founder and Morris, analysis philosophers such as Quine being called "a neo-pragmatist".

Thought of Japan

Study of ancient Japanese thought and culture

Manabu Mito who shifted from a tendency of the original Confucianism to a strong principle of advocating reverence for the Emperor by the Atsutane Hirata and Yukoku Fujita, Donghu parent and child and others who switched the study of ancient Japanese thought and culture finished in the 18th century by Norinaga Motoori to a more practical study style took part in the formation of the revering the Emperor and expelling the barbarians thought by the late Tokugawa period.

The principle of advocating reverence for the Emperor was strengthened still more and the position of the study of ancient Japanese thought and culture was based for nationalism (mainly prewar it) in Japan or the Imperial Rescript on Education, national polity thought, the Empire sense of history and continued existing while unsubstantiality of the exclusion of foreigners became clear from 薩英戦争 and Maguan war.

Encounter with the European philosophy

On the other hand, by the foundation of a country, a large number of foreign students were dispatched by Tokugawa shogunate government and each feudal clan (after the Meiji Restoration the government). Most of them absorbed systems of a foreign language and the Western science, technique and politics, economy mainly, but they meet European philosophy partly and play an active part in the study and announcement, the speech activity after returning home. It is Yukichi Fukuzawa and Chomin Nakae to have been the strongest in celebrity and influence in that.

Fukuzawa is said to have strongly received influence of the utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill mainly, and Nakae is known by having translated "Social Contract theory" ("I discuss a citizen about solution" for the Nakae reason) of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

In addition, key person of this time includes Enryo Inoue aiming at Amane Nishi, European philosophy (mainly German idealism) and agreement with the Buddhism that translated Philosophy as "philosophy".

Footnote

  1. The word historicism yet least had ^ in those days. Nietzsche named a trend "fatal history fever" in the times in deference to the history at the time.

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Philosophy of the 19th century

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