Korea literature
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Korea literature (ちょうせんぶんがく) is literature written by the Korea race. The current Korean Peninsula is divided artificially to the north and south and calls it "Korea literature" in the north Democratic People's Republic of Korea, but is called with "Korean literature" in the south Republic of Korea. I call it "Korea literature" including both in Japan, but the expression called "Korean literature" exists in a Korean style, too.
It was at the mid-15th century that it was produced wounds, and the Hangul Alphabet which was a letter of a race was written in the Korea literature by classical Chinese basically in the past if they saw it historically, and the traditions such as a kind of Chinese characters used as Korean auxiliary verbs and particles or town bill which transcribed racial words by a kanji as well as Japanese existed. Consciousness that it was official to write by classical Chinese after a product made in Hangul Alphabet wound was strong, and the Hangul Alphabet was not used for a public document until Li-regimed Korea last years, but I received invention of the Hangul Alphabet in the private enterprise, and the pansori of many novels and songs and ballads was written in "the Haruka biographies", and Korea race's original literature began in earnest. Many literary works were announced taking this flow into account for the rule era in Japan in last years of Li-regimed Korea. I call it "Korean literature" including literature of this time or ancient times town song in Korea. Speaking of Korea literature, I point to the literature of Li-regimed Korea Era in particular in Korea.
Table of contents
I am for Korai Era by beginning of the Korea literature
The oldest book in the Korean Peninsula wants to be knit for Korai Era, and and "three Historical Memoirs" is "three ancient tradition" (1145) (1277). Thus, there was not the art which checked the documents which were past than it, but the letter activity was accomplished from the Age of Three Powers. In Kokuryo, in "新集" (all five volumes), Kudara, Silla edites a history book called "the history of nation" "a clerk". I can see "Korea disarray" "花郎世記" "新羅殊異伝" on the documents as well as it. However, they were scattered and lost for Korai Era. The narration which I was slightly informed by learning through the grapevine leaves the wreckage without being able to confirm it about the letter activity that is past than the Age of Three Powers in the present.
"Three Historical Memoirs" "three ancient tradition" is read as a history book, but can read as literature. I can consider that a description about "花郎" was tinged with story characteristics in "three Historical Memoirs", and chaste and strong-minded woman, the devoted daughter biographies such as "都弥伝" "温達伝" include story characteristics in a historical fact again, too. An anecdote of "Prince spring and summer" "King Takeshi of Kudara" is famous for "three ancient tradition".
For a book of Korai Era, Buddhist priest biographies such as petty official literature and "transience deceased man's Buddhist name biographies" "朋学同知伝" "普徳閣氏伝" "王郎返魂伝" such as "white cloud novel" (李奎報), "破閑集" (李仁老), "補閑集" (崔滋), "yew old man Japanese barnyard millet theory" (李斎賢) were written.
Li-regimed Korea Era
Birth of the Hangul Alphabet
When Li-regimed Korea Era begins, it is made a wound the Hangul Alphabet (1446), and the literature by writings in Japanese syllabary finally appears. Thus, I may consider it to be birth of the Japanese literature with literature described depending on the situation of the researcher the Hangul Alphabet. However, the Hangul Alphabet remained firmly until the letter of the person who was low (the learning is low) of the social position not to be readable of the kanji and a tendency to look down upon entered after Hangul Alphabet birth in modern times, and the literature activity in the Hangul Alphabet was filled with the risk to threaten the position for an intellectual. Therefore the Hangul Alphabet (writings in Japanese syllabary) was born in Korea and literature activity with the classical Chinese was important and the author served and was going to hide the name with the literature activity in the Hangul Alphabet afterward. It is that purpose that documents written in the Hangul Alphabet have many things of unknown author.
As for the literature activity by the classical Chinese, petty official literature is still prosperous, and "於于野譚" "東野彙輯" "青邱野談" "青邱笑叢" "by valley Nishino" "鵝洲雑録" "turf peaks theories" are written. "古今笑叢" is known as a collection of Korea oldest dirty conversation. Above all, in "金鰲新話" (1494) of Kim Si-sup, value literal as the adaptation novel which came under an influence of Chinese "剪灯新話" is high. "金鰲新話" had been scattered and lost in Korea, but guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese were scored in Japan and were read. Japanese "伽婢子" is thought to be adaptation of "金鰲新話".
It is written an account of war that I pass through a position (in 1592 1597) of Bunroku, the Keicho era flourishingly. In other words, "懲毖録" (willow Jackie Chan), "奮忠紆難録" (釈南鵬), "Japanese street record" (黄慎), "少為浦倡義録" (gold fine receptacle), "China heroism record" (李萬秋), "龍湾聞見録" (Taku Cheng) are them. The tendency received the role of third class child, and, following watches of the night, "丙子湖南倡義録" "丁卯両湖拳義録" "西征録" "Edo diary" "南征日記" "戊申倡義事実" "three bachelor biography" "永陽四難倡義録" "林慶業伝" was written.
The literature activity in the Hangul Alphabet begins with a proverb solution (supplementary explanation of the Hangul Alphabet) of the Buddhist Scriptures. "Lotus Sutra" "楞厳経" "釈譜詳節" "to pass through Yongjia" "to pass through Kongo" is it. In addition, the reading to teach women and children Confucian morality like "three bonds line true figure" "chaste and strong-minded woman biographies" was written. A thing written in a kind of Chinese characters used as Korean auxiliary verbs and particles came to be written in time-like, the other music in the Hangul Alphabet. "Eastern Hokkaido music" "六賢歌 of the Suse Arabian bird," "music "music according to Hoshiyama" according to Kanto" of "song of fisherman" "還山別曲" 鄭澈 of 李滉 is known "a song of of 李珥 nine pieces" "isolated mountain music" of 尹善道 "music according to Hanada" of gold 絿.
In addition, the Hangul Alphabet was used for the kind of the textbook such as "童蒙先習" "捷解新語" "捷解蒙語".
Development of the ancient novel
Even if the Hangul Alphabet was born, the Korea literature was still based on classical Chinese and was spelled. In addition, the novel will be recited only in a Confucianism-like background because an evaluation for the reading novel was remarkably low. Such the a series of novels group is called an ancient novel.
Works by the classical Chinese include "洪吉童伝" (筠). I am said to be an adaptation novel of 水滸伝, and it is said that it is the first thing which adopted the form of "the serial novel" (the thing which divided a story into a chapter) in Korea literature. In addition, I am said to be the sociopolitical novel including the social criticism, and there is "田禹治伝" "徐花譚伝" in the similar novel. In addition, "three will commentaries" of China were read widely, and the novel which adapted it was also read. In addition, as an ancient novel written by classical Chinese, there are "彰善感義録" "燕巌外伝" "Huanggang writing down various things at random" "fear for the first time will "old incense residence historical sketch" "丹良稗史" "奇談随録" "韓淑媛伝" "King of Ryukyu heir lateral biography" "east eaves biography" "Three Han States lords in waiting" sequel to".
As a work in the Hangul Alphabet, "nine cloud dreams" (金萬重) is estimated as the best masterpiece. "謫降七仙林虎隠伝," it is guessed with adaptation of "Dream of the Red Chamber" "張国鎮伝". Even a rare phenomenon translated into classical Chinese later is taking place. As "Dream of the Red Chamber" had a big influence on other writers, the adaptation such as a "玉麟夢" "ball lotus dream" "ball cherry tree dream" appeared in "nine cloud dreams". 金萬重 leaves "謝氏南征記".
In addition, as the thing that the narration to be informed by the Korean Peninsula became the book, there are "コンチュイ and パッチュイ" (ko:콩쥐팥쥐전) (the narration of Cinderella line), "mouse intellect biography" "frog biography" (ko:두껍전) "interest husband biography" "翟 成義伝" "金犢伝" "frog snake prison plan" "doll biography (꼭두각시전)" "玄駒記外史", but the most famous things include "Haruka biography" "沈清伝".
"Haruka biography" The "沈清伝" together origin is not sure, but it may be said that it is the narration which I am informed for a long time because a model of "Haruka biography" "沈清伝" is seen in being said that 申在孝 (1812 - 1884) made "song of Haruka" "沈清歌" as a script of the pansori based on "Haruka biography" "沈清伝", various documents. "The Haruka biography" is named a feeling luster novel, and there is "淑香伝" "Shukuei daughter biography" "Hakutsuru fan biography" "深山伯伝" "玉丹春伝" in the novel of the same kind.
In addition, "ball daughter biography" "most of Chen biography" "frog snake prison plan" "鷹鸚訟案" "willow deep water biography" "月峯記" "朴文秀伝" "欽欽新書" named drafts of public documents (the plotted novel that a trial is important) "薔花紅蓮伝" "Cheng second good biography" "張豊雲伝" "fish dragon biography" named a stepmother novel is known.
The civilization period, rule era in Japan
Development of the media
I appeared, and the media such as a newspaper, the magazine developed from the civilization period and contributed to the spread, development of the literature. As for "Han castle news" "Kyoto town newspapers," the group of various situations established a newspaper publisher the "large Korea private newspaper" "nation news" "banzai report" which "every large Korea reports a monkey "an empire newspaper" "independent newspaper" "Keijo newspaper" ("an imperial palace newspaper") on a day" ("large Korea newspaper"). A novel is published serially in a newspaper, and literature that I make entertainment of the public becomes the developing place.
"대죠선독립협회회보" (association of great Korea independence bulletin) which Korean Imperial Family draft foreign students want to found the magazine in Tokyo in February, 1896, and was founded "a party bulletin" in Seoul in November, 1986 is the beginning. I published "boy" "Akira Higashi" "times daily report" "youth" "샛별" (セッピョル) whom 崔南善 installed a printing office in in Korea while living-in-Tokyo Korean foreign students published the bulletin of each group (new sentence building) afterwards. In addition, magazines many as literary arts coterie magazine and bulletin such as "Korea literary world" "new young man" "new woman" "new world" "Catholicism young man" "オリニ" "literary arts exercise" "literature for the common people" are published in "creation" "rose village" "white tide" "beam of hope" "ruins" "genesis".
New novel
Each Great Powers country goes into Asia when I enter the end of 19th century, and the modernization will be pushed forward in foreign pressure in Korea. Even literature greets one turning point at this time. In other words, it is the birth that is in a novel form called so-called "new novel" originating in "혈의누" (tears of blood) of 李人稙. The new novel came up around 1910. It is the novel form that it is in the transition periods from a previous "ancient novel" to 近, a modern novel. The thing called a new novel has "畜獣会議録" (cheap country good), "plum (具然学) during the snow", "Liberty Bell" (plum sea morning) elsewhere. These most trail a story of the politic justice to be seen in an ancient novel and are the contents which extremely criticize old thought, culture again, but are new at a point called the spread of literature through the media such as a writing style, the newspaper of the unification of the written and spoken language. There are not so many works called the new novel and will disappear by an appearance of "the emotionlessness" of 李光洙 before long.
Formation of the modern literature
In Korea, it is 李光洙 and 崔南善 to have put a modern novel form or free verse. 李光洙 published "emotionlessness" serially in 1917 and established a modern novel in Korea. 崔南善 dealt with a magazine by oneself and announced "the new style poetry" and contributed the place of upbringing at the same time to have a there being a lot of influence on subsequent poets.
The modern literature in Korea is pulled in Japan by during studying abroad or intellectuals who studied abroad. They learned the Western literature trend of thought during studying abroad and adopted it. 金東仁、廉想渉、金裕貞、蔡萬植、李泰俊、朴泰遠、Plum box、Luo rice incense、兪鎮午、Plum no shadowI include equal が. They organized each group in the "overseas sentence school" "nine society" "drama literary society" "セクトン society" and raised the standard while criticism insisted on literal principles each other.
People having such a group of studying in Japan, the fund which can go to the university in that are often children of the relatively rich yang-ban rank, and a principle of proletarian writer gains power as a group opposed to them from the about 1920s. Principle of proletarian writers include Yawara Hayashi, 崔曙海, 崔明熙, 李箕永, 韓雪野, Soong shadow, 洪思容等. They form KAPF and impeached Government General of Korea and bourgeois nationalism as a spokesman of the workers, but this movement remains silent by oppression of Government General of Korea after about 1935.
Korea literature after the rule in Japan
Literature of Korea
The bright activity of young new faces came to come into the limelight firmly in the 1970s. Many young writers including 崔仁浩, 黄皙暎, 趙海一, 趙善作 appeared one after another in the field of novel. The serial story in a newspaper that the people called the writer got a large number of readers in so-called 70s did 席捲. It was to a record-breaking bestseller, and, "the hometown of stars of 崔仁浩 which appeared in this way," "the winter women" of 趙海一 enjoyed a kind of novel golden age.
しかしこのような作品傾向に対してその商業主義文学としての病幤を指摘する批判の声が高まり、一方では産業社会の到来とともにその病理的な面を作品を通じて表現した趙世煕の短編集が珍しく多くの読者を得るベストセラーになった。また黄皙暎は工事現場の労使関係を扱った『客地』や南北分断の悲劇を作品化した『韓氏年代記』などを発表した。
1970年代の詩界では維新体制と暗い政治状況の下で詩人金芝河が発表した『五賊』が筆禍事件となって国際的な議論を投げかけた。この外にも詩人としては鄭鎭圭・鄭玄宗・朴利道・李昇薫などを挙げることができる。これらの作品は現代詩の新しい変貌を示す先駆的な役割を果たした。1980年代に入って小説のなかで大きな流れを形成するようになったのはそれまでほとんど見られなかった大河小説の登場だ。これが読者にも大きい反響を得るようになったが、その代表的な作品として黄皙暎の歴史小説『張吉山』と趙廷来の『太白山脈』などを挙げることができる。とくに『太白山脈』は韓国出版史上最大の売れ行きとなった。
この他、李文烈の長編『英雄時代』も文壇の注目を引き、その後彼は1990年代にかけて旺盛な作品活動をしている。詩の分野では李晟馥・黄芝雨・崔勝子・金光圭などが注目を集める作品活動をした。1990年代に入って多くの商業主義的な小説が現われて読者を惑わす傾向もあったが、朴景利の大河小説『土地』が25年にも渡る執筆期間を経て完成されたことは意味深い。
さらに作家・洪盛原も1960年代に登壇した後1990年代に至るまで『モンドング』『月と刀』などの大作を発表している。また申京淑や孔枝泳などの若い女流作家たちの活動も著しい。70年代以後著しい作品活動をして来た高銀が「万人譜」「白頭山」などの長詩を完成し、1930年代に詩壇に出た徐廷柱が初詩集『花蛇集』以後引き続き作品を書いている。女流詩人たちも洪允淑・金南祚・金芝郷・千良姫などが1950年代以降、詩作品のたゆまぬ発表を続けている。
1980年代には民主的で平等な国家を作るための闘争的な色合いの濃い作品が多く登場した。これは言うまでもなく386世代の登場と関連しており、日本でかつて流行した新左翼のムーヴメントと似た傾向を持っていたため、批評空間のような文芸批評誌が80年代の韓国文学に注目したことがある。朴労解のような、反権力的な詩が発展したのも韓国文学の一つの特徴である。（朴は1991年に国家保安法違反嫌疑で捕まったが、1998年特赦された。）
1990年代に入るとペ・スアのような村上春樹や吉本ばななに影響を受けた若い作家達が登場した。他方、若い時代を民主化運動に費やしたことへの喪失感を表現する作品も多く発表された。90年代以降の韓国文学は日本文学の影響を大きく受けており、今後、日本文化開放と共に一気に韓国に流入してきた在日朝鮮人文学やライトノベルからの影響も無視できない。
なお、純文学ではないが、1990年代のベストセラーとしては李恩成（1937年～1988年）の『小説・東医宝鑑』（1990年）が300万部発売で『太白山脈』を上回る史上最高記録を更新し、金辰明（1957年～）の『ムクゲノ花ガ咲キマシタ』（1993年）も200万部以上を売った。これらはいずれも日本語訳が出ている。
北朝鮮の文学
1945年8月、朝鮮が日本統治終了を迎えると、38度線以北では金日成を中心とする抗日パルチザン闘士達が政権を形作る。文学もまた彼ら「抗日パルチザン」を形象化していくことを第一とした。
日本統治終了直後から自然発生的に文学・芸術団体が各地域で結成されていたのを、1946年2月、朝鮮労働党は「北朝鮮文学芸術総同盟」として単一組織にまとめた。その綱領の中で帝国主義、資本主義を排斥すると同時に人民民衆の啓蒙とソ連を中心とする西側諸国との文化の交流を目的とすることを定め、文士のプロレタリア主義思想を養成する。
日本統治終了後の詩文学では趙基天の「白頭山」、小説では李箕永の「蘇える大地 (땅)」が代表的である。その他にも「KAPF」の同人である朴世永、朴八陽、宋影、また中国から帰国した金史良などが作品を執筆している。1950年6月25日、朝鮮戦争が勃発しても文士の筆は止まることなく、地下印刷工場が作られて雑誌や文庫が発行され、その作品の数は3千を越えるとも言われている。金朝奎、崔石斗、李秉哲、閔丙均、朴雄杰、千世鳳、尹世重、李北鳴などはこの時期に執筆した文士である。その作品の多くは詩かルポルタージュであった。こうした文壇の流れの中で、朝鮮戦争のさなか、日本統治終了前の作家達の多くが死亡、若い作家達が台頭し、北朝鮮文壇は大きな転換をする。
朝鮮戦争が休戦を迎え政治が落ち着くと、文壇にも優れた文学が登場するようになる。李箕永の長篇『豆満江』が1954年にその第1部が発表されたことは北朝鮮文学の真の始まりを印象付けるものである。その他に千世鳳の『ソッケウルの新春 (석개울의 새 봄)』(1958-65年)、尹世重の『試練の中で (시련 속에서)』(1957年)、黄健の『ケマ高原 (개마고원)』(1956年)などがこの時期の代表作である。
1960年代後半に入ると、北朝鮮文壇に変化が起きる。それ以前からも文学の中に登場していた金日成がこの時期以降から文学作品の中に頻繁に登場しだした。祖国解放闘争の指導者として、または社会主義朝鮮建設の指導者として金日成の形象化が成されはじめたのだ。よってこの時期より北朝鮮文学を「主体文学」とも呼ぶようになる。だが一方で、女性問題、社会問題、恋愛を主題とした作品が80年代以降顕著になっていることも事実である。
韓国の文学賞
文学者
参考文献
関連項目
外部リンク
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