Hyksos

The people who appeared in ancient Egypt in the times when the Hyksos was called the Egyptian second interphase. It is thought that they were groups of miscellaneous people having the origin generally in the Syria Palestine district. The name to be called Hyksos comes from ancient Egyptian to mean "foreign rulers", Greek forms of words of "ヘカ refuse Uto". ヘカ refuse Uto was often translated as "King of the breeding of sheep", but it is thought whether it is mistranslation now.

It is informed that six King of Hyksos reigned according to the king Turin name list for 108 years. According to the record of Manetho, the King of the 15th dynasty is considered to be six people, too and points to the 15th dynasty when generally "Hyksos" expresses it with "the Hyksos governments". In addition, I may call large Hyksos, the 16th dynasty small Hyksos in the 15th dynasty.

The details refer to the article of Egyptian 15th dynasty and the Egyptian 16th dynasty

Table of contents

Origin of the Hyksos

A problem to say what kind of origin Hyksos has is an unsolved problem in the Egyptology. The historical materials about the Hyksos are not left so a lot.

The word to be called Hyksos (ヘカ refuse Uto) exists from last years of at least old kingdom and expresses the chief of the Nubia district by this expression in the document at the time. I am made for the middle kingdom era, and there is the thing which I described the scene which "a foreign chief (ヘカ refuse Uto) red-throated loon is shy" leads 37 Asians to a grave left to ベニ Hasan, and carries a product to Egypt in. It is thought that I pointed to the leader of foreigner who emigrated to foreign chief and Egypt which were in Syria, Palestine, the Nubia district according to words with ヘカ refuse Uto in the old example in this way and cannot tie it directly with politics power "Hyksos" to appear as an Egyptian ruler later.

Other ethnic groups which came to really rule over Egypt come to use a word of ヘカ refuse Uto as a kind of honorific title, and it is after that a word ヘカ refuse Uto (Hyksos) became the name for the other ethnic group ruling Egypt.

I do not know it in detail how so-called "Hyksos" which ruled Egypt is a formed group. Including Egyptologist Wolfgang ヘルク, some scholars developed the discussion that joined Hyksos and a Hurrian together once. It does that the decoration like the earthenware vessel connected with the Hurrian such as ハブール earthenware vessel and the ヌジ earthenware vessel that a discovered earthenware vessel is discovered in north Syria from the layer of the second interphase was put with a ground mainly.

I refer to the item of the Hurrian for the summary of the Hurrian and ハブール earthenware vessel, the ヌジ earthenware vessel

However, an earthenware vessel discovered on an Egyptian side was different types of things with both the ハブール earthenware vessel and ヌジ earthenware vessel, and what assumed Hyksos and the relations of the Hurrian from the point where I put only similar decoration for was difficult. In addition, it may be said that a person's name of the Hyksos is almost Sem linguistic stock, and it is impossible to tie Hyksos and a Hurrian linguistically, and the opinion which connected Hyksos and a Hurrian now is avoided.

Relative with "an Asian"

It is the west Sem pro-people who was in the Syria Palestine district of the same period that relations with the Hyksos are clear. An element (Hitoshi Jacob) of west Semitic is seen about the person's name of the Hyksos clearly, and Anato and バアル and God of the Syria district which said are brought in almost simultaneously again in Egypt with the times of the Hyksos, and that there was a strong connection among Hyksos and "Asians" is indubitable. A characteristic of Syria, Palestinian local culture and the Egyptian culture mixed their material culture discovered in the remains of the Hyksos era. The construction of shrine or an earthenware vessel, the form of the metalwork are similar to Syria, Palestinian local it, but are not same. I understand that ceremonies such as the sacrifice of the donkey were held, and such a custom is seen in the district of Palestine.

In addition, it is an extremely interesting fact a west Sem pro-アムル person emigrates to Mesopotamia each place in the first half for a period in B.C. 2000 from the most last years of the period in B.C. 3000 to precede the Hyksos, and to have established a dynasty in sequence. Conventionally call it the Old Babylonia times in the times when a dynasty of this アムル origin prospered and is classified later more with (the Isin ラルサ era) in the first half year. The government capture of the Hyksos was right an event happened in the times of this movement in west Asia of a race. The existence of the person from アムル is the place that is often pointed out among Hyksos and "the Asians" with the relationship whom I mentioned above.

The opinion which I tied the narration of movement of the Hyksos and the movement of the Hebrew written down in the Old Testament to elsewhere exists. According to the description of the Genesis, the party (Israel) of Jacob comes over from veil Sheba, and I enter the place of Egyptian Goshen, and there is it when it was permitted that I meet Joseph who got on a tank there and live in this ground. It is the opinion which connects the movement of the Hebrew in this narration and Exodus (Exodus) with "the Asian" of the Hyksos era. Even if it is not a direct relation with the Hyksos which is a ruler, the opinion which a Hebrew was included in in a Sem system Asian including the Hyksos which moved into action in Lower Egypt in the second interphase has a constant supporter.

The Hyksos is often often explained today with "Asian other ethnic groups" from a point like this. But it is necessary for it to note it that there are still a lot of any questions about the details.

with Crete of relationships

Activity of the Hyksos and the relations with Crete are elements attracting attention very much today. This is because it became clear that there were negotiations by the existence of the cover of the product made in alabaster pitcher which I wrote down a cartouch name of King キアン of the 15th dynasty discovered in piece and Cnossus of the fresco which I described "a cow black kite" similar to the Cnossus palace of Crete in in remains (the remains of Teru Al = ダバア) of アヴァリス between Hyksos and Crete cultural sphere. The possibility that the people of the Crete cultural sphere emigrated to Egypt at this time more that the fresco discovered in アヴァリス in particular imitated a thing of Crete is thought about.

I am studying it and have not yet understood the influence of the Crete cultural sphere specifically, but many scholars touch this as an interesting theme.

Problem about "an invasion"

In ancient traditional history recognition of Egypt, the Hyksos was considered to be a barbarian invader. I describe rule by the Hyksos (the 15th dynasty) in the record of Manetho who wrote "アイギュプティカ" (the Egyptian history) for the dynasty of the Ptolemies era as the accident that attacked Egypt, other ethnic group rule. In addition, I rule over the Hyksos for the record that the Thebes (ancient Egyptian: Luxor as of ネウト) government (the 17th, the 18th dynasty) which performed "liberation" of Egypt from rule by the Hyksos left it for, and there are "Asian fear" and the thing to call.

It depends on the existence such as manners and customs, the person's name that it is thought that, in addition, the opinion to be the other ethnic group government which has with the Hyksos with the armaments, and conquered Egypt has the origin for the record of such an ancient Egyptian in the Syria Palestine district such as a tank, the use of "the new weapon" such as the composition bow and the above.

In contrast, the opinion setting different Hyksos view is given. At first the Egyptian slight, prejudice for the political propaganda by the government which the record of the ancient Egyptian about the Hyksos "releases" Egypt from the Hyksos, and did it and "an Asian" strongly intervene so that many Egyptologists mention it, and there are extremely many things which have a problem with reliability. In addition, the historical materials are hardly left for the destruction by the Egyptian of coming ages at the same period about the Hyksos. And it is recognized that the emigration of "the Asian" in Egypt was carried out by many documents historical materials and archeological discovery continuously from the first interphase. In the scholar, the rule by the Hyksos in Egypt does not depend on an invasion from the outside, and there is the person advocating an opinion to be only a simple coup d'etat in the Egypt inside and gets wide support.

From a slight record at the time, the existence of the Egyptian bureaucrat who served the Hyksos (the 15th dynasty) becomes clear, and Hyksos is not really found in the trace that expelled Egypt culture in particular again either. Rather, on the contrary, I introduced a lot of Egyptian traditions and I surrounded the King name in cartouch in an Egyptian style and was transcribed. Even if most that were valid in their rule place at the same period of Egyptian people were not so strongly conscious of "other ethnic group rule", they are said to be Hyksos.

Both opinions have support, but in any case it is extremely dangerous to just succeed to outlook on Hyksos of the ancient Egyptian.

Religion

Asian immigrants including "Hyksos" brought gods of Syria Palestine ancestry into Egypt. A representative thing is バアル ゼフォン which was the guardian deity of the sailor in north Syrian local stormy God. Because this God was identified with Egyptian stormy God Seto, Seto God who was God of upper Egypt will originally receive the worship that is strong in the eastern part of Lower Egypt.

In アヴァリス which became the base of the Hyksos, Seto God became the chief god in the 14th Heian period. Because one of the rhetorics for King ネヘシ of the 14th dynasty has the expression called "a person loved by master of フト ウアレト (アヴァリス), Seto God", this is known.

I can see influence of Syria Palestine more conspicuously about 葬制. Because the burial method to do it, and to turn a face to the east has its head of the dead person stolen by the south unlike the traditional Egyptian burial method to turn a face to the east with a head to the north in the grave of the Asian person of this time, and Palestine-like Syria, it is buried a corp's belongings a donkey by a grave.

References

• T.セーヴェ = セーテルベルク work, Den Tomimura reason, "rule "West ancient history essays 1" Tokyo University publication society of ヒュクソス in Egypt", 1973.
• Written by Jack Finegan, Takahito Mikasanomiya reason "history of Ancient Orient Iwanami Shoten judging from archeology", 1983.
• Jiro Kondo "archeology 同成社 of world archeology 4 Egypt", 1997.
• Yoshio Onuki et al. with "the origin of the world history 1 human Ancient Orient" Chuo Koron new company, 1998.
• Peter Clayton work, Sakuji Yoshimura supervision, Kuniko Fujisawa reason, "pharaoh each generation" wound former company, 1999.

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