2017년 3월 11일 토요일

Caricature

Caricature

The caricature which makes fun of Darwin's evolutionary theory. （Andre Jill（English versionImage, 1878)

The person image which made an exaggeration and distortion on because the caricature (British French: caricature, Italy: caricatura German: Karikatur) individualized character and the characteristic of the person (is often grotesque) [1]. Because it is described for an effect of ludicrousness and the satire, it is translated and is often identified with a caricature, comics, a caricature again now, but is a word used referring to technique, the style of painting such as the top where it is thought that originally I appeared in Italy in the 16th century (caricare meaning "I exaggerate it" which "I have you carry a load" in Italian etymology [1]). Therefore, [2], the caricature which was devoted to realism again are not necessarily originally caricatures in this meaning not a thing connoting satire [3].

Most are used in a graphic form including a picture, the illustration, but these words may be used about the same type of literal expression [4].

Table of contents

History

Origin

 
The caricature which Ann knee comes out, and is thought to be カラッチ product. The about 16th century.

Including the graffiti of the face that there remained it as for the caricature, the caricature, the of the doodle that aimed at ludicrousness and satire, and were drawn on the caricature which, for example, described the devil in the Middle Ages in a papyrus of Egypt from people caricature of the 描 かれたや ancient Greece in the ancient times, a ceiling of line engraving caricature and Horyu-ji Temple in the Japanese Jomon period being seen for a long time whether in the East or in the West (refer to the comics # history), and the pioneer example of the modern caricature being seen in アルチンボルド where described in combination a portrait in in a rough sketch or fruit of Leonardo da Vinci who exaggerated the figure of the person more in the after ages, but such an overstatement coming to become independent with the word "caricature" in Italy [1] at the after the latter half of 16th century. Art historiographer フィリッポ Baldinucci (English version) of the 17th century defines "the caricature" as follows in "picture term encyclopedia" (1681). Though "it aimed at every possible resemblance of the perspective of the model, and emphasizes the fault that the person has for the purpose of a joke to ridicule intentionally and is transformed all the elements of the features, I point to the portrait which was described so that the, as a whole, portrait is right model itself" [5].

The painter Ann knee which played an active part in the late 16th century came out, and it was painters of カラッチ and the school of painting Bolognese school that I reclaimed such a technique in a flow of the manierisme, and used with the word "caricature" for the first time [2]. They leave some superior caricatures as relaxation in an interval of the very earnest painter work [5]. The caricature greatly developed by Jean Lorenzo Bernini, Jack Karo, ティエポロ parent and child (with Jean Battista Jean Domenico (English version)), a sketch and the print of Pierre leone ゲッツィ (English version) and others afterwards in Italy over the 17th to the 18th century. In the case of a trip of 1665 to France, Bernini affected it by having shown the skill as the portrait painter, and, as for the grotesque person print of Karo, it was with the pronoun of the caricature. ゲッツィ describes mainly the satirical caricature of aesthetes of Rome and, leaving the person image which ティエポロ parent and child are mild, and is comical, affects British painters [1].

I it as means of the political satiricalness

 
I create a small pit with James Rei Gill "crisis Napoleon (the right) that I am going to cut the world in a possession face (1805) of the plum pudding". I understand the change that is more trendy than a style of painting [1] of ホガース well.

Caricatures came to spread as means of the political caricature in after the 18th century particularly the U.K. and France [1]. It was regarded as the 17th century when a grand tour was popular that a caricature was handed down to the U.K., but a realistic repeated cultivation print still took the reputation of the public in the closeness about politics, manners and customs by William Hogarth in the in the middle U.K. in the 18th century and refused that professional painters adopted the technique of the caricature ([6] that ホガース avoided that one's work was considered to be "a caricature"). However, spread from an amateur from the 1760s when ホガース died, and caricatures are popular, and come to occupy the mainstream of the satire print in the U.K. (caricature revolution); [2]. Napoleon and France described a superior caricature as an object of satire and swept over British caricature world and laid many mimics, and, as for James Rei Gill (English version) who appeared, Thomas Rowlandson, they were inherited afterwards when the popularity was to George Crook shank [5].

Such a trendy change is accompanied with the change of the print technique again. The copperplate engraving of ホガース and others was the engraving which needed mastery of skills and a long working hour, but the copperplate engraving of Rei Gill and Rowlandson and others was etching and was able to express a line with the dynamism again in the working hour when it had a shorter it [7]. Such a print publication has a decline in popularity in the U.K. in the 1820s, and the caricature will shift in the times mainly on a newspaper, the magazine, but engraving on the cross section (firm edition to cut a trunk into round slices, and to make) will be introduced as new print technique during this period [8]. It was the magazine which the popular comic book "punch" of the foundation of a periodical was printed on by this method in 1840 and I described a caricature about manners and customs and the politics for a middle-class family and put success [5].

 
Philip ("カリカチュール" 1834) of the pear head by オノレ Daumier

On the other hand, the print by the lithograph (lithograph) occupied the mainstream of such a satire publication in France. The technique of the lithograph was introduced in 1815 of the end of the Napoleonic Wars by the U.K., but Charles フィリポン launched newsweekly "カリカチュール" (French version) by this technique in 1830 and I targeted misgovernment of Charles-Louis Philippe at the time and kidnapped popularity of the public [9]. I let you let a painter describe the caricature by this idea of oneself in フィリポン for an idea that what took the reputation in particular likened a head of Charles-Louis Philippe to a pear flourishingly and enlarge the number of copies and let you appear frequently in daily "Chari Bali" (English version) which フィリポン launched in 1832 [10]. Above all, オノレ Daumier described a lot of this pear heads, and it was a popularity painter and, in print "Gargantua" [2] of the one piece thing using this (1831), put big success, but was that such a radical satire worked against Daumier and received a fine and penal servitude [11].

The popularity of "Chari Bali" spread all over Europe and promoted the above-mentioned "punch" in the U.K. and the publication of similar newspaper such as German "フリーゲンデ ブレッター" (English version) [12]. A caricature with the fantastic subject by Wilhelm Busch existed in Germany, but it is in an inner citadel of the politics satire that satire magazine "ジンプリチシムス" (English version) launched in 1896 is a radical mark in 20th century Germany, and George gross, Oskar Kokoschka describe an individual caricature in a tide of the new art again [1].

 
Mr. punch dressed in the samurai drawn on the "Japan punch" cover (1878)

On the other hand, the style of the brief account called the Toba comics which named the name of the author Toba bishop of "the birds and beasts person caricature" in the Edo era exists in Japan and was written in a lot of caricatures, caricatures by the ukiyoe artist [13], but there is that a modern caricature comes to be described by a Japanese after the Meiji era. In 1862 of the late Tokugawa period, satire comic book "Japan punch" for residence foreigners was launched by British painter Charles ワーグマン residing in Japan, but the genre of the western-style satire portrait which there was not in previous Japan was reclaimed by painter Kinkichiro Honda who the reputation of this magazine which imitated "a punch" of the head family U.K. reached the Japanese, and the satire magazine by the Japanese such as "picture newspaper Japan place" (えしんぶんにっぽんち) and "團團珍聞" (heats it completely) which referred to the style of this magazine after I entered the Meiji was published [14] particularly played an active part in the latter [15]. The situation caricature placed in such a magazine came to be called "a caricature" for "a punch" and was described flourishingly among other things for the free human rights period [16]; (refer to the history of Japanese comics).

Not only a caricature is an editorial cartoon of a newspaper, the magazine in today and is seen, but also a publication is performed afterwards in every reproduction media which came up [1]. On the other hand, as for the technique and the style of painting of the remote caricature, it is thought from realistic target scrupulous description even if I prepared for an appearance of ロドルフ テプフェール and the appearance of the modern strip cartoon to be followed by [17].

Main writer

 
Caricature (1901) of T.H. Huxley by ペレグリーニ
 
Rowlandson "anatomist" (1811)
 
Caricature (1881) of the C. Brad back side by Sanborn
 
Caricature (1871) of the Napoleon III by Nast

Italy

The U.K.

France

Germany Austria

The United States of America

Japan

Others

Footnote

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "caricature" "world art size encyclopedia" Vol. 2 pp.30-32.
  2. ^ a b c "basic problem p.50. of the history of comics"
  3. For ^ Keiji Ueda "caricature" "world size encyclopedia" Heibonsha Publishers Ltd., 2,007 years, it is Vol. 24 pp.336-338.
  4. ^ "Caricature in literature". Contemporarylit.about.com (April 10, 2012). January 25, 2013 reading.
  5. ^ a b c d "caricature" "Oxford West art encyclopedia" pp.284-285.
  6. ^ "basic problem p.41. of the history of comics"
  7. ^ "basic problem p.54. of the history of comics"
  8. ^ "basic problem p.79. of the history of comics"
  9. ^ "history pp.1-3. of comics"
  10. ^ "history pp.3-5. of comics"
  11. ^ "history pp.9-10. of comics"
  12. ^ "history p.5. of comics"
  13. ^ "history pp.i-ii. of comics"
  14. ^ "history pp.48-52. of comics"
  15. ^ "history pp.57-58. of comics"
  16. ^ "history p.27. of comics"
  17. ^ "basic problem p.54. of the history of comics"

References

Allied documents

Allied item

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