ココナッツカダンカダンウイロイド

ココナッツカダンカダンウイロイド
Classification
There is no rank : Subviral agents There is no rank : Viroid Viroids Course : ポスピウイロイド department Pospiviroidae The genus : The コカドウイロイド genus Cocadviroid Kind : ココナッツカダンカダンウイロイド Coconut cadang-cadang viroid[1]
Scientific name
Coconut cadang-cadang viroid Anon; Imperial et al.,, 1985
Synonym
CCCVd

ココナッツカダンカダンウイロイド (Coconut cadang-cadang viroid) is viroid belonging to the ポスピウイロイド department コカドウイロイド genus [¹]. It is a pathogen of the fatal an illness cadang-cadang for a plant of the Arecaceae. The nucleotidic number to constitute a gene has only 246 at the minimum [²] and has the smallest genome in [³], all creatures, viruses along with avocado sun blotch viroid (Avocado sunblotch viroid). Because a name is long, it is often called CCCVd.

Table of contents

Summary

CCCVd is known by bringing a serious disease for a coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) which produces coconut as a name shows it. It is a beginning that the discovery as the disease was reported from 1927 through 1928 in San Miguel Island of Philippines [⁴]. It is 1985 that CCCVd was listed as a pathogen [⁵].

The appearance of CCCVd is one circular or linear chain RNA. The genome size is very small, and the nucleotidic number is only 246 in a minimus [²]. 44 sequence of these is seen in other viroid well. In addition, the protein does not encode it at all.

Genome [2] of CCCVd
1-50 CUGGGGAAAU CUACAGGGCA CCCCAAAAAC UACUGCAGGA GAGGCCGCUU 51-100 GAGGGAUCCC CGGGGAAACC UCAAGCGAAU CUGGGAAGGG AGCGUACCUG 101-150 GGUCGAUCGU GCGCGUUGGA GGAGACUCCU UCGUAGCUUC GACGCCCGGC 151-200 CGCCCCUCCU CGACCGCUUG GGAGACUACC CGGUGGAUAC AACUCACGCG 201-246 GCUCUUACCU GUUGUUAGUA AAAAAAGGUG UCCCUUUGUA GCCCCU

CCCVd is well known to the variants having 247 length that added one cytosine to the 197th place of the genome sequence that I gave as above. This variant causes the disease by CCCVd [⁶].

The plant which CCCVd is infected with belongs to Arecaceae (Arecaceae). I am discovered in coconut palm, タラバヤシ (Corypha utan), Guinean Elaeis guineensis (Elaeis guineensis) Oreodoxa regia in the natural world. Areca (Areca catechu), Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (Dypsis lutescens), a date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), royal palm (Roystonea regia), Adonidia merrillii, Caryota cumingii, Saribus rotundifolius, infection to Ptychosperma macarthurii are known in the laboratory [⁷].

The thing which a genome resembles very much has ココナッツチナンガヤウイロイド (Coconut tinangaja viroid, CTiVd), and this has 254 length [⁸], but resembles genome sequence approximately 64%. I resemble closely very much and am and am hard to distinguish the symptom called チナンガヤ disease, but CTiVd inhabits Guam, and distribution does not agree with CCCVd inhabiting the Philippines [⁹].

Distribution

CCCVd is distributed a lot over the Philippines and is particularly frequent in the small islands that a bicol district, State of Masbate, カタンドゥアネス state, Samar state and these areas are dotted with. In the northern limit of the habitat, Manila, the southern limit are in the ホモンホン island, and this is important at a point contacting with Mindanao which is a main production of coconut palm and Elaeis guineensis place [⁵].

Cadang-cadang

Infection

The infection of CCCVd depends on the mechanical contact with a sickle and the hatchet used for a crop mainly, and infects it because I am injured in the state that appropriate hygiene environment is not kept by the knife which CCCVd attaches to. On the other hand, I do not know well how CCCVd opens in an actual state. I might open through pollen and a seed, but the transmission speed suffered for six years before a healthy individual pollinated by the pollen of the individual of illness showed a symptom by the experiment very late. As for the mediation of CCCVd due to the insect, the details are unidentified without an appropriate investigation being carried out although part of mediation due to elytron eyes (coleopteran insects) is shown [⁵].

Symptom

The individual reaches death before long via the following stages when infected with a coconut palm [⁵]. This disease is called cadang-cadang (cadang-cadang), and this means death by Bikol [⁴].

• An initial stage: A shrill spot occurs on the leaf, and the design such as the wound produces the seed on the surface and becomes small in a circle. I understand the change of the leaf under the transmitted light and the borrowed light in the state that I dipped into the water. It continues for four years from two years.
• A middle stage: Size and the numerical decrease in leaf are seen. The yellow part of the leaf becomes before a range covers expanse, lower part two-thirds of the leaf. At this stage, the seminal production stops. It continues for approximately two years.
• A latter term stage: Size and the numerical remarkable decrease in leaf are seen, and the whole changes color in brown from yellow, and leaf in itself becomes fragile, too. It continues for approximately five years.

It withers and dies from 8 through 16 after an early case appeared [⁵]. Most of the cadang-cadang is not seen in the individual younger than ten years and are frequent in the individuals from 10 years old to 40 years old [¹⁰]. The thing due to the pest has the death of the palm, but there are many them in an older individual. The loss of the copula of 22,000 tons produces the death of the coconut palm due to the cadang-cadang in the Philippines every year in to 1 million of them and every year. That more than 30000000 individuals die from discovery of the cadang-cadang for 50 years [¹¹].

The symptom is similar in the Elaeis guineensis very much, but the spot is orange not yellow [¹²].

Diagnosis

The diagnosis due to the symptom is the method that is sure to detect molecules of CCCVd from the cell sample of the plant to be lacking in reliability. I can detect it six months before a symptom comes out [⁵].

Source

[Help]

1. ^ ^{a b} Coconut cadang-cadang viroid National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy Browser
2. ^ ^{a b c} Cadang-cadang coconut viroid, RNA 1 fast, complete genome National Center for Biotechnology Information
3. ^ Avocado sunblotch viroid complete sequence, variant C-4 National Center for Biotechnology Information'
4. ^ ^{a b} Viroid RNAs of cadang-cadang disease of coconuts nature
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Coconut cadang-cadang viroid European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
6. ^ Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) mutants associated with severe disease vary in both the pathogenicity domain and the central conserved region National Center for Biotechnology Information
7. ^ Coconut Genetic Resources Bioversity International
8. ^ Coconut tinangaja viroid, complete genome National Center for Biotechnology Information
9. ^ Tinangaja and Bristle Top, Coconut Diseases of Uncertain Etiology in Guam, and Their Relationship to Cadang-Cadang Disease of Coconut in the Philippines APSnet
10. ^ Coconut cadang-cadang viroid Descriptions of Plant Viruses
11. ^ Ecology of cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm in the Philippines APSnet
12. ^ INVASIVE.org

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The Wiki's P seeds have information about ココナッツカダンカダンウイロイド.

• ココナッツチナンガヤウイロイド
• Avocado sun blotch viroid

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