Ancient Takamatsu burial mound
| Ancient Takamatsu burial mound | |
|---|---|
 Ancient Takamatsu burial mound fresco west wall girl group | |
| The location | Hirata, Asuka-mura, Takaichi-gun, Nara |
| Position | 34°27'N 44.0 seconds A 135°48'E 23.3 seconds coordinate: 34°27'N 44.0 seconds 135°48'E 23.3 seconds |
| Shape | Two steps of round burial mounds |
| Scale | 23m in diameter, 5m in height |
| The construction generation | Kyo Fujiwara period (694 through 710) |
| 被葬者 | Ignorance |
| Excavated article | Fresco (national treasure), copper mirror |
| Historic spot designation | Historic spot (1973) special 1973 |
The old burial mound where ancient Takamatsu burial mound (たかまつづかこふん) exists in Asuka-mura, Takaichi-gun, Nara (state-run Asuka historical park). It is 23m in diameter (the lower berth) and 18m (the upper section), two steps-type round burial mound of 5m in height at an old burial mound for the end period constructed for (694 through 710) for Kyo Fujiwara period. Because a richly colored fresco was discovered in 1972, I came to attract attention at a bound.
It is restored to the original state in an original shape in 2009 and is opened to the public.
Table of contents
Excavation
The excavation of ancient Takamatsu burial mound was started on March 1, 1972. After digging the hole so that a villager stores ginger in about October, 1970, the opportunity that began of the excavation is that old cut stone was found in the depths of the hole. Local people work on Asuka-mura, and Asuka-mura manages to come up with a fund, and Nara Prefectural Kashihara archeology research institute will do excavation. As for the excavation, Asuka-mura became driven by business, and Kashihara archeology research institute was in charge of real excavation. I pushed forward the excavation of the remains of non-investigation, and the excavation of high Matsuzuka was the part in those days to edit a book of a village's history by the start 15th anniversary of the village in 期 in Asuka-mura [1]. The cause of the conduct of Masao Suenaga of the Manager of Nara Prefectural Kashihara archeology research institute, the on-site excavation were performed by a researcher, a student group of Kansai University and Ryukoku University led by Yoshinori Aboshi of Muneyasu Date and the Assistant Professor Kansai University. A burial mound is detected, and it is about March 21, the same year that a fresco colored vividly was discovered. In the old burial mound, the richly colored fresco is appointed to a national treasure again in particular on a historic spot on April 17, 1974 on April 23, 1973.
The old burial mound caught the illegal dig in the Kamakura era, and an illegal dig hole was opened in the south wall of the burial mound, but the coloring of the fresco remained vividly, and a part of the grave goods which avoided an illegal dig was detected then. As for the appearance of the richly colored fresco, it was top news as great discovery to rarely see archeology in history, and the Agency for Cultural Affairs started the preservation measures of the fresco and a study investigation at once. Ancient Takamatsu burial mound emergency preservation measures investigation committee was set up without from fresco discovery, and the first academic investigation was carried out on April 6, 1972 and April 17 that did not pass for 1 month by discovery. In addition, separately from an emergency preservation measures investigation committee, the ancient Takamatsu burial mound synthesis arts and sciences investigation committee which consisted of the specialist in archeology, history of art, preservation science was installed, and the academic investigation by the investigation committee was carried out in October, 1972.
In addition, the burial facilities of ancient Takamatsu burial mound are called "横口式石槨" (I establish a wide complaint with much effort) by the archeological classification, but use the word of a more general "burial mound" in this clause.
I was estimated with the end period in the early eighth century from the end of seventh century by the copper mirrors which escaped from an illegal dig in the generation of the old burial mound, and were left, but it was settled during 694 through 710 for Kyo Fujiwara period by excavation in 2005 [2].
被葬者
There are various opinions and is not identified 被葬者. In the first place the thing that 被葬者 is identified in old burial mound group of the Asuka area is rare. About 被葬者論, I can greatly classify it in three.
- Prince theory of the Emperor Tenmu
- The opinion which assumes 忍壁皇子, Prince Takaichi, Prince Yuge, a prince of the Emperor Tenmu 被葬者.
- A representative person advocating 忍壁皇子説 is Kojiro Naoki (professor emeritus at Osaka City University), Kanekatsu Inokuma (professor emeritus at existing Kyoto Tachibana University), King relation ball (researcher at Chinese social studies academy archaeology research institute) and others. With 忍壁皇子 considered to have died from 46, 7 years old as for the grounds being near the estimated age of the exhumation human bone the clothes of the person image.
- A representative person advocating a Prince Takaichi theory is Dairoku Harada (archeologist), Kunihiko Kawakami (Nara Prefectural Kashihara archeology research institute vice-director, professor at existing Kobe Women's College), Aritsune Toyoda (writer) and others.
- A representative person advocating a Prince Yuge theory is Fuminori Sugaya (Manager of existing Kashihara archeology research institute, professor emeritus at Shiga Prefectural College), Takeshi Umehara (philosopher) and others.
- However, it is guessed with a person past middle age in the 60s from 40 generations by the bone of a tooth and the chin of excavated 被葬者, and it is thought that it is unlikely to be the Yuge prince said to that I relatively sank in youth called 20 generations.
- Subject theory
- Kennichi Okamoto (professor at Kyoto Gakuen University), the Taichiro Shiraishi (professor at Nara University) and others insist on a Maro Isonokamino theory. Ancient Takamatsu burial mound is the generation of the Nara era when it becomes this opinion.
- Imperial family theory of Korean Peninsula origin
-
- King of Kudara Zen light and the one which insist on Minoru Chida (international Japanese culture research center professor).
- Keiichi Hotta (professor at Koyasan University) insists that an imperial family class of Kokuryo is 被葬者.
Burial mound, fresco
The burial mound assembled cut stone of the tufa, and there is a grave way in the south side and has a long plane in the north and south direction. Two adults that approximately 103cm, height are approximately 113cm approximately 265cm, East-West width the length of the north and south as for the dimensions of the burial mound (each inside dimensions dimensions) are narrow space of the degree to stoop down, and at last to put it in. I enter a school called 横口式石槨, and a flat stone is made in combination on the flat hardcore. Cutting board (cutting board), 厠 (a river), 斉明陵 of the ogre and supposed Pharbitis Seed mound old burial mound, King Noguchi grave (天武, 持統陵), キトラ old burial mound are in the genealogy of 横口式石槨 and follow from the middle part of the early seventh century to the early eighth century.
There is the fresco to four of the east wall, west wall, northern face (depths wall), ceiling of the burial mound and several millimeters of thickness plastered it on the cut stone and are described. The subject of the fresco is a person image, days, every direction Chinese Gods of four seasons and a heavenly body (constellation). A boy group, the guardian deity of the east in the shape of a dragon of Chinese Gods of four seasons and upper day (the sun), a girl group are described in east obstacle from this side, and a boy group, the tiger-shape guardian god of the west of Chinese Gods of four seasons and the upper month, a girl group are described in the west wall with this symmetrically from this side. Each group of a boy, the girl is a group of four, and 16 people in total are drawn. Above all, as for the girl group of the west wall, a color is bright (in the beginning of fresco discovery), and a color photo is introduced including a textbook of the history at various places and is got close by the nickname of "the Asuka beautiful woman" [3]. I agree with the belonging of the footmans public servant attending the ceremony of New Year's greetings to the Emperor in New Year's Day when the belonging of the person group is seen in "Jogan ceremony". 幡 of days, Chinese Gods of four seasons is put up in the ceremony of New Year's greetings to the Emperor in this New Year's Day, too.
Xuanwu of Chinese Gods of four seasons is drawn on the back northern face, and a heavenly body is drawn on the ceiling. A god of the south located among Chinese Gods of four seasons south was more likely to be described in south wall, but it seems that it was lost at the time of an illegal dig of the Kamakura era. The ceiling picture expressed a star with circular gold leaf and I tied it in a cinnabar red line between a star and stars and expressed a constellation. It is central, and North Pole five planets refer to twenty-eight solar stages of the zodiac in a purple slight fence consisting of 四鋪四星 (they do it and air it and hurry), the people. These are based on ancient Chinese thought, and the central purple slight fence means whereabouts of the Lord of Heaven.
About a fresco, a study in comparison with Complex of Koguryo Tombs (world heritage) is accomplished from the beginning of excavation [4]. In the first place the Chinese Gods of four seasons are the motifs which are characteristic of the old burial mound of the Kokuryo style, but the possibility using the transmitted original drawing has it pointed out by Kokuryo about the figure of heavens while it has it pointed out at ancient Takamatsu burial mound and the キトラ old burial mound that a figure of Chinese Gods of four seasons is described in Japan's original style of painting different from the style of painting of Kokuryo [5]. In addition, it is pointed out that the clothes of the girl group resemble to with the clothes of the woman image of the fresco of 愁撫塚 and the dancing mound of the Kokuryo old burial mound [6].
The coffin enshrined in the cave understood that it was a lacquering wooden casket from the remnants which I slightly remained in. An illegal dig included the burial mound in the Kamakura era, but a part of the grave goods and the coffin was left. The excavated article has metal fittings, a copper nail, the dirk metal fittings of grave goods, a marine mammal grape mirror, balls (it is glass and prepares amber) used for a coffin other than the remnants of the lacquering wooden casket. Above all, 金銅製透飾金具 used for a marine mammal grape mirror with the style of the Sui Tang mirror and the decoration of the coffin is well known.
-
Fresco whole view (reproduction)
Kansai University Museum ancient Takamatsu burial mound fresco reproduction exhibition room display.
Cultural assets designated
Special historic spot
- Ancient Takamatsu burial mound
National treasure
- Four ancient Takamatsu burial mound frescos
Important cultural property
Ancient Takamatsu burial mound excavated article
- One, coffin-related remains
- 金銅製透飾金具 1 箇
- Circular clasp tool 6 箇 made of gilt bronze
- Snow sentence washer tool 2 箇 made of gilt bronze
- Copper washer tool 6 箇
- Copper corner nail lump
- Lacquering wooden casket piece lump
- One, silver Zhuang Chinese design dirk metal fittings 9 箇
- One, marine mammal grape mirror one
- One, balls
- Glass foxtail millet ball 936 箇
- Glass circle ball 6 箇
- Circle ball 2 箇 made of amber
- 附: Earthenware vessels (unglazed earthenware, earthen vessel, ruin earthenware remnants) lump
Deterioration of the fresco, future problem
The fresco would save the field as the present conditions, and, after excavation, Agency for Cultural Affairs performed an annual periodic inspection in preservation management and after 1981 such as adjustment, the mold handling of-proof temperature and humidity in the burial mound. However, as a result of having checked a photograph photographed from 2002 through 2003, invasion of the rainwater or outbreak of the mold revealed that fading, the change of color of the fresco became remarkable in 2004.
The present conditions become clear by "the national treasure ancient Takamatsu burial mound fresco" which Agency for Cultural Affairs published in June, 2004, and it is reported in a newspaper on a large scale, and it is after that deterioration by the mold of the ancient Takamatsu burial mound fresco came to be known generally. The earth and sand which flowed deposited, and there was the part that a screen was polluted under the influence of the earth and sand and the groundwater including the right half of the boy group of the east wall, but, at the time of fresco discovery of 1972, a clear color was left for most of the frescos in the burial mound by the illegal dig hole of the south wall. These frescos were described on the class of several millimeters of plaster painted thickness with on the cut stone not the thing which I drew to the cut stone directly, but plaster in itself was compromised, and the risk of the exfoliation was concerned about. In addition, it was in soil, and the burial mound which had been stored in closed environment was opened for nearly 1,300 years, and the deterioration of the fresco due to the creatures such as environment change, mold, insects such as the temperature-humidity was concerned about by a person getting. It was considered whether you checked deterioration to a cuttlefish, and you conveyed a fresco in history variously from the beginning of discovery.
Even if there was only area of the degree to finally pour for the posture that two adults bent over, and the burial mound thought only about a point of the space, the local general release was absolutely impossible. A little less than 100% of relative humidity was environment of the high humidity, and the burial mound brought a rise of the temperature and a drop of the humidity only by a person having entered the burial mound for repair and an investigation for a short time. Various opinions were given about the preservation method of the fresco by an internal and external expert, and various plans were considered including a method to tear off a fresco, and to save separately from a burial mound, but the burial mound finally determined the fresco in what I saved locally without dismantling it.
The construction of the preservation facilities with the air conditioner began in 1974 to a front chamber part of the burial mound south side and saw completion afterwards in March, 1976. This preservation facilities adjust the temperature-humidity in the front chamber to it while monitoring the temperature-humidity in the burial mound from a front chamber, preparations room, a machine room. The point where you should note is a point to adjust the temperature-humidity of the front chamber to a change of the temperature-humidity of nature in the burial mound in total not the thing that this preservation facilities control the temperature-humidity in the burial mound of the old burial mound directly. In other words, I have a duty to adjust the temperature-humidity in preservation facilities to a condition like the burial mound beforehand not to be affected by the outside temperature-humidity when a person enters the burial mound for check repair. The preservation repair construction of the fresco divides it into the first, the second, the third from September, 1976 and is carried out, and the third repair is finished in 1985. I saw mass outbreak of the mold the other day in 1980, but a removal plan using medicines worked then.
It is 2001 that I saw mass outbreak of the mold next. When prevention of ceiling collapse of a burial mound and the part called the scramble department between preservation facilities (とりあいぶ) worked in February of the year, it is pointed out that it was connected for, as a result, a large quantity of mold outbreak to have entered without a worker wearing a hazmat suit. "A scramble part" is the part which preservation facilities and the soil of the boundary of the burial mound show. The deterioration of the fresco gradually progressed not the thing which began suddenly at this time, but will invite the doubt of the nation because Agency for Cultural Affairs did not announce a fact of mold outbreak and the fresco deterioration.
The damage accident of the west wall happened on January 28, 2002 approximately one year later. One of the people in charge who dealt with restoration on that day knocked over an air cleaner by mistake and damaged the blank under the west wall boy group. On the same day, the different person in charge contacted an indoor light, and the plaster of the part of the chest of the west wall boy image exfoliated. Because the former is the wound that a blank part without the picture was accompanied by, and is damaged by the inflow earth and sand from fresco discovery those days, and the latter was the part which original coloring does not remain, among the accidents of these two, repair is done with the thing which dissolved soil out of the burial mound with water; in the Agency for Cultural Affairs of "the normal repair" did not announce these accidents saying that was.
2003年3月、国宝高松塚古墳壁画緊急保存対策検討会が設置され、翌2004年6月には「緊急」を「恒久」に変えた国宝高松塚古墳壁画恒久保存対策検討会が発足した。同じ2004年6月には『国宝高松塚古墳』（文化庁監修、中央公論美術出版刊）が発刊され、壁画の劣化、特に西壁の「白虎」の著しい劣化が明らかとなった[7]。2004年6月20日付け「朝日新聞」大阪本社版朝刊が「白虎」の劣化を大々的に報じたことで壁画の劣化問題が一般国民の関心を引くこととなった。
壁画の劣化防止策や保存方法について種々の検討が続けられた。特別史跡（古墳）と国宝（壁画）のいずれを守るのか議論が行われた。将来へ向けての壁画の修復と保存のあり方については、古墳の墳丘全体を保存施設で覆う方法、壁画を取り出して他の施設で恒久保存する方法など、あらゆる可能性が追求されたが、最終的に、壁画の描かれている石室をいったん解体・移動して修復し、修復完了後に元に戻すという方式が採用され、2005年6月27日、国宝高松塚古墳壁画恒久保存対策検討会において、この方法を採用することが決定された。一部には、キトラ古墳同様に壁画を剥ぎ取って古墳外で保存すべきだという意見もあるが、計画では修復後に現地に戻すことになっている。
石室を解体し、壁画の描かれた切石を取り出すということは、見方によっては、特別史跡である墳丘の破壊である。これを受けて、同年10月25日、日本考古学協会は「特別史跡高松塚古墳の保全・保護を求める声明」を出し、史跡は現地で保存されるべきであると主張した。同年8月4日、飛鳥保存財団は「現地修復要望書」を文化庁と保存対策検討会に提出、明日香村議会は同年8月11日、壁画の現地保存対策要望を決議し、文化庁に提出するなど、関係者の間には現地での保存修復を望む声も依然高かった。
2001年から2002年にかけて起きたカビの大量発生と西壁の損傷事故については第三者による調査委員会（高松塚古墳取合部天井の崩落止め工事及び石室西壁の損傷事故に関する調査委員会、座長:石沢良昭・上智大学学長）において再調査された。同委員会は2006年6月19日に報告書を国へ提出。そこでは、文化庁の縦割りセクショナリズムの弊害、情報公開への意識の低さなどが指摘されている。高松塚古墳の場合、特別史跡である古墳自体は文化庁記念物課、国宝である壁画は美術工芸課（2001年1月より美術学芸課と改称）の管轄であり、両者の連携が十分ではなかったとされている。2001年2月の天井崩落防止工事に伴うカビの大量発生については、作業員が滅菌した防護服を着用していなかったことが原因とされている。この工事は記念物課が発注したが、現場の管理は美術学芸課にまかせきりで、記念物課の職員は工事に一切立ち会わなかった。東京文化財研究所には工事を実施すること自体が知らされていなかった。また、防護服の着用などを定めた「保存修理マニュアル」の存在も現場に周知されておらず、結果的にカビの大量発生を招いた。しかも、カビ発生の事実が公表されたのはそれから2年も後のことであった。2002年1月には前述のとおり西壁の2箇所に損傷が生じているが、文化庁はこの事実を公表せず、傷が目立たないように補彩していた。補彩は上記の西壁の2箇所以外に東壁、北壁、天井にも行われていたがこれについても公表されなかった[8]。また、西壁損傷事故の2年前の2000年3月21日に撮影された（損傷前の）壁画写真を「最新の写真」と偽って新聞社に提供していたことも明らかになった[9]。
この事態を受けて、文化庁により「国宝高松塚古墳壁画恒久保存対策」を目的とした古墳の発掘調査が始まり、埋もれていた周溝などが発見されて古墳の本来の形状が明らかにされつつある。また、墳丘からは過去の地震によると思われる亀裂が多数発見されており、虫や雨水の進入経路になったと考えられている。
墳丘の発掘調査と石室の解体修理は2006年10月2日に開始された。2007年1月には古墳全体を覆う断熱覆屋が完成、内部の温湿度は10℃、90％に保たれた。同年3月12日には国営飛鳥歴史公園内に修理施設が完成した。石室はいったん解体・搬出した後、この修理施設へ移され、修復が行われることになった。4月5日には4枚の天井石のうちの1枚がクレーンで吊り上げられ、専用車両で修理施設へと移された。以後、4枚の天井石と8枚の壁石は1枚ずつ移動され、5月10日・11日には「西壁石3」と呼ばれる、「飛鳥美人」が描かれた石が移動された。最後の12枚目の壁石（西壁石1）が移動されたのは6月26日のことである。移動された壁画は、10年間かけて保存修理が行われ、修理完成後はもとの古墳へ戻される予定になっている。
修理中の2008年11月25日に顔料分析中、東壁女子群像の顔料部分を機材で損傷する事故を起こしている。
その後は保存施設の撤去と共に発掘調査に基づく形状の復元工事が行われ、2009年10月24日から一般公開された[10]。墳丘の角度が急であるため、植垣と柵で囲まれており、立ち入りはできないようになっている。
記念発行物
脚注
- ^ 発掘のための資金は川原寺で発見された塼仏の発掘のために集められた予算50万円が流用された - 網干善教「高松塚への道」（2007年、草思社）
- ^ 奈良新聞 2005年2月23日「築造は藤原京期-高松塚古墳」 高松塚光源
- ^ 柳沢伊佐男 (2013年4月11日). "時論公論 「高松塚古墳壁画 保存の議論正念場」". 時論公論. NHK解説委員室. 2013年4月11日閲覧。
- ^ 「高松塚壁画古墳: 朝日シンポジウム」末永雅雄、井上光貞 編 共著 朝日新聞社 1972年（昭和47年） なお、末永雅雄は橿原考古学研究所初代所長。関西大学教授、文化勲章受章。井上光貞は国立歴史民俗博物館初代館長。東京大学教授、紫綬褒章受章
- ^ 奈良新聞 高松塚光源－高松塚古墳壁画発見30年 第二部 被葬者の迷宮 〔2〕高句麗の画題に共通性 [1]
- ^ 「宮都と木簡」岸 俊男著 吉川弘文館 1977年（昭和52年）
- ^ 同書の序で文化庁長官（当時）の河合隼雄は「30年を経ても壁画は大きな損傷あるいは褪色もなく保存されており」と記しており、事態への認識の低さがうかがえる
- ^ 「読売新聞」2006年5月12日付け記事
- ^ 「読売新聞」2006年5月25日付け記事
- ^ よみがえる高松塚 外観復元終え24日から一般公開、Asahi.com、2009年10月24日閲覧
関連項目
参考文献
- 大塚初重監修、森岡秀人、網干善教著『高松塚古墳』（日本の古代遺跡を掘る6）、読売新聞社、1995
- 毛利和雄『高松塚古墳は守れるか 保存科学の挑戦』（NHKブックス）、日本放送出版協会、2007
外部リンク
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