Wave (the audience)
The wave (English: Wave) is the performance that the audience performs by sporting events. That sit down after open a handle every column in turn towards the air, and the audience of the stadium stood up; work, but is called it because this movement spreads to the neighborhood, and the whole stands seems to wave seeing from a distant place [1]; [2]. I am called the Mexican wave (English: Mexican Wave) [1].
The wave is the phenomenon that began in the early 1980s in the United States of America, but becomes a target of the discussion that there are various opinions in about the origin [2]. I came to be practiced from 1980s through 1990s at a place of watching various sports of all the countries of the world and became a part of the mass culture [2]. Although the fashion like 1:00 period calms afterwards, can confirm this phenomenon at the stadium of all the countries of the world [2]; [3].
Table of contents
History
Origin
When crazy George Henderson () of the professional cheerleader leads 47,301 audiences in the Championship Series of the American League performed in Oakland on October 15, 1981, Oakland Athletics vs. New York Yankees round, and carried out a wave for the first time, insist [2]; [4] [5]. As for the wave that Henderson insisted on, Athletics suffered two defeats in Yankees and was performed in the third war that I invited you to [5]. At first a wave was carried out and went around a stadium by the third challenge for the first time and spread to the whole stadium after the fourth continuously after having pressured the area where the most enthusiastic crowd was located in the stands to work on it to participate in the chorus of boos [5]. The study of the wave by the audience began for one year carried out according to Henderson in Oakland on October 15, 1981 and repeated exercises in the sporting event that there was little attendance [2]. In addition, it is at time when Henderson acted as cheerleading in a game of Edmonton Oilers of NHL first that a wave was made, but does it when this is the phenomenon that occurred accidentally [2].
On the other hand, Rob Weller () who was a cheerleader of University of Washington insists when it is in the origin that was carried out in the case of a game of the American football performed in Seattle on October 31, the same year [4]; [6]. It was thought with the one of the best yell leader of university studies in the 2000s 30 years after the duty [6], but leader Yale of the sporting event was invited to the game in October, 1981 as a guest cheerleader in the 1970s when Weller was a student of university studies [6].
In addition, an opinion [7] which assumes the hunting method that an Indian performed before A.D. the origin, a nameless event and an opinion [7] to do, a game of the basketball of the Pacific roux tellane University performed in the United States of America in the early 1960s () and an opinion [7] to do, opinion [8] [9], Indy 500 race and an opinion [5] to do, an opinion [7] performed in North America soccer league in an event and the late 1970s by the Montreal Olympics performed in Canada in 1976, a game of the basketball of the University of Michigan performed in the United States of America in a 1977-78 season performed in the United States of America in 1973 that spread to all the countries of the world with the Mexico City Olympics that are brought in Mexico in the 1960s, and were performed in 1968 performed in Spain in the 1930s and an opinion [7] to do exist.
Reception in all the countries of the world
In the case of a game of the American football carried out at Michigan stadium in Michigan Ann Arbor of the United States of America in 1983, the fan of the University of Michigan carried out various types of waves such as the pattern that, in addition, was high-speed, a low-speed pattern, the pattern of the backlashing for a conventional wave [7].
It was at the opportunity when the Los Angeles Olympics soccer competition carried out in the United States of America in 1984 infiltrated a wave into all the countries of the world [5]; [10]. A wave was performed by the France game with Brazil of the final performed by Rose Bowl in California Pasadena according to the testimony of Jose トゥーレ () of the representative from former soccer France on August 11, the same year by 100,000 audiences [11].
1986 FIFA World Cup that was an international meeting of the soccer was held in Mexico in June, 1986, but a wave was carried out at this verge by the audience and attracted global attention [3]. It was the first thing that a wave was carried out in an area except the North America and came to be called la me (La Ola) who meant a wave in "Mexican wave" [3] and Spanish since this [1].
A wave was carried out by ESV カウフボイレン () of the ice hockey Bundesliga () performed in 1987 vs. Kellner EC () war for the first time in Germany [10] and spread to the whole country after this game [10].
A wave was carried out in sprint cup series Shah P 500 of the car race carried out in Bristol motor speed way in United States of America Tennessee Bristol on August 23, 2008 hosted by NASCAR by 157,574 audiences, but this record was authorized as Guinness world record [12].
Reception in Japan
When the wave of the Waseda University support department carried out in a Waseda-Keio game of the Tokyo six University baseball of June, 1956 for the first time is in the origin, in Japan, Masahiro Kano of the magazine editor insists [13]. This support-style limited an object to a supporter of Waseda University which is located in the corner of the stadium until [13] opens held under the leadership of the university studies support member which carried a flag armor-back held-flag [13], and there is not the effect to spread to the whole stadium [13]. The American foreign student who experienced a wave of Waseda University takes Kano to go at home while I demand the origin and guesses it when I might spread it [13]. In addition, I did not do it, but, in the Waseda University support department official site, introduced that it was clear as for the concrete time with "creation with many new support technique that I applied the mass calisthenics" such as "Waseda wave" and "a silent motion" to [14].
On September 13, 1989, a game called "the World Cup Masters" that I invited a star player of the former soccer world to was held in the national haze ヶ hill land sports stadium of Tokyo [15]. The game gave the European selection that the selection to have Zico, Mario Kempes and others in South America led Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, Giancarlo Antognoni and others in 3-1, but a wave was carried out for multiple times by the end of the halftime of this game by 40,000 audiences [15]. The soccer specialized magazine and soccer comics at the time introduced this wave as a first Japanese example [15]; [16].
It is the exceptional wave by 40,000 audiences in halftime. It was thought that the common sense of the world supporter did not work to the introverted Japanese audience, but a crowd covered the stadium with three laps, four laps for the first time and shook it [15]. — "Soccer digest" December, 1989 issue
On September 13, a human wave was seen for the first time in Japan in halftime of "the World Cup Masters". If a genuine thing assumes it a big wave of the Gulf of California, Kunitachi of this day may be a wave of the Sea of Japan. The wave which went around a full stadium was an awkward thing, but this age was obviously in "the wave first year" by the Japanese supporter [16]. — Five "victory laps!"
On October 6, the same year approximately one month later, a game of ocean Whales of the professional baseball in Japan vs. Yomiuri Giants (the following, giant) was held in Yokohama Stadium in Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, but a wave is done with the game that occurred for the first time in Japanese professional baseball world [17]. This game became the championship decision game of the giant and when Kiyoshi Nakahata of the giant who expressed the retirement at the limit in the same year participated as a pinch hitter and gave off a two-base hit, I had a wave and went around a stadium [17]. Insist that Nakahata is the person who caused a wave in oneself for the first time in Japan about this wave [17]; [18].
The first wave happened in old days in Japan here for several years. The player who raised the moment is me. — Kiyoshi Nakahata
Of the reception such as the wave "protests it for boring game contents" in Japan in the after 2000s [19] if is done, and there is the, reception such as "[22] to plan to get it that is fun with the "[20] that is performed when a game swells, and the audience got a sense of unity" in contradiction to it "performance [21] to heap up a game" atmosphere of the place" is done, but there is the stadium prohibiting agitation of the wave and act in itself [23]; [24].
The event that memorialized the Kyushu Shinkansen Kagoshima route whole line opening to traffic in Kyushu Railway Co. (Kyushu Railway Company) in 2011 "celebration planned Kyushu" [25]. Higher than 10,000 participated in CM with a thing to do it with the picture which this event connected Hakata Station by the wave of the person from Kagoshima-Chuo Station, and photographed from the Shinkansen on the day of the event on February 20 [26]; [27]. The CM broadcast was finished under the influence of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (the Great East Japan Earthquake) generated on March 11, the same year in three days, but a reaction opened through video sharing site "YouTube" of the Internet [25]; [27].
When TUBE of the rock band challenged it with the audience in a live carried out in Hanshin Koshien Stadium of Nishimiyaichi, Hyogo for "the most long time when continued a wave" on September 23, 2015, recorded 17 minutes 14 seconds to exceed 15 minutes three seconds accomplished in Poland on April 23, the same year more than two minutes and was authorized as Guinness world record [28]; [29].
Characteristic
The ヴィチェク タマーシュ () of the Hungarian Eotvos ロラーンド University and others elucidated a wave as a mathematics model in 2002 [1]; [30] [31]. Based on the videotape which recorded the game that gathered at least 50,000 audiences in a game of the soccer, an investigation was performed for 14 examples that a wave was carried out [1]. An excessive excitement state does not have the audience mainly [1], and this phenomenon is often begun in the time when an upsurge lacked in the feeling of strain that there is not by game contents [1], and the number of people from 25 to 35 is necessary to produce a wave [1].
Waves usually progress to the clockwise direction and move at speed (approximately 20 seats) of approximately 12 meters in one second [1]. In addition, one wave has width from 6 to 12 meters (approximately 15 seats) on the average [1]. The wave is linear stably, and maintain a near shape, and is easy to spread to all audiences of the stadium because the number of people to stand up at the same time is limited to around dozens of [1]; [2].
Problems and evaluation
Cricket became the popular sports in Australia, but association of Australia cricket () prohibited the wave in the sports stadium in the 2000s [32]; [33]. As for this, act in itself of the wave was not brought into question [34], and the casting into of personal effects was performed with the audience carrying out a wave [32] and was the measures for an injured person having occurred by a thing and [34], the casting into of the thing that liquids thing such as the product made in plastic glasses which alcoholic drinks and urine such as the beer entered was thrown into [34].
In 2007, Jeremy Walker who was a British journalist described it as it about a reaction and the watching games manner of the audience by the Japan game with Scotland of the FIFA U-20 World Cup performed in Canadian British Columbia Victoria on July 1, the same year as follows [35].
The atmosphere of the game meeting place was eccentric really. And it is a wave of the latter half to have deteriorated this situation more. I say a tactless thing, and I am sorry, but the FIFA should prohibit the wave at all soccer grounds. The approved person sends you out of the stadium promptly when you caused a wave and should prohibit the entrance to the stadium for a life. The evidence that I am bored with not the thing indicating everybody enjoying the wave. I am rude to players devoting themselves completely at the moment when I may be going to change the soccer life [35]. — Jeremy Walker
For 2,010 years, German "デア Spiegel" introduced, "the person whom this was because the eyes were shut out if the audience of the seat before it flew up even if I could not escape from the place if a wave occurred once though the participation intention of the individual was free as for the audience and boycotted it and could not concentrate on watching game and boycotted again was considered to be the person who let a party spoil and receives criticism without mercy" about a wave [10].
2010年、英国放送協会 (BBC) はサッカージャーナリストのクリス・ハントの「メキシカンウェーブはやや時代遅れである」との発言や、ウェーブの創始者を名乗っているヘンダーソンやワシントン大学が2010年代において、ほとんどウェーブを実施しないことを例に挙げて「多くの人々にとってウェーブは退屈なものに感じられている」と紹介した[5]。同じくBBCは欧米におけるウェーブの受容のされ方について「試合内容に盛り上がりを欠きピッチにおいて特筆するべき事象が何も発生していない時に、ファンが自ら購入したチケットの費用に見合うだけの対価を引き出す手段として実施される」と紹介した[5]。
脚注
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Mexican Wave secrets revealed". BBC News (2002年9月12日). 2012年5月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g h "On This Day: Krazy George Henderson Leads First Crowd Wave". findingDulcinea (2010年10月15日). 2012年5月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c "...Fan Crazes". Australian Four Four Two (2010年6月11日). 2012年5月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b "My Wave". krazygeorge.com. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g "Who invented the Mexican Wave?". BBC News (2010年6月10日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c "Reconnecting with the University". University of Washington, College of Arts and Sciences. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f "It's settled: Where The Wave first started". ESPN.com (2010年2月27日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ Timothy Gay (2004). Football Physics: The Science of the Game. Rodale Pr. p. 254. ISBN 978-1579549114.
- ^ Tim Freegarde (2012). Introduction to the Physics of Waves. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0521197571.
- ^ a b c d ""La Ola": Die Zwangswelle". SPIEGEL ONLINE. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "José Touré: "It was at the Olympic Games that I realised I was an athlete"". FIFA.com (2004年9月13日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "Largest Mexican wave". Guinness World Records - Officially Amazing. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e 加納正洋 『サッカーのこと知ってますか ?』 新潮社、2006年、149-150頁。ISBN 978-4103026716。
- ^ "4 全学応援団の光と影". 早稲田大学応援部 リーダー 吹奏楽団 チアリーダーズ. 2010年12月2日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年5月28日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d 「この胸のときめきを 欧州代表1-3南米代表」『サッカーダイジェスト』1989年12月号、日本スポーツ企画出版社、40-41頁。
- ^ a b 仲久晃央 作、秋月めぐる 画 「GOAL/15 ハイ・アンド・ロー」『ビクトリー・ラン!』第5巻、秋田書店、5頁。ISBN 978-4253040976。
- ^ a b c d "中畑監督ハマスタにウエーブ起こそうぜ". デイリースポーツonline. 2012年3月2日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "「勝ちに飢える」チームで横浜の街を一つに". 月刊「事業構想」オンライン (2012年10月). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "【セルジオ越後コラム】キリンカップの収穫は観客のウェーブ". FOOTBALL WEEKLY (2009年6月2日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ 平野繁臣 『イベント用語事典』 日本イベント産業振興協会、1999年、102頁。ISBN 978-4901173025。
- ^ "みんなのアートコンペ「アートヒア！福岡ストリートキャンバス」". Art here 2.0. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ 釘原直樹 『グループ・ダイナミックス--集団と群集の心理学』 有斐閣、2011年、111頁。ISBN 978-4641173781。
- ^ "2016年 楽天Koboスタジアム宮城 スタジアムルール". 東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス. 2016年5月28日閲覧。
- ^ "マツダスタジアムでのプロ野球開催時におけるお願い". 広島東洋カープ公式サイト. 2016年5月28日閲覧。
- ^ a b "市民を巻き込み九州新幹線開業を祝ったキャンペーン JR九州「THE 250km WAVE（祝！九州縦断ウエーブ）」". 朝日新聞社メディアビジネス局ウェブサイト (2011年7月29日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "新幹線沿線に計1万人 九州縦断ウエーブCM撮影". 佐賀新聞 (2011年2月20日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b "新聞のニュース性を生かし話題を呼んだキャンペーン展開 九州旅客鉄道株式会社". 新聞広告データアーカイブ. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "TUBE、最後の"甲子園ライブ"でギネス世界記録達成「みんなが獲った」". ORICON STYLE. 2016年5月28日閲覧。
- ^ "Longest Mexican Wave (Timed)". Guinness World Records. 2016年5月28日閲覧。
- ^ "Mexican wave: Crowd behaves as excitable medium". ELTE. 2016年5月30日閲覧。
- ^ I. Farkas, D. Helbing, T. Vicsek (2002年9月12日). "Mexican waves in an excitable medium (PDF)". Nature. doi:10.1038/419131a. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b "Mexican wave could return to MCG". News.com.au (2008年12月28日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ "MCG Conditions of Entry". Melbourne Cricket Ground. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b c "Cricket Australia ban Mexican wave at stadia". The Star Online (2007年2月2日). 2013年10月5日閲覧。
- ^ a b "ウェーブはご勘弁を". ジェレミー・ウォーカーのA View From A Brit (2007年7月5日). 2013年5月25日閲覧。
関連項目
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