2017년 2월 24일 금요일

Maxiskirt millimeters Ano Kolbe

Maxiskirt millimeters Ano Kolbe

Maxiskirt millimeters Ano Maria Kolbe
Fr.Maximilian Kolbe 1939.jpg
Confessor, martyr
The birth 1894January 8
Flag of Russian Empire Russian Empire
Military ensign of Vistula Flotilla of Congress Poland.svg Polish constitutionalism kingdom ズドゥニスカ striped mullet
Death (1941-08-14) August 14, 1941 (47 years old death)
Flag of Nazis Germany Occupation lower Poland in Germany
Poland Auschwitz = ビルケナウ Concentration Camp
The religious sect which does veneration The Catholic Church, Anglican Church
Beatification day 1971October 17
Beatification place Rome
Beatification decider The Paul sixth
Successive emperors day 1982October 10
Successive emperors place Rome
Successive emperors decider John Paul II
Memorial day August 14

Maxiskirt millimeters Ano Maria Kolbe (Polish: for Maksymilian Maria Kolbe, from January 8, 1894 to August 14, 1941) is a Polish mass priest. I am known by having become the victim of the man chosen as death from hunger punishment in an Auschwitz = ビルケナウ Concentration Camp and am called "a saint of Auschwitz". A memorial day is August 14 in saints of the Catholic Church.

Table of contents

Life

Early childhood

The Father maxiskirt millimeters Ano Maria Kolbe (birth excellent ライムンド Kolbe, Rajmund Kolbe) was born as the second son of ユリオ Kolbe who was a rodder and five brothers of Maria ドンブロフスカ in Polish ズドゥニスカ striped mullets (Polish version) which were a satellite of Russian Empire in those days on January 8, 1894. It is three people of Josef (for from 1896 to 1930, they become a Catholic priest in the same way later) of Francisco (from 1892 to 1945) and the younger brother of him and the older brother to have grown up, and ヴァレンチオ (November 1, 1897 Nissei) and Antonio (May 19, 1900 Nissei) who are two little younger brothers die young [1].

ユリオ Kolbe of father was a leader of living-in-sl. Francisco society. And he who was full of patriotism participates in the voluntary army for independence in Poland during World War I, and he is arrested by the Russian forces and is executed in 1914 [2]. Maria ドンブロフスカ of mother had wanted to be a religious life before marriage, but the religious life was impossible because the Catholic monastery was not forgiven in the area that was under rule of Czarist Russia [3].

Ancestors of ユリオ Kolbe were emigrants from Bohemia [4], and "Kolbe" was the German name, but Kolbe had consciousness to be a Pole throughout the life. I am said to be "a German" to a classmate at a theological college of Rome, and the face is said to have become bright red [5].

The family was strong in Virgin Mary veneration and, in the faith, came under influence that I was strong in an appearance of the Virgin Mary of the childhood. In the recollection of later mother, he talks as follows.

I asked it what happened to me to the Holy Mother. The Holy Mother came over with white and two red crowns then. And he/she heard which crown you received with pleasure. The white kept purity, and the red meant that I became a martyr. I said that I wanted both. [6]

Francisco society enrollment

ライムンド would inherit business, and the parents were not able to enter a school of higher grade to let Francisco of the older brother enter the theological college. However, when I performed it by an errand of mother who did a midwife in the drugstore, コフフスキー of the pharmacist was surprised at wisdom of ライムンド which could say a Latin name of the medicine smoothly and I tell me and helped study personally afterwards so that secondary education was received with an older brother.

ライムンド selected the enrollment to the コンベンツァル St. Francisco monastic order as 1907 with Francisco of the older brother and entered the minor seminary of the コンベンツァル St. Francisco monastic order in ルヴォフ (now re-Viv of the Ukraine territory) across Russia and the border of the Austria-Hungary empire. He was endowed with talent of the mathematics, and a teacher in charge of a class of the mathematics grieved saying it "is precious that it was to a Catholic priest though I had such a talent" [7]. I thought that it was a rocket, and he could go to the moon at this time and described the drawing of the rocket [7].

It was allowed for him to enter the noviceship in 1910, and cut off the first vow in 1911 of the next year and was given the name of Maximillian. I took the name of the Maria more to show veneration of the Virgin Mary in Rome in later 1914 and did it with maxiskirt millimeters Ano Maria. In 1912, he is sent to Krakow and I was chosen as a foreign student to Rome, but I am poor in health and declined it to a senior first, but I am troubled by not having followed the decision of the senior and decide Rome going after all [8].

Rome

He learned philosophy, theology, mathematics and physics in Rome. I went wrong in 1915 and acquired a theological doctorate in Saint Bonaventura University in gobiid Ann University in with a doctorate of the philosophy and 1919. It is about time when this and, during a memorial day by the Freemason, witnesses a demonstration against Pope Pius tenth and Benedict XV.

They put the regimental colors of the black color of "Giordano Bruno" under the Vatican window. To these regimental colors, it was created that I lay in the step of the Lucifer that archangel Mikhail triumphed. A brochure of innumerable quantity to insult the Pope at the same time, and to attack was distributed to people. [9][10]

It was at the opportunity when this event founded a knight (ミリシャ インマクラータ) of a person against a criminal and the Catholic Church particularly the Holy Mother who worked to reform Freemason by agency of the Virgin Mary. He was very earnest and added it after prayer of the Ocycrius japonicus of the wonder for an aim called the reform more.

Pray for me to dwell without the original sin, and to do it, and to depend on a Saint Maria person, and to ask, and to present it to. "People not to engage by a person again particularly all people who an enemy correspond to a church, and do it, and people and I depend on a person, and ask pray to 為" [11]; [12]

On October 16, 1917, I dedicated it to the Holy Mother in front of an altar of the Holy Mother without the dirt of the theological college temple of Confucius with six applicants and founded "knight society of the Holy Mother without the dirt" [13]. I worked as a professor of the history of church of the major seminary in Krakow for three years, but send medical treatment life because of tuberculosis transmitted in Rome in ザコパネ of the health resort from August, 1920 to April, 1921 [14].

Knight of the Holy Mother of no original sin

 
"A knight of the Holy Mother of no original sin" for Polish

Kolbe who wanted to be propagation activity by the publication wrote "knight (Rycerz Niepokalanej) of the Holy Mother of no original sin" for the first time in 1922 and published it afterwards. The number of copies was Part 5000, and the writer was father alone [15]. I moved to the monastery of グロドノ in the same year and started publishing in here. At this time, I meet the Zeno ゼブロフスキー monk who will come to Japan for the propagation with Kolbe later [16].

ニエポカラノフ

グロドノ became small, and Kolbe pressed for need to move the base of the activity was looking for new land. The Duke of ドウルッキ ルベッキ was to donate land to own near Warsaw, but the original condition was to give a memorial mass to father of the Duke of ルベッキ permanently then [17].

Kolbe put up a Maria image at the very beginning saying that land was a thing of the Holy Mother. However, the Duke of ルベッキ withdrew donation of the land to decline that I gave a memorial mass to permanently that it was a condition in a meeting and said that I removed a Maria image. Then I said that Kolbe must leave the Maria image to show that the Holy Mother did not protect a promise for the first time and ルベッキ duke touched by these words was unconditional and donated land [18].

I founded ニエポカラノフ monastery (knight monastery of the Holy Mother of no original sin) in 1927 and laid emphasis on the propagation by the publication such as "knights of the Holy Mother of no original sin".

Propagation in the Orient

Kolbe thought about the propagation in China at first, but it depended on a relation with theologian Asajiro Satowaki (later Nagasaki parish archbishop and cardinal) who studied abroad in Rome in those days to have gone to Japan for propagation activity. Because the village side that was asked "I wanted to go to the People's Republic of China for propagation, but what should I do?" recommended "why don't China wait for a while in Japan because the political situation was unstable?" and Japan going, and an acquaintance was not in Japan, I wrote a letter of introduction to the Kyunosuke Hayasaka bishop of the Nagasaki parish [19]. Five propagators including Kolbe got on Angers to Shanghai from Marseille, France on March 7, 1930, and they arrived at Shanghai on April 11 [20]. Was a businessman in Shanghai, and, with 陸伯鴻 and the acquaintance of the Catholic believer of the charitable person, received a proposal of the help, but did not succeed in the propagation activity [21]; [22]. 陸伯鴻 visits Japan after this in 1931 and offers help again [23].

I wished for the nihil obstat of "the knight of the Holy Mother of no original sin" to Bishop Hayasaka when I arrived at Nagasaki in Zeno monk, Hira Rio monks three on April 24, 1930. When the bishop knew that Kolbe had a philosophy doctorate, I admitted publication with the proviso that I taught philosophy at the theological college of the own parish [24]. I started the publication of "the knight of the Holy Mother of no original sin" of the Japanese edition early in Nagasaki in the next month. I established a knight monastery of the Holy Mother in the next year.

On a ship, I visited エルナクーラム and I was welcomed by the bishop of the parish and got the permission of the publication from Kobe to establish a monastery in India in May, 1932, but Kolbe had come back to Poland, and the next plan did not advance [25]. I left Japan to attend at a district meeting in Poland in April, 1933, but make an effort for conversion to Catholicism of seriously ill stationed-in-Poland minister Hiroyuki Kawai in the meantime [26]. And I went back to native land Poland after having come back to Japan again because I was chosen as the director of the ニエポカラノフ monastery in 1936.

Returning home post

I acted as the director of the ニエポカラノフ monastery after returning home and worked on active propagation that I turned on publication or a radio. Kolbe has already realized one's fate as future war in these days. On January 10, 1937, he confides to some monks that he received the promise "that I can go to heaven for surely" from the Virgin Mary in Japan [27]. Furthermore, in a letter addressed to the Samuel Rosen by gel father who is a successor in Japan dated February 18, 1939, I write, "you should gradually think well to become independent about the working expenses that war breaks out and does not fall into a difficult situation when I cannot remit it" [28].

By an outbreak of World War II by the invasion of the German military of September 1, 1939 in Poland, I was forced to reduction and a stop of the activity. The ニエポカラノフ monastery was requisitioned as a hospital, too, and much cenobite left the monastery.

Arrest

After Kolbe was arrested with the cenobite who stayed in the monastery on September 19, the same year, and they were accommodated to the アムティッツ Concentration Camp in Germany and were transferred to the male Che low concentration camp in the Poland territory in November, I was released on December 18. I nursed Kolbe who came back to the ニエポカラヌフ monastery which became the hospital to both a Jew and a Catholic impartially. This act stimulated the Nazis, and monitoring was strengthened. Only as for the Polish version, the re-publication of "the knight of the Holy Mother of no original sin" was admitted somehow. Many people gathered in the monastery again, and I was troubled by lack of food.

Kolbe was arrested with four fathers on February 17, 1941 by Gestapo [29]. For the reason, "a knight of the Holy Mother of no original sin" and the daily which Father Kolbe published are turned on for the Nazis when critical because the Nazis at the time aimed at not only the Jew but also the influential person in Poland for the arrest.

By the arrest of Kolbe, the complaint which a former monk of ニエポカラノフ which I resigned from signed was assumed evidence, but former monk whom German did not understand only signed as a document written in German was said and the document was forgery by the Gestapo [30]. I offer that 20 monks become for him after this, but this proposal is rejected [31].

After it was accommodated by the camp of パヴィアック, Kolbe was sent to the Auschwitz = ビルケナウ Concentration Camp. The prisoner number was 16670 [32].

Death of the victim

Because a runaway went out of the camp in the end of July, 1941, randomly selected ten people will be sentenced to death from hunger punishment. Prisoners were called by a number, but a Polish sergeant called フランツェク ガイオニチェク has begun to cry saying "there are child and wife to me". When I heard this voice, Kolbe whom there was there reported saying "I whom I became for him was a mass priest, and the wife is not to the child either" [33]. Rudolf Ferdinand Hess who was a person in charge admitted this proposal. Kolbe and nine prisoners were shut up in the death from hunger room of the oubliette.

It was common that convicts died with a confused state by starvation and thirst in the jail when sentenced to death from hunger punishment, but Kolbe was resolute at all and usually encouraged other prisoners [34]. Bruno ボルゴヴィツ (Bruno Borgowiec) of the interpreter who came to occasionally see the state in the jail testifies that the death from hunger room was felt like a temple of Confucius by prayer and a singing voice to hear from the jail [34]. Because four people including Kolbe still agreed with each other in the authorities two weeks later, I called the boss who was a former criminal belonging to a hospital together and injected phenol and killed it [35].

ボルゴヴィツ testifies as follows at this time.

The Father maxiskirt millimeters Ano held out an arm by oneself in spite of being prayer. When there was business, I arranged the excuse, and I jumped out outside unable to stand by with folded arms. When ボフ left with a monitoring soldier, I went down underground once again. The Father maxiskirt millimeters Ano leaned on the wall and sat down, and opened the eyes and inclined the head to the left. The face was calm and shined beautifully. [36]

The dead body was put in the coffin of the tree and it was on the day of the Assumption equal to the large holiday and was baked at a crematory in the Catholic Church of the next day on August 15. In addition, I am said to have told that the Father Kolbe wants to die during the lifetime on a holiday of the Holy Mother [37].

Successive emperors

 
Saint Kolbe image (the left edge) which is raised in the Westminster church

It was made beatification on October 10, 1971 by the Paul sixth, and it was made a successive emperors on October 10, 1982 by Pope John Paul II from country. There was the figure of ガイオニチェク where a life was saved by Kolbe in beatification and the successive emperors-type place. I continued a lecture about Kolbe in all parts of the world until ガイオニチェク survived miraculously until the end of the war and was freed and accomplished a 94-year-old natural life span. An image of Kolbe was displayed in the Westminster church door of London as one of "the martyrs of the 20th century" in 1998. In San Marino of "barbed-wire entanglements the rear inmate clothes figure" the commemorative stamp of the design was published.

列聖後の「聖コルベ」は、ジャーナリスト、政治犯、アマチュア無線、薬物中毒者、家族、そしてプロライフ運動の守護聖人という設定にされた[38]。

脚注

  1. ^ 川下(1994) 18頁
  2. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 30-31頁
  3. ^ 川下(1994) 16頁
  4. ^ 川下(1994) 14頁
  5. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 60頁
  6. ^ Darch, Burns. (2004) p.129
  7. ^ a b 川下(1994) 31頁
  8. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 42頁
  9. ^ Czupryk, Father Cornelius (1935). Mugenzai no Seibo no Kishi (Mugenzai no Sono Monastery) (18th Anniversary Issue). 
  10. ^ "Saint Maximilian Tells How the MI Began" Consecration: Mllitia of the Immaculata （英語）
  11. ^ http://angelqueen.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4503 [リンク切れ]
  12. ^ Daily Prayers （英語）
  13. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 75頁
  14. ^ 川下(1994) 76頁
  15. ^ 川下(1994) 78頁
  16. ^ 川下(1994) 82頁
  17. ^ 川下(1994) 90頁
  18. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 158頁
  19. ^ 里脇(1970) 29頁
  20. ^ 川下(1994) 107頁
  21. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 216-218頁
  22. ^ 16670號 聖馬希連・柯仁傳 慈幼出版社、1982年 69頁
  23. ^ 川下(1994) 108頁
  24. ^ Stone. (1997) p.47
  25. ^ 川下(1994) 121頁
  26. ^ 川下(1994) 125-126頁
  27. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 340-345頁
  28. ^ 川下(1994) 173頁
  29. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 408頁
  30. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 414-416頁
  31. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 413-414頁
  32. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 440頁
  33. ^ "St Maximilian Kolbe: Priest hero of a death camp" Catholic-Pages.com （英語）
  34. ^ a b リッチャルディー(2010) 472頁
  35. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 473-474頁
  36. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 476頁
  37. ^ リッチャルディー(2010) 477頁
  38. ^ "Saint Maximilian Kolbe" Saints SQPN.com （英語）

参考文献

関連項目

外部リンク

動画

（ニエポカラノフでコルベ神父と3年間暮らしたルシエン・クロリコフスキー神父へのインタビュー）

（コルベ神父が死去した地下牢の餓死室）

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