2017년 2월 4일 토요일

Kings cross fire

Kings cross fire

Kings cross fire
The on-site Kings cross subway station where police vehicle, a fire engine, an ambulance rushed to
The on-site Kings cross subway station where police vehicle, a fire engine, an ambulance rushed to
Outbreak day November 18, 1987
The outbreak time 19:30
Place Kings cross subway station
Country The U.K.
Statistics
Dead person 31 people
Injured person 100 people
I display a template

The fire accident that the Kings cross fire (there is Kings cross shade King's Cross fire) occurred at the Kings cross cent Pancrase station which was a main station of London Underground at about 19:30 of November 18, 1987. 31 people died of this fire, and 100 people got injured. The station was next to the Kings cross station on ground, and there was a home of the Metropolitan Line underground [explanatory note 1], and the platform of Northern line, Piccadilly line, the Victoria line occurred with the escalator which continued when 地下深 くにあるが, the fire were to the Piccadilly line. While the first group of the London City firefighting station arrived at the spot and investigated it, approximately 15 minutes when a fire was reported later, flashover (the phenomenon that flame suddenly spreads to) occurred, and the ticket office that was on the escalator was wrapped up in flame and black smoke in an instant, and a lot of victims appeared.

By the official inquiry carried out after an accident, the fire cause depended on a match with the fire having been thrown away by a wooden escalator, and it was said that a lot of victims appeared by flame having spread at a stretch by a phenomenon called "the trench effect" which was not known more until now. The London Underground authorities contented themselves with a serious fire accident not having occurred by subway in the past, and the correspondence was criticized strictly by a station employee saying that I did not let a fire, a fire drill be popular almost or at all.

When these working papers are shown, London Underground and the upper echelon official of London area Traffic Bureau (with the London Regional Transport, London area transport authority) are driven into the resignation, and a new rule for fire prevention will be devised.

Table of contents

Process

I added it to the Kings cross station which was the main route station above the ground and a home of the Metropolitan Line under the ground, and a basement was deep, and Kings cross looked good with a platform for transit to Northern line, Piccadilly line, the Victoria line. There was one escalator which followed Piccadilly Line and Victoria Line in the yard, and it was form to go along the Piccadilly line to the Northern line. In addition, Piccadilly Line and the Victoria Line were connected on stairs [1], and knew a basement home to Moore gate Station which Midlands city (later Thames link) of U.K. Japanese National Railways used from the stairs and the doorway to ペントンヴィル road [2]; [3].

At about 19:30 of November 18, 1987, plural passengers witnessed a fire with an escalator of the Piccadilly Line and reported it. British railway police faced the investigation with a station employee in response to a report and appeared on the ground because one police officer did radio contact at the firefighting station. At 19:36, the firefighting station let four fire engines and ladder car dispatch [4]. The fire occurred under an escalator and was not able to approach in closeness to be able to use the fire extinguisher for. There was the water mist-type fire extinguisher in the yard, too, but the station employee did not understand the direction for uses without being trained [5]. At 19:39, it was decided to evacuate using an escalator on the Victoria Line side by the station [6]. After a fire engine arriving, and a firefighter getting off an escalator, and confirming a fire scale several minutes later, a member equipped with air respiratory organs extinguishes a fire with a water spray because the size of the flame was large cardboard box degree; planned it [7].

At 19:45, flashover occurs. Or, as for a lot of of the passenger and others who be wrapped up in flame and black smoke [8], and was in the place while the ticket office on the escalator twinkles through an escalator shaft a jet of the flame, severely injured the death [9]. In addition, several hundred people who were in the yard under the ground could not appear on the ground and evacuated by the train of the Victoria line from the station [10]. Several police officers tried escape with an injured person from the home of the Midlands city, but the passage was locked by the cleaning person in charge [11]. A station employee and a female officer were shut in on the platform of the Metropolitan Line and were rescued by a train [10].

Fire extinguishing group, 30 groups consisting of more than 150 firefighters were deployed [12]. 14 ambulances of the London first aid service an injured person university college Hospital (University College Hospital)  I conveyed it to the hospital in など neighborhood [13]. The fire was put out at 01:46, the following day [14].

31 people died of this fire [15], and 100 people were carried to the hospital, and 19 people of them were seriously ill [16]. I encountered flashover at a ticket office, and Colin Townes Lee (Colin Townsley) who was the captain of the fire brigade which arrived at the spot first lost the life. The corpse of Townes Lee was detected beside the corpse of the passenger who became charred under the exit stairs to Pancrase road. It is thought that I discover the passenger who did not get the motion, and Townes Lee was going to save you [17].

Corpse which was not able to do birth and parentage identification till the last, popular name "Michael" or "body 115" (from the reference number of the corpse) became clear with Alexander Fallon (Alexander Fallon, 73 years old) of Scotland Falkirk by forensic evidence on January 22, 2004 16 years after the fire [18]. The Alexander lost a wife, and four daughters became independent, and the communication was rare, too. Daughters had begun to suspect that father might die at Kings cross station from about 1997, but what was considered to be 50 generations - 60 generations, a missing person according to that purpose had been given to a candidate, and the age of the corpse was behind with the confirmation of birth and parentage at first [19]. Music "Who Was That Man?" of the Nic low of 1990 sang about this unidentified corpse for a long time [the source required]; [20].

Aftermath

Because the ticket office and the home of the Metropolitan Line were flawless, duties were reopened on the next morning of the fire. Some escalators damaged the Victoria Line, but reopened normal driving from Tuesday, the following day. It was about four weeks later that the home of the other 3 line reopened [16]. Because the escalator of the Piccadilly Line suffered all losses, I was changed all, and the new escalator became the in-service start from February 27, 1989 16 months after the fire. Because you had to go along the platform of Victoria Line or the Midlands city to Piccadilly Line during a previous period, I was limited for one way at the time of the rush [21].

The home of the Northern line was not connected directly with Kings cross station and went via an escalator of the Piccadilly Line. Because the escalator of the Victoria Line was in a state full of the passenger of the other 3 route, as for the train of the Northern line, an escalator will stop the stop to the Kings cross station until restoration is completed. At the same time, the escalator of the Northern line which life was close in would be changed and was on March 5, 1989 when Northern line reopened normal driving [22].

An investigation and report

The official inquiry of the accident was carried out by the investigation committee by the expert of four death Mond fennel (Desmond Fennell, OBE QC) others of the chairperson. The investigation was started in a central hall of Westminster on February 1, 1988 and I performed the evidence hearing for 91 days and closed on June 24 [23].

 
A wooden escalator (2006 photography) of green Ford Station (Greenford station). That a fire was caused at Kings cross station; an equal thing. The wooden escalator of the station is going to abolish the barrier-free of the station with becoming it on March 10, 2014.

As for London Underground, smoking was prohibited in the part of the station yard under the ground from February, 1985 (thing by the Oxford circus station fire), but a passenger threw away the match which there was of the fire as a result of investigation, and it was said that it was the cause of the fire approximately surely that it fell between the escalator side and slatted wooden flooring, and spread [24]. In addition, I was judged from the investigation by police because it was the place where it was difficult for a fire place to approach under an escalator, and the materials which promoted combustion were not discovered in the spot if there was not doubting it of setting fire. I discovered that eight places of trees of escalator side burnt as for the spot investigation person in charge and were carbonized and that a match was inserted between the slatted wooden flooring [25] and a fire was past, and this occurred likewise, but showed that I disappeared naturally without fire spreading on this occasion [26].

The smoking in the subway vehicle was prohibited from July, 1984, and smoking was prohibited in all the station yards under the ground after the fire of the Oxford circus station, but there were a lot of things which ignored this in the smoker, and threw away a cigarette [27]. It is discovered in the spot investigation that there is a lump of the grease under escalator slatted wooden flooring. The grease was hard to fire it, and it was thought that the rotation of the fire was slow, but a fiber-formed material joined a lot the discovered grease lump on the site, and after doing an experiment to really lose a match with the fire to the escalator, the match fired this grease, and the fire spread and continued burning for nine minutes before being extinguished a fire afterwards [28].

This experiment reproduced the testimony of the first eyewitness of the Kings cross fire, but the opinion that it was a thing with the paint of the yard ceiling was shown without an opinion being gathered up why small fire woke up flashover among four specialists in committee [29]. The model of the Kings cross station was made in Atomic Energy Reseach Institute (with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Howell Institute), and the simulation using the computer was carried out. As a result, the flame was remaining in the floor of the escalator until I brought about the jet of the flame to arrive at the ticket office without spreading perpendicularly.

This result accorded with the testimony of the eyewitness, but the indication screen of the simulation showed the state that flame spread to parallel to the escalator of the angle of 30 degrees, but there was the opinion to doubt when I thought that such a phenomenon was impossible, and there was an error for programming [30]. Safe hygiene agency in Buxton in the U.K. (Health and Safety Executive)  The fire remained in the experiment using the model of a one-third size of the escalator in の site during 7 and a half minutes after I fired it without spreading. Fire in itself collected on the metal part of the escalator, and only heat climbed into the groove of the escalator earlier than fire [31]. And the size of the flame increased dramatically, and it was the jet of the flame and attacked the ticket office of the model when flashover happened in the inside of the escalator groove [9].

An angle of 30 degrees of the escalator played an important role in this matter. Passengers of the ticket office lost its life by a phenomenon in the hydrodynamics named "trench effect" later which had not been yet known then. The survey concluded that a fire caused flashover by this trench effect discovered newly at 19:45 [32]. But trench effect in itself which takes in air, and brings about high heat is used as an ascending kiln for a long time in the Asia zone in a slant place by a convection, and there is not it despite new discovery if I see it worldwide.

The dead was not over the report by a past fire again, but criticized London Underground strictly saying that I downplayed a disaster to save it [33]. I was considered that the station employee called a fire station after a fire became unmanageable, and it was said that I coped as possible by oneself [34]. The fire was called "a simmer fire", and or the station employee received almost none of the training of fire correspondence and the refuge at all [33].

    The post

     
    Tablet of the station yard conveying a fire of 1987

    When a report was shown, the executive of London Underground and London area Traffic Bureau (with the London Regional Transport, London area transport authority) was driven into the resignation. The wooden slatted wooden flooring was taken off the escalator, and a heat sensor and a sprinkler came to be installed under the escalator, and a radio contact system and the improvement of the disaster prevention drill of the station employee were planned [35]; [36].

    Smoking was prohibited in all subway London stations yard (including the escalator) on November 23 five days after the fire outbreak, and a fire prevention (railroad station under the ground) rule (The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989) was introduced in 1989. 木製エスカレーターは段階的に金属製のものに交換され、2000年代初期にはほとんどの駅で（ワンステッド駅は2003年に、メリルボーン駅は2004年に交換[37]）木製エスカレーターは廃止された。 2014年3月10日、グリーンフォード駅に残っていた最後の木製エスカレーターが撤去され、ロンドン地下鉄のエスカレーターはすべて金属製のものに交換された[38]。

    火災の消火活動にあたった6人の消防士に表彰状が贈られたが、火災で命を落としたタウンズリー隊長もその一人である[39]。また、タウンズリー隊長に対してはジョージ・メダル  (George Medal)  も授与された[40]。

    火災のすぐ後、追悼式がセント・パンクラス教会 (St Pancras New Church) で執り行われた。また、火災から20年後の2007年にも駅構内で20年追悼式が行われた[41]。25年目の2012年には、駅近くのブレスト・サクラメント教会で追悼式が行われた[42]。 これに加えて犠牲者を追悼する銘板がセント・パンクラス教会内に設置され、ダイアナ妃によって除幕された。追悼銘板はキングス・クロス駅構内にも同じく設置された[41]

    TVドキュメンタリー番組

    キングス・クロス火災は、ドキュメンタリー番組 Disaster "No Escape"や、The Day I Nearly Died "King's Cross - Beneath The Inferno"、また Seconds from Disaster "Kings Cross Fire".（日本語：『衝撃の瞬間』）などで放映された。

    脚注

    注釈
    1. ^ ロンドン地下鉄の路線のひとつ、サークル線も乗り入れている。
    出典
    1. ^ Fennell 1988, figure 6.
    2. ^ Fennell 1988, figure 5.
    3. ^ 『予期せざる現象「トレンチ効果」』, pp.184-185
    4. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 50.
    5. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 51, 62.
    6. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 51.
    7. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 52.
    8. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 53.
    9. ^ a b Fennell 1988, p. 100.
    10. ^ a b Fennell 1988, p. 54.
    11. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 54, 56.
    12. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 82.
    13. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 91.
    14. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 57.
    15. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 17.
    16. ^ a b Croome & Jackson 1993, p. 459.
    17. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 78–79.
    18. ^ Jonathan Duffy (2004年1月22日). "Solved after 16 years - the mystery of victim 115". BBC News Online. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3419647.stm 2012年10月28日閲覧。 
    19. ^ url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/22/transport.uk
    20. ^ Sue Black, G. Sunderland, L. Hackman, X. Mallett (2011). Disaster Victim Identification: Experience and Practice. CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1420094121. 
    21. ^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 459, 462.
    22. ^ Croome & Jackson 1993, pp. 459–462.
    23. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 21–23.
    24. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 111.
    25. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 221–224.
    26. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 114.
    27. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 94.
    28. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 104.
    29. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 105–106.
    30. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 107.
    31. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 113.
    32. ^ Fennell 1988, pp. 113–114.
    33. ^ a b Fennell 1988, pp. 17–18.
    34. ^ Fennell 1988, p. 61.
    35. ^ Paul Channon (12 April 1989). "King's Cross Fire (Fennell Report)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 915–917. 
    36. ^ "Sir Desmond Fennell". The Daily Telegraph. (2011年7月5日). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/8618848/Sir-Desmond-Fennell.html 
    37. ^ An End To Treading the Boards, Metronet Matters, Issue 3: Metronet, (2004), p. 17 
    38. ^ Mann, Sebastian (2014年3月11日). "Tube's only wooden escalator to carry last passengers". London 24. http://www.london24.com/news/transport/tube_s_only_wooden_escalator_to_carry_last_passengers_1_3419976 2014年8月16日閲覧。 
    39. ^ "RMT calls for staffing cuts to be scrapped on 25th anniversary of Kings Cross fire". London Evening Standard. (2012年11月18日). http://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/rmt-calls-for-staffing-cuts-to-be-scrapped-on-25th-anniversary-of-kings-cross-fire-8326987.html 
    40. ^ "London Gazette, 25 May 1989 (supplement to Gazette of 24 May 1989), number 51745, 6217". http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/51745/supplements/6217/page.pdf 
    41. ^ a b "Ceremony marks King's Cross fire". BBC News. (2007年11月17日). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7099677.stm 2013年4月20日閲覧。 
    42. ^ "King's Cross fire 25th anniversary marked". bbc.co.uk. (2012年11月19日). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20383221 2012年11月19日閲覧。 
    参考文献

    関連文献

    • Appleton, B. (1992). Report of an inquiry into health and safety aspects of stoppages caused by fire and bomb alerts on London Underground, British Rail and other mass transit systems. HSE Books. ISBN 0-11-886394-0. 
    • Chambers, P. (2006). Body 115: The Story of the Last Victim of the King's Cross Fire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-01808-9. 
    • Moodie, K. (1992). "The King's Cross Fire: Damage Assessment and Overview of the Technical Investigation". Fire Safety Journal, vol 18. 
    • Simcox, S.; Wilkes, N.S.; Jones, I.P. (1992). "Computer Simulation of the Flows of Hot Gases from the Fire at King's Cross Underground Station". Fire Safety Journal, vol 18. 
    • Vaughan, Adrian (2000). Tracks to Disaster. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2731-5. 
    • 機械技師協会 (Institution of Mechanical Engineers)  Environmental Engineering Group (1 June 1989). The King's Cross underground fire: fire dynamics and the organization of safety. Mechanical Engineering Publications. ISBN 978-0-85298-705-6. 

    外部リンク

    英国法 (UK Legislation)

    座標: 北緯51度31分50秒 西経0度07分26秒 / 北緯51.53048度 西経0.12385度 / 51.53048; -0.12385

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