Guerrilla
The guerrilla (Spanish: guerrilla) is called the partisan about a militiaman performing the irregularity battle called the guerilla war (guerrilla warfare) or the organization. I manage a small military unit in the front outside without fixing an enemy to attack beforehand for the guerilla war and adaptation to circumstances and point to the battle that a surprise attack, an ambush, disturbance such as the destruction of the logistical support and the tactics attacking or the tactics was used for.
In addition, by the Japanese police term, a definition unlike the above is made. In the police white paper which the National Police Agency publishes, "a guerrilla" divides interpersonal terrorism to assume an individual a target with "terrorism" by object terrorism to attack facilities. There is the case (e.g.,: Metropolitan Police Department single person dormitory blast case) which is hard to be accompanied for a ward which you correspond to in the case and handles it with "a terrorism guerrilla" by the public information for the democracy in a lump in fact [1].
Table of contents
Etymology
It is the etymology of the guerrilla that called the strategy that the Spain forces and the Spaniard people who rose in revolt by an independence war from 1808 in Spain against the Napoleon forces adopted with ゲリーリャ (word of Spanish to mean "small war" in guerrilla, guerra "war" + reduction address -illa). But the guerilla war as the tactics existed from the ancient times before this word was born.
Summary
As for the guerilla war by the guerrilla, opposite poles-like war is in the form with the decisive battle method by the regular war by the regular army particularly the fight. Generally few as for the guerilla war or effective by a brushfire backed by a geographical advantage and the support of inhabitants people the side that became the numerical inferiority; is intended that let make continuation difficult by a war of attrition and psychological warfare for a superior enemy forcibly for a long term of the occupation by carrying it out repeatedly. On the other hand, the thing causing military damage to decisive in a short term is difficult only by a guerilla war, and long-term continuation power is necessary because, meanwhile, oppression and the retaliation with being considered to be "a criminal, the terrorist who are not a regular soldier" by the superior enemy side are expected.
I call it, and the hard hat in pursuance of a similar duty distinguishes it from "guerrilla commands". The regular army carries out guerrillaism as needed, and there are a case to adopt a co-man dough attack including the backward disturbance by Special Forces or the case that, besides, the regular army in the front and the guerrilla by the citizen in the cover occupied territory cooperate, and the clear distinction and classification that where call "a guerrilla" or "a guerilla war" are difficult.
There are independence war and Boer War of the 19th century in Spain, Arab revolt in the 20th century, people's liberation army leading Mao Zedong, resistance exercise and partisan in World War II each place, Algeria war and the Vietnam War, Cuban Revolution for the cold war between the East and the West period, Afghanistan dispute to a representative guerilla war or guerrilla tissue after modern times. The Palestine guerrilla raised Munich Olympics surprise attack and a large number of hijacking cases in western developed nations and aimed at the globalization of the dispute, and Germany Red Army troops, Brigate Rosse, the member of the Japan Red Army who cooperated produced in particular a similar guerrilla case.
In the representative theory book and doctrine of the guerilla war, there are "urban guerrilla courses of study" () of Carlos Mali Gera "guerrilla war" of Che Guevara "a guerrilla warfare theory" of Mao Zedong "guerrilla war" of Vladimir Lenin.
In addition, by the guerilla war, there is historic opposition to service when the guerrilla side became a captive and becomes one of the subjects of the international law in time of war of modern times.
Guerrilla of the 19th century
In the division in Africa, the resistance for the armed forces of European countries often adopted the form of the guerilla war. The guerrillaism that I adopted of サモリ トゥーレ of Algerian abDell car Dell and West Africa was able to trouble a French military very much. On the occasion of Boer War, the Afrikaner resisted British troops by a guerilla war, but the etymology of the co-man dough comes from their words Afrikaans that fought against British troops than balance then. These guerrillaism could not drive the European countries forces to withdrawal and did not do the theorization either, but left quite a few influence for the later African history.
Guerrilla of the 20th century
Farm village guerrilla
Thomas Edward Lawrence of British troops led a revolt in Arab in World War I and fought against Osman empire. It was that to strike everywhere at once, and the strategy that he took attacked ヒジャーズ railroad not a collision from the front with Ottoman Empire and to be easy to do pasting, a march in Palestine of British troops along a railroad and did a more Ottoman military authorities corps. The tactics that he took affected the guerrillaism and the Special Forces of each country.
It was Nicaraguan August セサル サンディーノ general to have formulated a modern guerilla war. サンディーノ attacked the stationed-in-Nicaragua United States Marine Corps in 1927 and brought it in for a dense forest in northern Nicaragua and the guerrilla war in the mountainous area and I received the support of the global community and the Latin America countries and drove the Marine Corps to withdrawal in 1933.
It was a red team of the Chinese Communist Party which Mao Zedong led in the first country cocivil war to have demonstrated the effectiveness of the guerilla war in the present age. He after the head conquered it in Yan'an criticized the only city proletarian revolt tactics that became official of the revolution tactics in the previous Marxism in the writing such as "guerrilla warfare theories" and I theorized a base and farm village guerrillaism to do and practiced the mountains by countries civil war and Japan-China War. There was the tradition of the farmer revolt that there is a number in the middle history of nation in the background, but the high guerrilla forces of the morale enter the mountains which are steep, rugged not what count on the number of of the farmer as for Mao Zedong simply; and for a long term of the resistance make preparations, and begin to knit the style that a general farmer supports in it.
In World War II, the guerilla war for the occupation army was developed in the countries which received the Republic of China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, the Soviet Union, France, Slovakia, the Philippines, Vietnam, invasion of the Italian (after the downfall of Mussolini) Axis, and the European guerrilla was called resistance exercise and partisan in particular. The main duty of these guerrillas was to do subversive activity and espionage behind a front in cooperation with the regular army of the alliance national military. But China and the Yugoslavian guerrilla extended power from the mountains place and started the struggle of the city. When the Soviet Union forces occupied Eastern Europe and Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in last years of Great War, the guerrilla who fought against the axle forces continued a guerilla war to Soviet Union forces partner for the liberation of the nation, and the resistance movement by the brothers of the Ukraine revolt forces and the forest continued for a while in Ukraine and Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia in postwar period.
After World War II, independence movement and anti-imperialism struggle became popular under the influence of the socialism on thought in Asia and the African colony and developing country included for the de-colonization era. In China, I pushed forward the guerilla war for the Japanese military in predominance from all over the Japan-China War, and the founding of a country did the People's Republic of China in 1949, and the Chinese Communist Party of Mao Zedong who won in the second country cocivil war joined the Socialist bloc (east side countries). The people who started an independence war in that against a suzerain appeared. The most of the independence war took the form of the guerilla war, and the guerilla war that did Frantz Fanon and Ho thymine and Vo Nguyen Giap with a theoretical leader carried an important role by an independence war in Algeria, the first Indo-China War, the Vietnam War above all.
In Asia, the guerrilla who was affected, and aimed at the socialist revolution of the Maoist policy on thought mainly came into existence, but most of failed, and, after independence, an anti-autocracy guerrilla of Cuban Fidel Castro and Che Guevara whom there was not under the influence of China put success. The guerrilla who was affected by the Cuban Revolution in Latin America, and objected to the pro-American dictatorial regime, military regime was woken up, but the guerrilla struggle to assume farm village guerrillaism a main route not the revolt by the proletarian of the city for the socialist revolution that the principle of Guevara advocated in "the guerrilla war" that it was in the doctrine of the guerrilla of all the countries of the world later caused the failure that was serious by Guevara having been killed in action in Bolivia in October, 1967 afterwards. The revolution campaign in Latin America is going to achieve socialism other than guerrilla struggle afterwards until Chile revolution ends by Chile coup d'etat on September 11, 1973 including the peaceful revolution of Salvador Allende in coup d'etat that advocated the socialism of the Juan Velasco Alvarado general in Peru of 1968 and Chile in 1970; shifted to move, but guerrilla war was started again for the military regime which accepted structural adjustment by IMF and the World Bank after the Chile coup d'etat. Although there was the thing which succeeded including the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua of 1979, I was defeated, or, as for this kind of guerrilla struggle, as for a lot of, all people concerned became impoverished by a civil war to be prolonged like power and Armed Forces of the Colombian Revolution, the Sendero Luminoso of the Guatemala civil war, and the important meaning of the socialism that the connections guerrilla side raised that the Cold War terminated more was greatly warped, and part came to find a source of funds for drug traffic when it was in the 1990s.
In addition, it is a pro-American right wing and, like Nicaraguan contras and Columbian right wing militia (the Para military), helps U.S. forces and CIA, and the private soldier organization who received education will also use many guerilla wars (terrorism) as the tactics [2]. In addition, the Enosis Movement in Cyprus of 後掲 was based on guerrilla theories such as Mao Zedong, too.
In addition, the fight of a guerrilla corps and the Portugal forces which aimed at the independence taught to Amilcar Cabral and Agostino Neto, Eduardo モンドラーネ, サモラ Machel in Portugal territory Africa continued because it was West Europe LDC and MSAC, and Portugal which did not have ability as I performed new colonialism did not part with a colony in a tide of the global de-colonization of the same period (colony war of Portugal).
In Asia and Africa, there are many independent demands by the domestic minority race. Part fights in the form of the guerilla war, too. But, like the Nagorno-Karabakh forces supported by Armenia, with more that I organize an economical regular army to bear for a war regular than a guerilla war if able to afford political. There is the opinion which acquired the equipment and the military unit which I can bear for a regular war by strong and elastic support of Soviet Union, China, North Vietnam for (after Tet offensive in particular) in last part of Vietnam War even if I make the Viet Cong (so-called Viet Cong). On the contrary, there is the organization keeping the equipment and military power in the guerilla war main constituent to the last without having a regular army point intentionally like Hezbollah. But the organization gets strong support from Iran, and Syria becomes the virtual supply base.
Furthermore, it is strong, and there is fadayeen in conflict with the national military. As for the Palestinian guerrilla including Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Arabic countries were defeated by Israel in Six-Day War and attacked a border violation in Israel within the territory after Egyptian サーダート converted from Nasserism more and bound Israel and peace together in 1977 and caused a serious failure on the Arabism route. There was the Palestinian guerrilla as a theoretical prop in socialism, but there was the loss of the socialism itself for the Soviet Union which invaded and attacked in 1979 in Afghanistan, too and, not the socialism that was a theoretical prop of the guerrillaism, background and ムジャーヒディーン which I did received help of the United States of America on the principle of Islam and resisted before by a guerilla war. In addition, in Lebanon which was one of the Arabic countries, Shiah Islamic fundamentalism organization Hezbollah developed a guerilla war and a suicide attack for the Israel forces which occupied the southern part of country and gave constant result called the military withdrawal in 2000.
メキシコでは、NAFTA発効の1994年1月1日に、多国籍企業の進出や補助金により圧倒的な競争力を持つアメリカ合衆国産の農産物（事実上のダンピング）の流入により、メキシコの農家やインディオ（先住民）に失業を宣告するようなこの協定の締結に対して、マヤ系先住民を主体としたサパティスタ民族解放軍（EZLN）が最貧州のチアパス州ラカンドンから反乱を起こした。EZLNは、従来のゲリラ戦術が目指した「国家権力の奪取」を目指さない全く新しい形のゲリラ闘争を繰り広げ、チアパス州にて自治を行っている。
21世紀に入り、対テロ戦争の文脈でアフガニスタン侵攻やイラク戦争が勃発したため、イスラム主義者によるアメリカ合衆国や有志連合諸国に対するゲリラ戦がアフガニスタンやイラクで展開されている。テロリズムをその闘争手段としたゲリラ組織には、タミル・イーラム解放のトラなどがあるが、対テロ戦争の開始以降は、テロリストという言葉はイスラム主義ゲリラと同義の言葉として濫用される傾向にある。
都市ゲリラ
都市ゲリラは、1960年代にブラジルのカルロス・マリゲーラが提唱したもので、都市において軍隊と警察に間断なく小襲撃を加えることである。ゲリラはふだんは住民にまぎれ、住民に匿われて潜伏している。都市ゲリラは、活動の開始時こそ世間の耳目を集めたが、小規模で散発的なテロリズムを超えることはなかった。例外的に成長したのがウルグアイのツパマロスであったが、ウルグアイ政府が内戦状態を宣言するとこれも激しい弾圧を受けて頓挫し、いずれも名ほどの実を伴わない結果に終わった。先進国にも都市ゲリラを標榜し実行した組織は多いが、それだけで戦争の一類型というほどの規模になったものはない。
キプロス独立に際しては、ゲオルギオス・グリバス率いる、「エオカ」と呼ばれるギリシャへのキプロス併合をも求めるギリシャ人過激派が駐留英軍とその家族に対して攻撃を行い、後にトルコ系住民や独立運動に関心を示さないギリシャ系住民をも標的とした。キプロスは狭小な島国であり、長征のように敵の攻撃を避けて「逃げ回れる」土地は存在しない。また、併合運動の精神的・物質的な支えであるギリシャとは地中海をもって遠く離れており（トルコの方が近距離）、ギリシャからの効果的で絶え間ない軍事的支援を受ける事は実質不可能であった。このため、エオカはゲリラ戦というよりテロリズムに近い作戦を実行した。
作戦そのものは成功したが、彼らの本来の目標であるギリシャ併合は達成されなかった。また、独立後、こうした行動がトルコ系住民の反発と怒りを買い、トルコ系住民独自の民兵組織が結成された。エオカの後身（「エオカB」と呼ばれる）とトルコ系民兵組織は激しく衝突し、1974年にはトルコの軍事介入（こちらはキプロスと短距離である事を活かしての正規軍主体の上陸戦となった）とキプロス北部の占領によってトルコ系住民だけの国家「北キプロス・トルコ共和国」が建国され、キプロスは分断国家、という「副作用」に苦しめられる事になった。
国際法上の位置づけ
ゲリラ戦は、正規軍同士の戦争で劣勢が明白な側が、敗北を認めずに続行する延長戦として用いることが多い。強国にとってゲリラ戦は弱い敵を屈服させにくくする障害でしかない。しかし、弱者にとってゲリラ戦は侵略に対する有効な戦法であり、中にはゲリラ戦によって独立を勝ち取った国もある（インドネシア独立戦争など）。近代戦時国際法（国際人道法）の形成期には両者の対立があり、1874年のブリュッセル会議、1899年のハーグ会議で争われた。
この対立は、ゲリラ戦に従事した者が戦闘中、または非戦闘中に敵に捕らえられたときの捕虜待遇と直結するものである。ゲリラ戦否認はゲリラ兵を凶悪な殺人者として処刑して良いとする主張に道を開くが、ゲリラ戦を承認すればゲリラの戦闘参加が犯罪とみなされることはない。両者の妥協として生まれた諸条約は、基本的に後者の立場をとるが、民間人保護のために制限を課した。
ハーグ陸戦条約は、責任を持つ長を持ち、遠方から認識できる徽章を付け、公然武器を携行し、戦争の法規と慣例を遵守する民兵・義勇兵は交戦者資格を持つと定めた（1条）。また、占領地の人民が敵の接近に際して軍を組織する暇なく公然武器を携行し、戦争の法規と慣例を遵守するときには、これもまた、交戦者資格を持つとした（2条）。条件は、非戦闘員たる住民と戦闘員たるゲリラ兵を区別し、一般住民を装って接近してから突如武器を取り出して攻撃を加えるような背信を防ぐ意義を持つ。
しかし、これらの条件は、満たすことが難しいだけでなく、満たした場合においても敵国から戦闘員としての権利を否認されることが多かった。ゲリラは、制服や徽章を着用していない場合が多く、着用していても敵に制服・徽章としての効力を否定されることが多かったからである。
第二次世界大戦後、植民地からの独立のためにゲリラ戦を遂行する組織に交戦者資格を与えようとする動きが高まり、ジュネーブ条約第一議定書で正規軍とゲリラに区別なく交戦者資格を与える規定が盛り込まれた。同議定書は、敵側の承認の有無にかかわらず政府・当局の下で武装され組織された集団を軍隊と定め、正規軍と非正規軍の区別を廃した（43条1項）。一般住民との区別のためには、攻撃準備行動中に敵に見られている間と交戦中に公然と武器を携行することを条件とした（44条）。
この拡張を勘案しても、都市ゲリラが戦闘員として認められる余地はほとんどない。条約が課した条件を満たさない状態で戦闘した兵士が敵に捕らえられた場合、捕虜として遇されることはなく、その戦闘参加行為は犯罪として裁かれる。被捕縛者は、戦争犯罪者として扱われ、権限のある裁判所に後送して、その処遇を決定する[3]。ゲリラの嫌疑をかけたれた文民は、法的には文民とみなされる（第一追加議定書第50条第1項）。また、独立性および公平性を有する裁判所に下された有罪判決によらずして、刑を執行してはならない（第二追加議定書第6条第2項）。
ゲリラ戦に関する古典
- トーマス・エドワード・ロレンス著 柏倉俊三訳『知恵の七柱』平凡社東洋文庫 全3巻
- カール・シュミット著 新田邦夫訳『パルチザンの理論―政治的なものの概念についての中間所見』ちくま学芸文庫
- ウラジーミル・レーニン著『ゲリラ戦争』
- 毛沢東著 藤田敬一、吉田富夫訳『遊撃戦論』中公文庫BIBLIO
- ヴォー・グエン・ザップ著『人民の戦争・人民の軍隊』
- チェ・ゲバラ著『ゲリラ戦争』
- カルロス・マリゲーラ著『都市ゲリラ教程』
脚註
- ^ 「「テロ、ゲリラ」を展開し暴力革命を目指す過激派 (PDF) 」 、『焦点』第269号、警察庁、2004年9月、 p. 16、2009年10月30日閲覧。
- ^ 特異なケースであるものの、日本の三島由紀夫が主宰した民族派団体『楯の会』も（左翼革命発生時においての反動作戦としての）ゲリラ戦を研究対象としていた
- ^ 足立純夫『現代戦争法規論』（啓正社、1979年）187項、ジュネーヴ諸条約 (1949年)第三条約第五条第二項参照
参考文献
- 山本純一『インターネットを武器にした"ゲリラ" 反グローバリズムとしてのサパティスタ運動』慶應義塾大学出版会 2002/09 （ISBN 4766409523）
- 足立純夫『現代戦争法規論』（啓正社、1979年）
関連項目
- ゲリラ闘争
- 非対称戦争
- ランチェスターの法則#弱者戦略
- 低強度紛争
- 麻薬戦争
- 独立戦争
- 反乱
- 革命
- テロリズム
- レジスタンス運動
- パルチザン
- 便衣兵
- 特殊部隊
- コマンド部隊
- ゲリラコマンド
- CQB
- クーデター
ゲリラの突発的、あるいは神出鬼没な一面から作られた造語
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