GPS satellite
The GPS satellite (I get G P S energy English: GPS satellite) is a man-made satellite used in global positioning system (English: Global positioning system, GPS). The official name is "a Navstar (English: NAVSTAR: Navigation Satellites with Time And Ranging) satellite". Satellite Navstar 1 of the beginning of this system was launched on February 22, 1978.
GPS satellite コンステレーション is managed in American air force 50th space air wing.
Table of contents
Summary
Each satellite sends the data including the astronomical calendar of the satellite updated every information and astronomical calendar (in orbit information) of the outline precision of all satellites updated every approximately six days (says outline calendar, almanac) and approximately 90 minutes at the time by the highly precise atomic clock of cesium which it carried or rubidium on the signal for 18 seconds by a 1.2GHz/1.5GHz Zone in a period for 30 seconds. By the operation that is high for the cause in the information from the plural satellites, the correct three dimensions position of the reception point is provided by the user receiving this signal.
Because 24 planes were prepared in Block I and Block II/IIA on December 8, 1993, Initial Operational Capability (IOC) was set, and initial service use was started. Because 24 planes were prepared only in Block II/IIA on April 27, 1995, I achieved Full Operational Capability (FOC), and official service use was started [1].
Satellite orbit
Four are located every six kinds of orbit side becoming the 60 degrees ember (PLANE A-F), and, in each satellite, in each satellite, ascending node longitude forms satellite コンステレーション becoming basic with 24 on a 12-hour associate synchronization track in total in an altitude of 20,200km, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees, a period.
The operational number as of December, 2009 is 31 engines, and measurement accuracy improves because satellites increase. Even if plural satellites temporarily in this way break down as for seven engines on orbit except satellite コンステレーション becoming basic, I find reliability and usefulness and the long-windedness that use does not have a trouble. By these orbit placement, satellites more than 6 are included in the view without a ground thing to block from anywhere at the same time.
Transmission signal
Each satellite transmits at least two kinds of signals of C/A cord (Coarse/Acquisition code) of the rough precision and the highly precise P cord (Precise code) by a direct diffusion spectrum cord.
Because the C/A cord transmits at the speed of 1,023,000 per second tips using the para-random number cord of 1023 tips, the random number does one order every a one-1000th second. Because each satellite uses the diffusion mark which is inherent to C/A cord, I can separate at the time of the reception even if I send it at the same frequency at the same time.
The P code is repeated using the para-random number cord of 10,230,000 per second tips every week. The P cord is encrypted in the normal operational state by Y cord and I make P (Y) cord and come to be able to decode only a decoding machine to have an effective decryption key. C/A cord and the P (Y) cord convey the correct time to a user.
The M cord enables use under the high-strength jamming for the GPS signal with a military cord.
The frequency of the GPS is as follows.
- L1 (1575.42MHz): I send navigation message, C/A cord, P (Y) code. The signal for the first people. I transmit the military signal with the M cord on L1 frequency from block 2R-M. It is planned to mix the signal for) people more high-strength than L1C(L1, and to transmit by the new block 3 satellite.
- L2 (1227.60MHz): I send P (Y) code. I mix high strength) from signal L2C(L2 for the second people from block 2R-M satellite and transmit. I transmit to military use carrying M cord for L2.
- L3 (1381.05MHz): A nuclear explosion detection system (Nuclear Detonation Detection System, NDS) uses it.
- L4 (1379.913MHz): I collect the information of the ionosphere layer and am using it for a study.
- L5 (1176.45MHz): An examination was started from GPS satellite 2R-20M launched in 2009. The full-scale use becomes after the launching of the block 2F satellite after 2010. The third signal for the people whom I had tip electric wave strength of 3dB (double) with band width of 10 times in comparison with L1/L2, and the signal system improved using a diffusion cord of the length of 10 times. More highly precise positioning is enabled. In addition, it is applied in lifesaving, and the person concerned with aviation can in this way cope for interference and an obstacle effectively in L5 from L2, too.
Satellite of the launching finished
Block I series
Ten satellites of block I were launched on the success back after Navstar 1 was launched in 1978. However, Navstar 7 launched on December 18, 1981 ended in failure, and it was lost.
The block I satellite takes the orbit surface similar to launched block II satellite afterwards, but orbit angle of inclination is 63 degrees. It was a satellite to inspect a concept of the GPS, and block I reflected each stage of the system development. The lesson that I learned from the launching of 11 satellites was made use of in the development of the satellite of the next generation.
Rockwell International produced the block I satellites. Rockwell International was given a contract to produce eight block I satellites in 1974. I made a contract of the production of three satellites by addition in 1978.
The satellite is 3 axis control systems. Two pieces of solar panel supplies 400 watts or more at the time of design life, and they are charged by a nickel cadmium battery. The S band is used for control and telemetry (satellite ground link system). The UHF channel is used for a spaceship and crosslink between the ground. The hydrazine thruster is used for an orbit adjustment. I let a body low part make it using a reaction wheel toward earth center direction. The signal used for navigation is two of 1575.42MHz (L1) and 1227.60MHz (L2) of the L band.
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Rockwell International Corp.
- A posture control system: 3 axis control
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type
- A kick motor: Star-27
- Design life: Five years
- Weight: 759 kg
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 63 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Of the rocket Serial number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978-02-22 | Atlas F | SGS-1 | VAFB SLC-3E | GPS 1-1 Navstar 1 | 01 | Success | Launching of the first GPS satellite | ||
| 1978-05-13 | GPS 1-2 Navstar 2 | 02 | Success | ||||||
| 1978-10-07 | GPS 1-3 Navstar 3 | 03 | Success | ||||||
| 1978-12-11 | GPS 1-4 Navstar 4 | 04 | Success | ||||||
| 1980-02-09 | GPS 1-5 Navstar 5 | 05 | Success | ||||||
| 1980-04-26 | GPS 1-6 Navstar 6 | 06 | Success | ||||||
| 1981-12-18 | GPS 1-7 Navstar 7 | 07 | Failure | ||||||
| 1983-07-14 | Atlas E | SGS-2 | VAFB SLC-3W | GPS 1-8 Navstar 8 | 08 | Success | |||
| 1984-06-13 | GPS 1-9 Navstar 9 | 09 | Success | ||||||
| 1984-09-08 | GPS 1-10 Navstar 10 | 10 | Success | ||||||
| 1985-10-09 | GPS 1-11 Navstar 11 | 11 | Success |
Block II series
The first satellite of the block II series was launched on February 14, 1989. Block II satellite is the second generation satellite of the GPS satellite. It is the first GPS satellite managed in earnest. It is designed so that a system applies it for two weeks without undergoing a control signal of the order center above the ground. I made contract that I revised a contract to produce block I satellites in 1981, and Rockwell International Corp. produced one satellite of SVN No. 12 of block II. Rockwell Corporation made a contract to produce both block II/ block IIA satellite series 29 planes in total some other time in 1983.
The satellite is 3 axis control systems like the block I series. I let a body low part make it using a reaction wheel toward earth center direction. The solar panel is two pieces of paddles type likewise, too, and the electricity is extended than 710 watts at the time of design life. The S band is used for control and telemetry (satellite ground link system). The UHF channel is used for other spaceships and crosslink between the ground. The hydrazine thruster is used for an orbit adjustment. The signal used for navigation is two of 1575.42MHz (L1) and 1227.60MHz (L2) of the L band.
In the satellite, rubidium and a cesium atomic clock are carried by two engines each.
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Rockwell International Corp.
- A posture control system: 3 axis control
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type
- A kick motor: Star-37XFP
- Design life: 7.5 years
- Weight: 1,660 kg
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Of the rocket Serial number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Navstar II | 12 | I do not launch it | |||||||
| 1989-02-14 | Delta II | 6925 | 184 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-1 Navstar II-1 | 14 | 14 | Success | Launching of first delta II |
| 1989-06-10 | 185 | GPS 2-2 Navstar II-2 | 13 | 02 | Success | ||||
| 1989-08-18 | 186 | GPS 2-3 Navstar II-3 | 16 | 16 | Success | ||||
| 1989-10-21 | 188 | GPS 2-4 Navstar II-4 | 19 | 19 | Success | ||||
| 1989-12-11 | 190 | CCAFS LC-17B | GPS 2-5 Navstar II-5 | 17 | 17 | Success | |||
| 1990-01-24 | 191 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-6 Navstar II-6 | 18 | 18 | Success | |||
| 1990-03-26 | 193 | GPS 2-7 Navstar II-7 | 20 | 20 | Success | ||||
| 1990-08-02 | 197 | GPS 2-8 Navstar II-8 | 21 | 21 | Success | ||||
| 1990-10-01 | 199 | GPS 2-9 Navstar II-9 | 15 | 15 | Success |
I already finished all moods use, and I was rearranged to the new satellite.
Block IIA series
Use becomes the possibility (in block II 14 days) without assuming block II basics, and contacting a control segment for 180 days. 19 planes were launched by November 6, 1997 from November 26, 1990. The space, the defense section of Rockwell International Corp. was sold to Boeing in 1996.
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Rockwell International Corp. → Boeing
- A posture control system: 3 axis control
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type
- A kick motor: Star-37XFP
- Design life: 7.5 years
- Weight: 1,816 kg
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Of the rocket Serial number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | PLANE | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990-11-26 | Delta II | 7925 | D201 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-10 Navstar IIA-1 | 23 | 23->32 | E5 | Success | |
| 1991-07-04 | D206 | GPS 2-11 Navstar IIA-2 | 24 | 24 | Success | The operational end | ||||
| 1992-02-23 | D207 | CCAFS LC-17B | GPS 2-12 Navstar IIA-3 | 25 | 25 | A5 | Success | The operational end | ||
| 1992-04-10 | D208 | GPS 2-13 Navstar IIA-4 | 28 | 28 | Success | The operational end | ||||
| 1992-07-07 | D211 | GPS 2-14 Navstar IIA-5 | 26 | 26 | F2F | Success | ||||
| 1992-09-09 | D214 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-15 Navstar IIA-6 | 27 | 27 | A6 | Success | The operational end | ||
| 1992-11-22 | D216 | GPS 2-16 Navstar IIA-7 | 32 | 01 | Success | The operational end | ||||
| 1992-12-18 | D217 | CCAFS LC-17B | GPS 2-17 Navstar IIA-8 | 29 | 29 | Success | The operational end | |||
| 1993-02-03 | D218 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-18 Navstar IIA-9 | 22 | 22 | Success | The operational end | |||
| 1993-03-30 | D219 | GPS 2-19 Navstar IIA-10 | 31 | 31 | Success | The operational end | ||||
| 1993-05-13 | D220 | GPS 2-20 Navstar IIA-11 | 37 | 07 | Success | The operational end | ||||
| 1993-06-26 | D221 | GPS 2-21 Navstar IIA-12 | 39 | 09 | A1->A3 | Success | Under backup use of SVN38/PRN08 | |||
| 1993-08-30 | D222 | CCAFS LC-17B | GPS 2-22 Navstar IIA-13 | 35 | 05 | B5 | Success | The operational end | ||
| 1993-10-26 | D223 | GPS 2-23 Navstar IIA-14 | 34 | 04 | D4 | Success | ||||
| 1994-03-10 | D226 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-24 Navstar IIA-15 | 36 | 06 | C5 | Success | |||
| 1996-03-27 | D234 | CCAFS LC-17B | GPS 2-25 Navstar IIA-16 | 33 | 03 | C2 | Success | |||
| 1996-07-16 | D237 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2-26 Navstar IIA-17 | 40 | 10 | E6 | Success | |||
| 1996-09-12 | D238 | GPS 2-27 Navstar IIA-18 | 30 | 30 | B5 | Success | The operational end | |||
| 1997-11-06 | D249 | GPS 2-28 Navstar IIA-19 | 38 | 08 | A3 | Success |
Only the satellite of SVN23 has a nickname called Lazare. There was not this with a thing named in April, 2007 from the early days. The origin of the nickname is named for Christian saint Lazarus who revived four days after death because it revived once to have broken down.
Block IIR series
A contract was entered into for the substitute of the timeworn early satellite between General Electric Astros pace company (it becomes Lockheed Martin Corporation for later business sale) in 1989. It was a plan of production, the launching, but, as for eight planes of the latter period, 21 IIR satellites were changed to the IIRM satellite of the succession at first.
The satellite body was based on an AS-4000 type satellite of Lockheed Martin Corporation, and three Rb atomic clocks are changed to the deployment (it carries Cs and Rb atomic clock for each two conventionally) from this satellite.
IIR-1 was delta II, and the display was hit by a rocket on January 17, 1997, but was lost with the explosion of the rocket 12 seconds after launching. IIR-2 was launched in delta II on June 23, the same year, and after that 12 planes in total were launched by November 6, 2004.
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Lockheed Martin Corporation
- A posture control system: 3 axis control
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type
- A kick motor: Star-37FM
- Design life: Ten years
- Weight: 2,032 kg
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Of the rocket Serial number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | PLANE | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997-01-16 | Delta II | 7925 | D241 | CCAFS LC-17A | GPS 2R-1 Navstar 42 | 42 | Failure | |||
| 1997-07-23 | D245 | GPS 2R-2 Navstar 43 | 43 | 13 | F3 | Success | ||||
| 1999-10-07 | D275 | CCAFS SLC-17A | GPS 2R-3 Navstar 46 | 46 | 11 | D2F | Success | |||
| 2000-05-11 | D278 | GPS 2R-4 Navstar 47 | 51 | 20 | E1 | Success | ||||
| 2000-07-16 | D279 | GPS 2R-5 Navstar 48 | 44 | 28 | B3 | Success | ||||
| 2000-11-10 | D281 | GPS 2R-6 Navstar 49 | 41 | 14 | F1 | Success | ||||
| 2001-01-30 | D283 | GPS 2R-7 Navstar 50 | 54 | 18 | E4 | Success | ||||
| 2003-01-29 | D295 | CCAFS SLC-17B | GPS 2R-8 Navstar 51 | 56 | 16 | B1A | Success | |||
| 2003-03-31 | D297 | GPS 2R-9 Navstar 52 | 45 | 21 | D3 | Success | ||||
| 2003-12-21 | D302 | GPS 2R-10 Navstar 53 | 47 | 22 | E2 | Success | ||||
| 2004-03-20 | D303 | GPS 2R-11 Navstar 54 | 59 | 19 | C3 | Success | ||||
| 2004-06-23 | D305 | GPS 2R-12 Navstar 55 | 60 | 23 | F4 | Success | ||||
| 2004-11-06 | D308 | GPS 2R-13 Navstar 56 | 61 | 02 | D1 | Success |
Block IIRM series
It was launched eight with the thing which I added improvement to to send the military signal with the M cord in L1 and the L2 frequency and the signal (more high-strength than L2) for the citizen of L2C in the L2 frequency to the IIR satellite in total from September 26, 2005 by delta II. As for the M cord, jamming measures to an antagonistic GPS signal are made by military use.
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Lockheed Martin Corporation
- A posture control system: 3 axis control
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type
- A kick motor: Star-37FM
- Design life: Ten years
- Weight: 2,032 kg
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Of the Delta rocket Serial number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | PLANE | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005-09-26 | Delta II | 7925 | D313 | CCAFS SLC-17A | GPS 2R-14M Navstar 57 | 53 | 17 | C4 | Success | |
| 2006-09-25 | D318 | GPS 2R-15M Navstar 58 | 52 | 31 | A2 | Success | ||||
| 2006-11-17 | D321 | GPS 2R-16M Navstar 59 | 58 | 12 | B4 | Success | ||||
| 2007-10-17 | D328 | GPS 2R-17M Navstar 60 | 55 | 15 | F2A | Success | ||||
| 2007-12-20 | D331 | GPS 2R-18M Navstar 61 | 57 | 29 | C1 | Success | ||||
| 2008-03-15 | D332 | GPS 2R-19M Navstar 62 | 48 | 07 | A4 | Success | ||||
| 2009-03-24 | D340 | GPS 2R-20M Navstar 63 | 49 | 01 | Success | The operational end | ||||
| 2009-08-17 | D343 | GPS 2R-21M Navstar 64 | 50 | 05 | E3 | Success |
Block IIF series
I was developed as a GPS satellite of the second generation fourth by Boeing [1]. The extension of life of the further satellite and the speedup of the processor for correspondence to many users and reinforcement of the memory capacity are planned. I cope with an offer of the signal L5 frequency for the third people.
A satellite of the first issue was launched on May 28, 2010 by delta IVM+(4,2) and started operation for public on August 27, 2010. After that it is going to be launched 12 planes in total by delta IVM+(4,2) and atlas V [2].
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Boeing
- A posture control system: 3 axis control
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type
- A kick motor: Unnecessary
- Design life: 15 years
- Weight: 1,545 kg
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Of the rocket Serial number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | PLANE | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-05-28 | Delta IV M+(4,2) | 4240 | D349 | CCAFS SLC-37B | GPS 2F-1 Navstar 65 | 62 | 25 | B2 | Success | |
| 2011-07-16 | D355 | GPS 2F-2 Navstar 66 | 63 | 01 | D2 | Success | ||||
| 2012-10-04 | D361 | GPS 2F-3 Navstar 67 | 65 | 24 | A1 | Success | ||||
| 2013-05-15 | Atlas V (401) | 401 | AV-039 | CCAFS SLC-41 | GPS 2F-4 Navstar xx | 66 | Success | |||
| 2014-02-21 | Delta IV M+(4,2) | 4240 | D365 | CCAFS SLC-37B | GPS 2F-5 | 64 | A3 | Success | ||
| 2014-05-16 | D366 | GPS 2F-6 | D4 | Success | ||||||
| 2014-08-01 | Atlas V (401) | 401 | AV-048 | CCAFS SLC-41 | GPS 2F-7 | F3 | Success | |||
| 2014-10-29 | AV-050 | GPS 2F-8 | Success | |||||||
| 2015-03-25 | Delta IV-M+(4,2) | 4240 | D371 | CCAFS SLC-37B | GPS 2F-9 | Success | ||||
| 2015-06-16 | Atlas V (401) | 401 | GPS 2F-10 | Under a plan | ||||||
| 2015-09-16 | GPS 2F-11 | Under a plan | ||||||||
| 2016-01-26 | GPS 2F-12 | Under a plan |
The satellite that I am planning
Block III series
A development contract was concluded with the U.S. air force between Lockheed Martin Corporation in a next-generation GPS satellite in May, 2008. Eight planes were made, and, in the development, the first satellite, the first unit planned launching in the IIIA series based on A2100 satellite bus of the company in 2014, but it was postponed to 2016 by a budget cut [2]. After that IIIB eight are planned 16 32 planes in total IIIC [3].
I am expected to come to be able to use the signal for the citizen of L1C in the fourth new L1 frequency, and the military M cord is improved in parallel, too. The L1C signal is going to have the E1 signal for the people of the European Galileo system and associate zenith satellite system and compatibility of Japan.
Specifications
- A manufacturer: Lockheed Martin Corporation
- A posture control system: 3 axis control (A2100)
- A solar battery: *2 piece of paddle type (A2100)
- A kick motor:
- Design life:
- Weight:
- Orbit: An altitude of 20,200km circular orbit, orbit angle of inclination 55 degrees
| Display day (UTC) | Launching Rocket | Of the rocket Type | Serial number The number | Iba | Satellite name | Space machine The number (SVN) | Para-noise Affiliated ID (PRN) | PLANE | Result | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 plans | Delta IVM+ or Atlas V | GPS 3A-1 |
Footnote
- ^ "20th Anniversary of Initial Operational Capability of the GPS Constellation." An American air force. (January 14, 2014)2 February 2, 2014 reading.
- ^ "GPS III program faces cuts, more delays in 2015 budget." Defensesystems. (March 6, 2014)1 March 30, 2014 reading.
Allied item
Outside link
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