2017년 2월 18일 토요일

Sthavira

Sthavira

A figure, the red that expressed three main classifications of the Buddhism are Sthavira.
Eyes 犍 連帝須 (もくけんれんたいしゅ) Buddhist priest of king Asoka and the teacher
Sri Lankan Buddha statue (the fifth century)
Young Burmese Buddhist priest

The Sthavira (じょうざぶぶっきょう, Tomoe: Theravāda, Brahman: Sthaviravāda, :เถรวาท, thěeráwâat British: Theravada Buddhism) is one of the classifications of the Buddhism. I am called higher seat Buddhism, テーラワーダ Buddhism, テーラヴァーダ Buddhism, south biography Buddhism, the Hinayana Buddhism [1]. Today's Sthavira was assumed the system of the south biography which a person in charge of performed of Pali Buddhist Scriptures and traced the history progress that was different from the Mahayanist Buddhism.

Table of contents

Summary

I am classified in sectional Buddhism and Mahayanist Buddhism when I classify Buddhism roughly into two. The sectional Buddhism is Theravada and the generic name of the public part that occurred because of the basic division of the initial Buddhism religious community [2]. It is current Sthavira said to that it descends from the classification theory region of the Theravada system to have reached the areas such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos. But in the first place there is the Theravada pro-indication because there are various opinions for divergence in the department of classification theory and is treated as heresy of the Theravada and is not included in sectional Buddhism and done 20 copies of north biographies group and 18 copies of south biographies group.

Because the one of the three divisions of the Buddhist canon, which consists of systematic treatises on Buddhist philosophy of the sectional Buddhism era is called a red-throated loon Dharma doll, may call sectional Buddhism red-throated loon Dharma doll Buddhism, but the difference of the idea of the part group tended to become different, and a person in charge of does a one of the three divisions of the Buddhist canon, which consists of systematic treatises on Buddhist philosophy (re-par) which is considerably different from one of the three divisions of the Buddhist canon, which consists of systematic treatises on Buddhist philosophies of the translation in Chinese done opinion all existence region as for today's Sthavira for a long time [3]. The sacred book is almost suitable for 阿含経 in 大正新脩大藏經 [3]; (pass through a law phrase, and part of など stores it in this edge others). In addition, an original idea passes so that the Mahayanist Buddhism that came to the areas such as China, Tibet, Vietnam, Korea, Japan as so-called north biography Buddhism passes through ideas of the opinion all existence region; を of being multistoried formed it compositely.

History

In the Buddha Buddhism during the lifetime, the religious precepts for the person of priest were established in many divergences, but the areas where it was difficult to protect original religious precepts when Buddhism spread posthumously of Buddha occurred. When Buddhism spread in the northern part of India, it was difficult to finish religious mendicancy from difference in meal custom at before the midday. It was one of the religious precepts to finish religious mendicancy, a meal in the morning, but a person of priest to receive a taker and money in lunch at after the midday, and to buy food, and to finish lunch by noon appeared. About the change of religious precepts, Buddha allowed to change the religious precepts that were not important by an agreement of Sanger during the lifetime, but an opinion was divided about the interpretation of a point and religious precepts which religious precepts authorized as modifiable religious precepts. In addition, about some other religious precepts, I parted from a person in support of a change to a person to object to. A meeting (the concentration, the second concentration) was held to get this problem under control, and decision not to recognize the change of religious precepts about the problem that went up it to the agenda (as for the item which came up in the agenda such as the giving and receiving of the money with the violation of religious precepts) was done at this point in time, but a public part occurred by the group which supported the correction of religious precepts to the last. Branches and leaves division happens after basic division with a public part and the Theravada of the religious precepts observance and will enter in the times of the sectional Buddhism. It is not close, but a group in support of the religious precepts observance is quite equivalent to current Sthavira.

In the times of the sectional Buddhism, an opinion all existence department of the Theravada system part group was proud of big power afterwards. It is said that it is a school of this opinion all existence department that new Mahayanist Buddhism assumed main opponent [4]. It is said that I called the Mahayanist Buddhism side Lesser Vehicle (ヒーナヤーナ, Hīnayāna) Buddhism (しょうじょうぶっきょう) on the occasion of an animadversion (only self-one is saved by ascetic practices of the self), but the word of Onori and 摩訶衍 of the old translation is already seen in part group Buddhist Scriptures [5]. The Mahayanist Buddhism spread through the East Asia from north India.

The Sthavira spread in southern Sri Lankan (Ceylon) Myanmar, the Southeast Asian area including Thailand mainly from India in the times of the king Maurya Asoka. The name called the south biography Buddhism comes from this background. I occupy religion a lot now in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, each country of Cambodia. In addition, I have many believers in the southern part of Vietnam, and there is community of the minority in India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia.

The most of the Sthavira area in Asia received the colonial rule of Western powers. Because the culture study of the rule place was encouraged as an adjuvant to colonial policy in a suzerain, the Buddhism, the Hinduism, the study of the philology of the sacred book, the Scripture of the Islam advanced early in Europe led by the U.K. (Sri Lanka and Myanmarese former colonial power). The par re-high priest learned in three Sutras (PTS version) published by association of par re-text of London occupied the most important position of the past Buddhism researcher. The U.K. loses the position as the suzerain of the colony, and an Indian philosophy course such as Japan is not set up at the university either, and the Sanskrit study is performed in detail afterwards in Oxford University. On the other hand, a Buddhist priest from person becoming a Buddhist priest of the Sthavira from Westerners and Sri Lanka where I graduate from a university again in Sri Lanka, and English is proficient is in the center (as for the official language, English is recognized in a constitution as a connective Singhalese and Tamil), and translation of par re-three official storehouses is active outside the frame called the university.

On the other hand, an emigrant and refugees are full of the propagation missionary work to Europe and America, and they are performed by the relations that flowed into U.K., Canada, United States, Australia of Anglo-Saxon line on a large scale by Sri Lanka and Burma, Thailand of the former colony of the U.K. There are a temple and a group of along with Tibet esoteric Buddhism system and Zen Buddhism system of the East Asia or more Sthavira in Europe and America.

Characteristic

It is said that I saved teaching of initial Buddhism religious community that is Buddha in pure form by the effort of the farmhouse believer supporting Buddhist priest, group of Buddhist priests (Sanger (religious community)) and them who follow commandments for completeness (religious precepts of the person of priest) in the Sthavira. However, it is equivalent and catches the difference of each part group, and, as for the Theravada, a doctrine and the practice in the sectional Buddhism times are simply evaluated from the situation of the Buddhism scholar that a comparative study does the teaching of the sectional Buddhism recorded by translation in Chinese, a Tibetan reason high priest learned in three Sutras and sectional Buddhism pro-Scripture and par re-Scripture that in late years was discovered in Pakistan of the Theravada when it is the only denomination telling at the present.

Buddhist Scriptures was made with the Mahayanist Buddhism every Buddha's teachings of after ages, but the par re-three official storehouses that I wrote down are succeeded to by the same contents in the Sthavira by the letter of each race including the Shin stomach letter. The Buddhist Scriptures of the Sthavira was the book which "I wrote" rather than the book which "I read", and a tradition to keep Buddhist Scriptures to a body through a voice was cultivated [6]. Because it is performed by oral instruction, as for the succession of the Buddhist Scriptures, the succession of 戒法 is performed in form to invite the priest who acquired 戒 and accepted doctrine by experience than I buy the letter sacred book [6].

In the doctrine, it is done as follows. The life to repeat limitless samsara is "pains (dukkha)". The cause of these pains is deep attachment to occur because of spiritual darkness [7]. And I do the most effective method to quit spiritual darkness, and to be delivered from it from samsara when it is the strict observance of religious precepts, the practice of the eight kinds of Buddhist practical virtues by ascetic practices of the meditation. I fixed a posture to protect religious precepts established by Buddha and wisdom and practice of the mercy to lead to teaching, realization in the Sthavira purely, and to tell to the root and trunk. I depend on common three official storehouses (tipitaka) recorded in Pali of the slang origin in India in the ancient times, and even doctrine court is more characteristic of the system of the Sri Lanka cathedral group than variety of the Mahayanist Buddhism including the unified point.

Relations of a person of priest and the farmhouse believer are not unilateral relations from the top to enlighten the ignorant ignorance of all creatures from the top to the bottoms. The person of priest to aim at the self-help, and to train itself is existence to devote itself to to run it that it is to oneself for the person of becoming a Buddhist and changes, and to avoid evildoing [6]. The person of farmhouse loads an act of charity in what I affirm a person of priest to rise above the world in spite of being useless existence if I say by the loss and gain of this world, and to avoid evildoing, and to live, and an offering to a priest does. I take ten jackfruits, but, as for the jackfruit, order and a name are different from a thing of the Mahayanist Buddhism in positioning as the daily conduct for the personality formation [8].

Absent of the group of Buddhist priests (Sanger) of the Bhikkuni

A Bhikkuni (nun) group of Buddhist priests (Sanger) was ruined with both with a Buddhist priest in the Theravada in the times of the war in ancient Sri Lanka. Because the group of Buddhist priests of the Buddhist priest spread in Burma, revival came true, but the group of Buddhist priests of the Bhikkuni in this way became the extinction. But in late years the revival of the group of Buddhist priests of the Bhikkuni of the Theravada is planned using a tradition of the Bhikkuni of the Chinese Buddhism to remain in Taiwan, but it is combined that Theravada considers Onori to be heresy, and the legitimacy is didactic, and it is brought into question. There are women who run the priest life as the nun substantially although I am not considered to be the official Bhikkuni called ティラシン (thila shin) by as a priest form of the women in the form not to conflict with a doctrine in メーチー (mae chi), Myanmar in Thailand.

with Japan of relationships

I call it Hinayana Buddhism referring to the whole sectional Buddhism in the Chinese Buddhism, and Japan inherited it, but "the Lesser Vehicle" is a derogatory term touched in a meaning called "teaching inferior" in for "Onori", and there is not the thing that the Sthavira side calls itself it. Criticism was strengthened from the situation of mutual respect after the modern times when the interchange of the world Buddhist deepened and was not gradually used. When the first world Buddhist meeting that World Fellowship of Buddhists hosts in June, 1950 was held in Colombo, it is decided that I do not use the name called the Hinayana Buddhism.

Since Buddhism transmission, transplant of the Sthavira was tried by Konen Shaku (グナラタナ) who was the Japanese monk who studied abroad for a long time in Sri Lanka in place of Onori suitability and Japan which had been done in the Meiji era. In addition, Japan is the country where translation ("the south biography Tripitaka") and a study of "the par re-Buddhist Scriptures" were pushed forward earliest for a country of the north biography Buddhism by the Buddhism scholar who studied in Europe and America after the Meiji era. しかし伝統的な仏教勢力が大勢を占めるなかで、上座部仏教の社会的認知度は低かった。

上座部仏教に由来する瞑想法である現代ヴィパッサナー瞑想が1970年代頃から世界的に広まったが、この時期には日本では普及しなかった。1990年代からアルボムッレ・スマナサーラの布教活動を中心にして上座部仏教は、ヴィパッサナー瞑想とともに日本に浸透しつつある。現在はタイ、ミャンマー、スリランカ出身の僧侶を中心とした複数の寺院や団体を通じて布教伝道活動がなされているほか、戒壇が作られたこともあって日本人出家者(比丘)も誕生している。

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脚注・出典

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 「小乗」は「ヒーナ(劣った、卑しい)ヤーナ(乗り物)」の翻訳であり大乗仏教側から見た差別的意味を含む。
  2. ^ 『バウッダ』 中村元・三枝充悳著. 小学館. 239-240頁。
  3. ^ a b 『バウッダ』 中村元・三枝充悳著. 小学館. 241-243頁。
  4. ^ 『バウッダ』 中村元・三枝充悳著. 小学館. 337-338頁。
  5. ^ 大乗 (阿含部・毘曇部)摩訶衍 (阿含部) - 大正新脩大蔵経テキストデータベース。
  6. ^ a b c 南直人編『宗教と食』<食の文化フォーラム> ドメス出版 2014年 ISBN 9784810708110 pp.155-176.
  7. ^ 法を理解しないこと、すなわち四諦十二縁起などに対する無知。(ウ・ウェープッラ、戸田忠『アビダンマッタサンガハ[新装版]』、p.234、中山書房仏書林、2013年)。
  8. ^ 「ブッダの智慧で答えます」(Q&A) - 日本テーラワーダ仏教協会ホームページ。

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外部リンク

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