2017년 2월 25일 토요일

Octane content

Octane content

The octane content (octane) is the arrival at self sadiron hate in the engine of the gasoline, numerical value indicating the difficulty of beginning of the knocking (knock-related antiknock characteristics-resistant) [1]. Knocking is hard to happen so that octane content is high.

In the diesel fuels such as the light oil, cetane value is used for numerical value indicating diesel knock characteristics-resistant.

Table of contents

Octane content

I do octane content of n-heptane having low 100, knock characteristics-resistant with octane content of the isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) which knock characteristics-resistant are relatively high in with 0 in gasoline ingredients and do a ratio of isooctane and isooctane included in the mixture with n-heptane showing the knock characteristics that is the same as the gasoline of the sample-resistant (volumetric ratio) with the octane content of the sample. If it is a saturated hydrocarbon with much branching, to tell the generalization, the knock characteristics-resistant are high. In addition, hydroxyl causing the knock is radical•The knock characteristics-resistant improve if they give a thing producing the radical of the hydrocarbon as a scavenger of OH).

The knock-related measurement-resistant measures it in communication speed of the flame when I fired air-fuel mixture. Octane content is high so that the spread is slow. The piston position in the cylinder fires air-fuel mixture in the internal combustion engine theoretically in a top dead center, and it is the most efficient that an explosion is finished when a piston moved to the bottom dead center, and this is because it does not wake up the knocking either. In other words, the piston which I released with movement slowly is that effective than I release combustion energy in an instant.

Output value

As described above, because the isooctane which knock characteristics-resistant are high in is the upper limit, as for the octane content, 100 becomes the high, but an output value (called the performance value) that was established after it was studied at the time of World War II in the United States will be used in the gasoline for the plane by the performance up of the high additive of anti-knock characteristics because what with that alone I express became difficult. An output value is a unit to express the fuel including the additive of the knocking prevention whereas octane content expressed the ingredient ratio simply (in * becoming "grade ***/***" as for the notation a number). In the left side, the output ratio, the right side of the fuel express max power for isooctane in a cruise state of the engine, and, for example, as for the notation with the output value, it is in "grade 100/130" because an output comparison with a use of isooctane simple substance becomes 130% at the time of the max power to 100% in the case of the fuel which tetraethyl lead 1.284cc per 1 gallon of isooctane got mixed with.

In addition, it was abolished because (leaded gas) which tetraethyl lead was used for to raise the numerical value of this output value prevented the cover poison of the catalyst of the emission control for lead pollution issue solution.

I adopt research method octane content in JIS and set octane content based on the data which a combustion examination provided. Thus, just because of gasoline of commercially available octane content 100, it is not the meaning called 100% of isooctane. In addition, it is different, but the method sets octane content by a combustion examination in the Western countries, and it may be said that the octane content shown only in a ratio of the isooctane has already become a dead letter.

Octane content improver

Organic lead compound including four alkyllead was used, but disappeared from the viewpoint of environment, safety once from the market. It is limited the sedimentation in stability and the engine of fuel to the use about methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl which is an organic manganese compound again by a problem of the cost. In substitution for these, 含酸素化合物 including the following ether system plays a key role now.

Method for measurement

Research octane content (RON)

It is research octane content to be used in octane content most widely all over the world (Research Octane Number/RON). The RON is decided in form called isooctane [explanatory note 1] and air-fuel ratio (%)[2] of n-heptane [explanatory note 2] in a rotary test in 600rpm in the test engine having a variable compression ratio system.

From the above-mentioned thing, it is said that the RON is relatively numerical value indicating the antiknock tolerance of the low rotary level.

Motor octane content (MON)

A thing called motor octane content (Motor Octane Number/MON) as different notation indicating the octane content exists. This is called the alias Airlines Lean octane content, and it is said that it is better and shows a state of the fuel when load hangs to the engine. I measure in 900rpm not 600rpm of the RON. [3][4]。 In addition, the structure of the test engine of MON is a thing same as RON, but is measured under the severe conditions that is easy to have knocking more such as air-fuel mixture preheated to 149 degrees Celsius, high-speed engine revolution, the variable ignition time. It depends on composition of the fuel, but it is said to RON that approximately 8-10 lower as for the value of MON on the modern gasoline. However, there is not the direct causation between the numerical value of MON and the RON.

From the above-mentioned thing, it is said that MON is relatively numerical value indicating the antiknock tolerance of the high rotary level.

Antiknock index (AKI)

The octane content shown in the tanker of the service station is RON in most countries. However, the mean of RON and MON is shown in the tanker in Canada and United States of America, Brazil. I call this value an antiknock index (Anti-Knock Index/AKI). A formula of (R+M)/2 may be written to the tanker of the country adopting AKI, and pump octane content (Pump Octane Number/PON) may be used as a different name.

The adopted country is a small portion, but is numerical value to show antiknock tolerance itself running more reasonably; is turned on.

Difference between RON and AKI

It is almost just what it spoke it by the above between MON and the RON that a difference before and after 8-10 occurs. Thus, in the case of the United States, the value that almost has low around 4-5 is often transcribed into RON between AKI. See the front of en:Octane_rating#Examples_of_octane_ratings of the English version under the present conditions for the comparison.

Observed Road Octane Number (RdON)

It is the assay that is not so major, but a thing called Observed Road Octane Number (RdON) as the final octane content decision method exists. This is performed by the development of the world Taki pipe engine, and measures a throttle in a fully opening state. This method was proposed in the 1920s, and it is said that I have high reliability even today. I measured while running by vehicle at first on a road, but the measurement is performed on a chassis dynamo now to get more stable measurement environment [5].

Apparatus to use for the measurement

An engine for the special measurement called the CFR engine is used for the measurement of MON and the RON among each octane content mentioned above. API and SAE, auto industry society at the time are public, and design CFR by abbreviation of Cooperative Fuel Research in the United States in 1928, and the thing which let the ウォーケシャ motor company (existing en:Waukesha Engines) produce it is origin [6]; [7]. The mechanism to adjust a function and the ignition time when the structure preheats others, the air-fuel mixture which an assistance motor is comprised because compression ratio keeps constant rotary speed with a variable possible single-cylinder engine [8] to optionally is comprised. The CFR engine to use for the octane content measurement is a gasoline engine, but a diesel engine having an approximately similar summary is used for the measurement of the cetane value.

Change by the area

The choice of the octane content filled up with gas by a tanker is greatly different every world area.

Australia: The regular is RON91. As for the super, RON95 is common, but the products more than 98 circulate widely.

Germany: Three kinds that matched the regular of two kinds of RON95 and super of RON98 with RON91 are sold, but there is extremely really little traffic of RON91 and a car manufacturer hardly assumes RON95 and does it with regular gasoline specifications.

Italy: The regular is RON95. As for the super, more than RON98 are subject to.

The U.K.: The regular is RON95. As for the super, more than RON97 are subject to.

The United States: AKI notation is a principle, but various things are sold by an area. Generally, AKI87(RON91), super are AKI91(RON95), and a regular is sold, but may be considered to be regular AKI85(RON90), high-octane AKI90(RON94) in the highlands such as the Rocky Mountains. The race gas more than AKI94(RON98) for race specifications is generally sold other than it.

Change of the octane content in Japan

The octane content of the gasoline for the Japanese car is established on JIS K 2202 car gasoline [9]. In the standard top, 2 gasoline, high octane content gasoline are prescribed as 1 gasoline regular gasoline. Method for measurement of the octane content in JIS and the octane content numerical value come after much revision after establishment of JIS K 2202 of 1952, and it is necessary for the engine setting of the Japanese car to note that the JIS value of standard at the time of the release of the basically vehicle is designed for the cause.

In addition, the measurement rule of the octane content is established by JIS K 2280 oil products - fuel oil - octane content and a cetane value test method and a cetane index calculation method [10]. The measuring equipment used in JIS K 2280 is CFR engine, but the instructions of measuring it after replacing notation such as inch / Fahrenheit with metric system / centigrade beforehand are done.

The JIS K 2202 revision year 1 2 3 Method for measurement Remarks and related matters
1952 (JIS K 2,202:1,952) More than 72 More than 65 More than 60 MON Japanese Industrial Standards establishment, Honda turnip F release
1958 (JIS K 2,202:1,958) More than 80 More than 75 More than 65 MON Subaru, 360/ Honda Super Cub release
1961 (JIS K 2,202:1,961) More than 90 More than 80 - RON Assay change to the research method, the abolition of the 3 gasoline
1965 (JIS K 2,202:1,965) More than 95 More than 85 - RON I announce the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, the import liberalization of the completion car.
The domestic auto industry reorganization plan is pushed forward at the same time, too, and Nissan, a prince merges in 1966, the following day
1970 (JIS K 2,202:1,970) More than 95 More than 85 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
A lead poisoning case occurs to this age at Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo Ushigome Yanagi-cho intersection.
Enforcement [explanatory note 3] precedent for 1,975 years five years later no lead of regular gasoline becoming it.

1980 (JIS K 2,202:1,980) More than 95 More than 85 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
The first turbo car setting domestic in 1979 for Nissan, Cedric / Gloria.
1986 (JIS K 2,202:1,986) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON Octane content becomes the numerical value same as the present
The achievement complete no lead high-octane for 1,987 years, the following day by the leaded gas production end [explanatory note 4] becoming it.
100, Idemitsu gasoline [explanatory note 5] release to declare Idemitsu Kosan, octane content 100 on June 20, 1987.

1988 (JIS K 2,202:1,988) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
Engine output level notation completely shifts to net notation

1991 (JIS K 2,202:1,991) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
The high output car of the domestic companies arrives at all 280HP.
1996 (JIS K 2,202:1,996) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
Import liberalization of oil products
I apply a JIS mark indication system to gasoline
In 1997, the following day, it releases Toyota Prius.


1999 (JIS K 2,202:1,999) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
Emission control reinforcement (H11 two-wheeled vehicle exhaust emission regulation) to a motorcycle
For 2,000 years, the following day, a carburetor disappears from a car by regulation in H12 year.

2004 (JIS K 2,202:2,004) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
At the end of the same year, a threshold of sulfur in the light oil is strengthened.
2007 (JIS K 2,202:2,007) More than 96.0 More than 89.0 - RON There is no revision of the octane content
The current latest standard

I it about the handling of the imported car

It is a few, but a difference is seen in octane content of today's JIS 1/2 gasoline and octane content of the European and American gasoline as I am seen in the example mentioned above. Regular gasoline is only RON95 virtually, and there are the circumstances in most areas in Europe in particular, too and is often sold as super specifications in the Japanese authorized agent even if the imported car from these areas is a regular specification locally.

On the contrary, about import, the reimportation vehicle from the country that the United States and Southeast Asia, a regular including Oceania are before and after RON91, it is recommended that I refer to support windows such as an authorized agent or the maker Japanese subsidiary for appropriate use fuel in Japan directly.

Originally the value of standard of JIS was any standard not to have the compelling force such as the European and American quality standard, and there was in this way no lead of the leaded gas in the advantage such as making it it being accomplished by an independence effort of the oil wholesale early, but the evil such as the inferiority gasoline which I mixed kerosene with at the same time at retail store being sold occurred. However, it became that I had compelling force with oil products import liberalization of 1996 and came to be included in the object of the JIS mark indication system with it [11]. Because such a process existed, the situation such as selling a product [12] which declares 100 octane now is seen in the domestic oil wholesale companies about the super, but may keep it in the expression that is not clear "shipping with around 90-91 quality" about the regular. Because the structural problems in the sale sides such as the work change balls in the no mark stands appear, and the developing case is rarely seen in news case in conjunction with fuel quality shipped to the market including [15] where an example to disguise itself if high-octane, and to sell a regular is accused through Consumer Affairs Agency [14] when it is an example and the badness that misunderstood a regular and the high-octane plumbing at retail store [13] in some cases, it is desirable to enforce refueling strictly in the trustworthy system shop stands as far as there can be it.

Footnote, explanatory note

Footnote

Explanatory note

  1. In the case of 100% of ^ isooctane, the RON becomes 100, too
  2. In the case of 100% of ^ n- heptane, the RON becomes 0, too
  3. All the shipped gasoline engines new ^ regular gasoline no lead becoming it after April, 1972 no lead becoming it vs. came to have been plotted.
  4. It was sold no lead for non-measures vehicle by production vehicle before ^ 1975 continuously for approximately 12 years.
  5. I am considered to be ^ world first unleaded premium gasoline gasoline. In the other companies, release of 100 octane grade super occurred successively after July of the year.

Allied item

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Octane content

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