Military noble
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Last part of ancient times in Japan says a noble, a court noble (official who was not granted the privilege of having access to the Imperial court) making a specialty of it militarily who sprinkles it in an infantility in the Middle Ages, and appeared to the military noble (ぐんじきぞく). I was called the samurai family noble, and it was the mother's body of the samurai family (samurai) of the establishment period. Watanabe of Kanmu Heike clan (country incense style), Kiyokazu Genji, Fujiwara north house of 利仁流 and Hidesato style and 勧修寺流上杉氏 and Fujiwara south house of 為憲流, Guangyuan style Oe, Saga Genji, Sasaki of Uda Genji are representative military affairs nobles.
Table of contents
Submission of the concept
The militarily noble concept is told to have spread out by a history of military organization study by Yoshimi Toda. The backgrounds where this concept appeared include that they showed a stronger criticism to the previous interpretation that a samurai is born from the class of farmers of the staying in the locale, and overthrew the manor rule of the court noble in a discussion over the dynasty theory of the State after the 1970s. It is military affairs noble that a viewpoint for the origin of the samurai family is born to the court noble not a farmer and was submitted as a concept to tie both to with the deepening of such ancient times, medieval history study [1].
Prehistory
In Burial Mound age, the Asuka era before a legal codes nation was built, the powerful family which assumed military affairs a superintendent in charge existed. A same tribe group in charge of specific duties in the Yamato government namely a maggot existed, and there were Mr. court official or large Ban, Tadashi to a maggot in charge of military affairs in that in those days.
However, the Law Code system that I formed late in the seventh century should be governmental bureaucracy and denied that a certain family succeeded to a specific government official. When army corps are installed in each place based on legal codes, army corps will take military affairs on behalf of court official, great attendant both of them.
I coped by a method that a land which a provincial governor rules over commandeered a soldier from domestic each house and mobilized Kenji afterwards after reporting from the land which a provincial governor rules over an emperor's reign official when the army corps were abolished from the end of eighth century through the ninth century and needed military mobilization, and having got "発兵勅符" from an emperor's reign official. When the permanent national regular army did not exist and needed it, the system was such that a temporary regular army was organized.
When it was the about the end of ninth century, the false family register, vagrancy, escape of farmers became remarkable, and it became difficult to grasp the farmer who should become a target of the military mobilization every each house. Furthermore, overrunning of the group of robbers came to become common in an eastern country.
Militarily noble establishment
When it was (from the end of ninth century the early tenth century) in the Kanpyo era, the Engi era year, in Bando, "group of robbers revolts" to seize the government property which did 進納 to the center were frequent (revolt of party, the Kanpyo era, the Engi era eastern country of the 僦 horse). The Imperial Court performed system reform to accept the discretionary authority in extensive military affairs for the receipt (the most patrician of the local provincial governor) to deal with this. Specifically, I merely delivered "追捕官符" which was going to suppress groups of robbers positively in place of "発兵勅符" which admitted soldier mobilization and appointed a commander in charge of suppression of rioters, a thief-arresting official by a country unit and imposed duty in coming under the command of a land which a provincial governor rules over, a commander in charge of suppression of rioters, the thief-arresting official in people of domestic bravery. This military organization reform right followed the same path with switch reform to the dynasty national polity that the cord had in a meaning to transfer authority to the district in those days.
It is Takamochi Tairano, country incense father and son, Tsunemoto Minamotono, Tamenori Fujiwara, Toshihito Fujiwara, the Hidesato Fujiwara and others thane who fell to have won fame by a group of robbers hunt at this time. When the generation of their ancestors was appointed the receipt, I learn military arts of 俘囚 to have backed by hunting culture, and, in the background where they were able to show such armaments, an opinion (Tatsuhiko Shimomukai) which began to knit military arts in a new style based on it is advocated. They gave meritorious deeds as a provincial governor and a commander in charge of suppression of rioters, and I was aboriginal in the district which started for its new post, and national rice field management was recognized officially by the office of a provincial governor and got the economic infrastructure that could only maintain own armaments. However, they did not necessarily expect the treatment for them of the Imperial Court, and dissatisfaction gradually accumulated among them. The Revolts of the Shohei and Tengyo periods that occurred around (Tenkyo era three years) for 940 years were materialization of such dissatisfaction. It was the descendant of people who gave all meritorious deeds for the Engi era period on the revolt side of this revolt, the hunt side.
Most of the person who had meritorious deeds for a suppression, the hunt of Revolts of the Shohei and Tengyo periods namely the people of pax Tenkyo era meritorious deeds were public servants of the middle lower grade in the extremely low office and rank even if to belong to the lineage of the court noble. However, the Imperial Court promoted cause, them of the recognition that the dissatisfaction between them caused the revolt then to down stream court noble in receipt grade such as the fifth place, the sixth place. As a result, in court noble society of the late tenth century, the person of meritorious deeds and descendants of Revolts of the Shohei and Tengyo periods came to be recognized as a house (the warrior it be said) of the family whom they specialized in military affairs namely the soldier.
It is a theory most influential now that it was people of the house of such a soldier that became the base of a military noble to the samurai. But all their descendants did not mature into a military noble, samurai. The succession, immobilization of the business had not been yet established, and the recognition as the house of the soldier was still changeable in those days.
When the eleventh century began, a "succession of the business" that a certain family succeeded to a specific government official or civil servant contract system was gradually established in court noble society. In such a flow, a family to specialize in military affairs from the house of the soldier, and to engage in immobilized it. Most of them were skill public servants of the sixth place samurai social position that was up, but the person of the upper echelon occupied the corner of the tayus social position and got promotion to the fourth place, fifth place rank, and I came to be appointed by the government official of the receipt grade. This is militarily noble establishment [2].
Militarily noble state-like
It was limited to the Fujiwara souths of 利仁流 and Hidesato style Fujiwara north house and 為憲流, Kiyokazu Genji, Kanmu Heike clan (country incense style) what was conferred the fourth place of the high rank to among military nobles. It is only six people of Kiyokazu Genji and two people of Kanmu Heike clan to have risen to the house original fourth place. Kiyokazu Genji was conferred the original fourth place to including Yorimitsu Minamotono and Yorinobu Minamotono in succession at first, and Kiyokazu Genji was recognized as the leader of the samurai family, but I took place, and Tadamori Tairano rose to the original fourth place when I lost my position to charges of Yoshichika Minamotono of the child of Yoshiie Minamotono. It is thought that this is an outcome of the leader of the samurai family having moved from Kiyokazu Genji to Kanmu Heike clan.
Militarily noble government official
It was demanded that, as a matter of course, the military noble contributed to the Imperial Court with a military aspect. After having served Takiguchi (room to the north samurai), they were appointed by the military officers such as the police and judicial chiefs who were the police in the court official who guarded the Imperial Court, Kyoto City. After having acquired the achievement as the military officer, there were many examples which started for their new post as the receipt like what the middle thane who belonged to the class of skill public servants of other tayus hierarchies loaded an achievement of the business onto to the countries. A provincial governor organized a domestic samurai as the armaments, and land which a provincial governor rules over military organization to hit 追捕 of "the bad luck party" was established, and the professional ability as a militarily noble "samurai family" was shown in this land which a provincial governor rules over military organization sufficiently in those days in "追捕官符" issued by an emperor's reign official by grounds.
The provincial governor registered the person who raised it next with a list (it is said with "a samurai joint signature") as "a samurai" in land which a provincial governor rules over military organization. It is recognized in the descendants of the person of meritorious deeds of the pax Tenkyo era period with the house of the skill public servant of the samurai social position and is the Gunshi, millionaire farmer, taxpaying farmer minus number name and others that assumes military arts business. Okay, in the case of 凶党追捕, the provincial governor organized these people as the armaments for the cause in a samurai joint signature. Because the military noble built relations with the class of Gunshi, millionaire farmer, taxpaying farmer minus number names of the staying in the locale continuously from the pax Tenkyo era period, about the formation of the country armaments, it was advantageous more markedly than the normal receipt. In addition, it was custom that deepened the relations with influential people of the staying in the locale more when they started for their new post as the receipt in the district. Between the powerful family of the military noble and staying in the locale, homage was gradually built in this way. But strong homage was not seen anymore in those days, and it is necessary to warn that it was homage having the changeable side.
After military nobles served the receipt in this way, it is the receipt of another country again; and or in the military officer-like government officials such as 衛門尉 or 刑部丞 supplementary; was often left.
with the person of House shrine royal subject of relationships
The military noble had the side that I served personally as 院司 of administrative official of the influential court noble including the regency family and you of 治天 like a low-class court noble in the class of other skill public servants. I served Kiyokazu Genji as an administrative official of the Fujiwara north house (regency family) since Mitsunaka Minamotono from generation to generation and, in the case of the other they rejection by the above-mentioned family, participated as an administrative official of the Fujiwara north house positively. In addition, Kiyokazu Genji did 仕伺 as a private soldier of the regency family and performed great success (じょうごう) to the regency family and played a big role for the power maintenance of the regency family.
On the other hand, country incense, 貞盛流平氏 served it as an administrative official of Akimitsu Fujiwara and Sanesuke Fujiwara as well as an Article 9 style of the Fujiwara north house (younger brother prosperity of 貞盛 Morosuke Fujiwara, 維衡 Michinaga Fujiwara), but fell in comparison with Kiyokazu Genji.
Kiyokazu Genji came to be treated well by the contribution to the regency family, and Yorimitsu Minamotono, Yorichika Minamotono brothers, Yoriyoshi Minamotono, Yoshiie Minamotono father and son were made military noble top of the original fourth place in succession and came to get the situation where it should be said with the leader of the samurai family. It is a point to be caused by the internal circumstances of the central court noble called the service to the regency family more by the bravery that Kiyokazu Genji got the position called the leader of the samurai family as for having to be careful here. The military noble surely pushed forward construction of the homage with the staying in the locale influential person, but after all there was the existence base in the central politics.
When Insei with the Shirakawa House begins, Tadamori Tairano becomes the vassals of the House trusted vassal and approaches the Shirakawa House. It became 院司 and I was made the original fourth place and gained power as the military noble person of top namely leader of the samurai family. With the circumstances that shifted to of 治天 where the center of center politics spread Insei in the background from the regency family which the position of the leader of the samurai family moved from Genji to Heike clan (by, in Genji, Heike having gained power backed by the authority of the House backed by the authority of the regency family). This is assumed the evidence of the position of the leader of the samurai family, a militarily in its turn noble position having been limited by the trend of central politics.
Cancellation
A revolt of revolt, Heiji of Hogen of the mid-twelfth century is the epoch-making case that political dispute in the Imperial Court was solved by a military clash. With this, Kiyomori Taira who was the militarily noble prime person and the whole families gained power rapidly in the Imperial Court inside. When Kiyomori became the original third place Councilor whom a previous military affairs noble was not able to take in 1160, it rose to the Prime Minister in 1167, and checkmated it and have exceeded far the frame as the military affairs noble anymore. The Kiyomori clan strengthened power more and established the Heike clan government at last. これは軍政官を派遣するなどの点で、最初期の武家政権としての性格を有している。
1180年代になると、平氏政権打倒を名目とした内戦（治承・寿永の乱）が起こり、軍事貴族に出自し、関東の在地領主層＝武士層を基盤とする源頼朝の武家政権（後世に鎌倉幕府と呼ばれる政権）が最終的に勝利した。朝廷は、頼朝を軍事貴族の最高位者として処遇しようとし、権大納言や近衛大将に任官するも、頼朝はこれを辞官。関東武士層を権力基盤とする頼朝は軍事貴族としての地位を否定し、鎌倉殿という新たな武家棟梁の地位を確立した。しかし頼朝は9ヶ国の知行国主であり、まだ軍事貴族としての性格を強く持っていたが、頼朝の血統の断絶により、軍事貴族と呼ぶべき実態は発展的に解消されていった。
一方、頼朝の政権確立後も大内惟義・源頼茂・藤原秀康など一部の軍事貴族は頼朝と主従関係を結びながらも、従来のように治天の君である後鳥羽上皇によって検非違使や北面の武士に任じられて朝廷や京都市中の警固にあたるとともに朝廷の軍事力の基盤を担っていた。だが、彼らの多くが上皇が起こした承久の乱に連座して滅亡に追い込まれ、姿を消すことになった[3]。
平氏政権の滅亡は、在地農民層を武士の起源とする見解からは、平氏が武家としての本分を忘れて公家に取り込まれてしまったのが原因とされた。しかし、公家を武家の起源とする見地から見れば、むしろ平氏は軍事貴族としての従来の立場、武家としての本分に忠実であったと言える。平氏を打倒した源氏の側が、軍事貴族としての立場より、その軍事力の源である在地領主層を基盤とする立場にシフトするという、新路線を歩んだのである。
また、南北朝時代に室町幕府を開いた足利尊氏も、広義的な意味で軍事貴族として征夷大将軍となるも、応仁の乱によって足利将軍家は軍事貴族の機能を喪失して下剋上を迎えたことから、完全に軍事貴族の意義は途絶えてしまった。
脚注
- ^ 関幸彦『東北の争乱と奥州合戦』吉川弘文館、2006年
- ^ 平氏や源氏、藤原氏など中央の名門の末流が軍事貴族化していくこうした流れの他、地方の土着の豪族が軍事貴族化した流れもあったのではないかとの指摘もあり、それぞれの一族の中から鎮守府将軍を輩出している。
- ^ 木村英一「六波羅探題の成立と公家政権」『鎌倉時代公武関係と六波羅探題』（清文堂出版、2016年） ISBN 978-4-7924-1037-7（原論文:2002年）
参考文献
- 野口実 『武家の棟梁の条件』 中央公論社〈中公新書〉、1994年、ISBN 4121012178
- 下向井龍彦 『日本の歴史07 武士の成長と院政』 講談社、2001年、ISBN 4062689073
関連項目
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Military noble
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