2017년 2월 20일 월요일

History of English phoneme

History of English phoneme

The history of English phoneme (えいごのおんいんし) is the history of the English phoneme.

The description of the change of each gnarl is the times sequentially roughly. A note: The sketchy description is the following meanings:


Table of contents

I it (Akimoto 0–200) in last part of German parent language

I handle a change to reach the west German parent language in the second century in A.D. from the latter period of the German parent language.

  • Old i- umlaut: /e/ becomes /i/ under the influence of /i/ of the next syllable or /j/.
    • Because this occurred before a weak vowel sound disappeared; PIE /bereti/ > PG /bereθi/ > /beriθi/ > It becomes Goth [baíriθ] /beriθ/ "(he) carries".
    • /i/ which occurred by this change causes later i- umlaut. An example: WG /beriθ/ > /biriθ/ > OE /birθ/ "(he) carries".
  • A-umlaut: When the next syllable is not a narrow vowel, /u/ becomes /o/.
    • When there is the blend with the nasal or a blend including j behind a consonant, this change does not occur. PG /gulda/ for this purpose > OE/NE gold, PG /guldjanan/ > OE gyldan > It becomes NE gild.
    • Phoneme /o/ occurs because of this change newly.
  • /n/ in front of /x/ falls off, and nasalization and the compensation extension of the vowel sound occur.
    • The nasalization was left to the front that led to Old English, but disappeared.
    • PrePG /tongjonom/ for this purpose > PG > /θankjanan/ > OEþencan > Become NE think, but PrePG /tonktoːm/ > PG /θanxtoːn/ > /θãːxtoːn/ > OE [þóhte] > It becomes NE thought.
  • Ending of a word /n/ causes nasalization (I disappear later) and compensation extension and falls off. PrePG /dʱogʱom/ for this purpose > PG /dagam/ > PN /daga/ > WG /dag/ "day (it becomes singular build ".
  • The narrow vowel before the nasal: It is /e/ before nasal + consonant > It becomes /i/. PrePG /bʱendʱonom/ > PG /bendanan/ > /bindanan/ > OE bindan > NE bind (Latin [of-fendō]) .
    • This change occurred after disappearance of /n/ in front of /x/.
    • It was applied to all the vowel sounds before the nasal in this change PreOE. OE niman "" OHG neman to take.
  • /ei/ > /iː/ (about A.D. 100). The distinction of two characters is seen in Old rune to express north German parent language.
  • I weaken or the vowel sound without the accent falls off. The device is the complexity that occurred for several hundred years. It is the characteristic equal to the first stage as follows:
    • The short vowel of the ending of a word that I succeeded from German parent language almost disappeared. [baíriθ] /beriθ/ "(he) carries" <PG /bereθi/
      • This change occurred by the words more than a three elegant sounds clause widely. /a/ and /e/ of the end disappeared by the word of two syllables, but /i/ and /u/ were not affected in the short (when or there is one consonant 0 behind a short vowel). (1)PG /dagaz/ > Goth dags "day (nom. sing.) "(OE dæg), PIE /woida/ > PG /waita/ > Goth wáit "(I) know" (OE [wát]), PIE /woide/ > PG /waite/ > Goth "wáit" "(he) knows" (OE [wát]),(2) PIE /sunus/ > PG /sunuz/ > Goth sunus "son (the singular nominative case) "(OE sunu), PIE /peku/ > PG /fehu/ > Goth faíhu /fehu/ "calf (the singular nominative case) "(OE feohu), PIE /wenis/ > PG /weniz/ > /winiz/ > OHG wini "friend (the singular nominative case) "(OE wine), PIE /poːdi/ > PG /foːti/ > PreOE /føːti/ > OE [fét] "Foot (singular dative) ".
      • When /a/ and /e/ of the ending of a word were accompanied by /r/ and /ns/ with two syllables, they did not disappear. PG /fader/ > NE father; PG /stainans/ > Goth stáinans "stone (the plural accusatives)".
      • PN /dagaz/, Goth dags "day (nom. sg.) which /a/ and /e/ of the ending of a word are two syllables, but does not disappear in the North European parent language ". PN /daga/, Goth dag "day (acc. sg.) ".
    • The long vowel of the ending of a word became a short sound.
      • However, /oː/ of the ending of a word became /a/ by /u/, Gothic in NWG. PG /beroː/ > early OE beru "first person singular ",Goth baíra; which progresses PG /geboː/ > OE giefu "present (the singular nominative case)", Goth giba.
    • The vowel sound of the center of a word, the vowel sound of the Buddhist preaching clause word did not change.
    • So-called "super long vowel" became a short sound and became the long vowel. It is controversial whether there were the following changes.
      • When two vowel sounds which were adjacent in the ending of a word condense it by the traditional opinion and became the long vowel, a circumflex accent (such as the Greek) produces it, and it is said that the vowel sound of this circumflex accent kept it with a long sound even after other vowel sounds make it a short sound.
      • A vowel sound of 3 morra occurs because of the condensation of two vowel sounds by the slightly new opinion, and it is said that the long vowel of the ending of a word kept a long sound before a specific consonant (/z/, /d/) more.
      • It depends on the reason to put up such an opinion having become a short sound in long vowels of the ending of a word, and there being the thing which there was not. Singular nominative case /-oːn/ first person singular /-oːn/ </-oːm/ became a short sound, but plural genitive /-oːn/ </-oːm/ remained with being long. Plural opposing opinion mentioned above suppose long vowel, circumflex accent /-ôːn/ of three morra due to the inflection (PIE /o/,/aː/, PG /a/,/oː/) of the vowel sound type or the vowel sound trunk in a genitive.
      • It is plural nominative case /-ôz/ <early PIE /-o-es/,/-aː-es/ of the a stem of a word ó stem of a word, PrePG singular ablative case /-ôd/, /-êd/ (Gothic [ƕadrē] "whither", undarō"under"), /ō/- stem of a word singular dative PG /gibâi/ to a thing said to that I remained in a long sound elsewhere > Goth gibái "gift" (however, as for the /a/ stem of a word singular dative PG /stainai/ > There is Goth staina "stone").

I it (Akimoto 200–400) for the West Germanic period

  • /ai/ which a diphthong without the accent makes a short sound > /æː/, /au/ > /oː/.
    • PIE /sunous/ for this purpose > PG /sunauz/ > Goth sunáus, > PWG /sunoː/ > OE suna "son (gen. sing.) ", PIE /nemoit/ > PG /nemait/ > /nimait/ > Goth nimái, but > PWG /nimæː/ > OE nime "(he) takes (subj.) ", PIE (loc.?) /stoinoi/ > PG /stainai/ > Goth staina, but > PWG /stainæː/ > OE [stáne] "stone (dat. sing.) ", PIE (loc.?) /gʱebʱaːi/ > PG /gebâi/ > Goth gibái, but > PWG /gebæː/ > OE giefe "gift" (singular dative).
  • /æː/ becomes /aː/,[ɑː].
  • /z/ of the ending of a word disappears.
    • This change of the low tachism it should be noted that got up before occurring.
    • However, I got up after North Germanic and West Germanic did a sect because /z/ of the ending of a word became /r/ by Old Norse, and this change was kept.
  • Low tachism: /z/ > /r/.
    • This change happens in north German parent language, but, in the case of north German parent language, there is a divergent view in the generation and a property. It is said that /r/ was distinguished from /z/ in the times of Old Norse by a record of the rune (an example using the rune of /r/ is not seen for a sound of /z/).
  • As for becoming it, a short vowel comes before, and /j/ does not produce a double consonant of the West Germanic behind in continuing /r/.
    • Probably plural nominative case /as/ (ME /s/, OS nominative plural /oːs/) of OE depends on the plural accusatives (/ans/). (as for the essentially plural nominative case /oːz/.plural cf. ON /ar/)

I it (Akimoto 400–475) in a transition period

  • Disappearance of the nasal of North Sea Germanic: The nasal before the fricative disappears, and compensation extension happens. PG /munθaz/ for this purpose > It becomes NG mund but OE [múþ], NE mouth.
    • It is /ãː/ with a nasal vowel temporarily > It became /õː/. PIE /dontos/ > PG /tanθaz/ > OE [tóθ] "tooth". (NHG Zahn <OHG zant.)
  • Distinction of /ɑ/-/æ/ occurs newly.
    • /ɑː/ becomes /æː/ (the subsequent case varies in /w/).
    • Fronting of /ɑ/ to /æ/ (when a double consonant continues behind, the cases that 後母音 includes in a syllable behind are different). OE dæg /dæj/ "day", plural dagas /dɑɣɑs/ "days" (NE dialect "dawes"; compare NE "dawn" <OE dagung /dɑɣung/). for this purpose It becomes plural Gothic dags, [dagós].
    • /ai/ becomes /ɑː/. PG /stainaz/ > OE [stán] > NE stone.

I it (Akimoto 475–900) for Old English period

  • Breaking of the front vowel
    • Generally speaking, I get up before /x/, /w/, /r/ + consonant, /l/ + consonant. However, it varies according to a vowel sound.
  • Falling diphthong to be over in /u/ changes, and, from /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/ which /ɪ̆ʊ̆/ has a short, it is in /æɑ/, /eo/, /iu/ having a long short /æ̆ɑ̆/, /ɛ̆ɔ̆/, from long /æː/, /eː/, /iː/. (in ea, eo, io, in the notation top, length is not distinguished.)
    • 単後母音 appears not a diphthong in a dialect, e.g., the angle dialect. West Saxon ceald,Anglian cald > NE cold.
  • /ɪ̆ʊ̆/ and /iu/ become /ɛ̆ɔ̆/ and /eo/ in 800-900 age in A.D.
  • /au/ became /æa/ by the change mentioned above via /æu/.
    • PG /draumaz/ > OE [dréam] "愉悦" (cf. NE dream, NHG Traum). PG /dauθuz/ > OE [déaþ] > NE death (Goth [dáuθus], NHG Tod). PG /augoː/ > OE [éage] > NE eye (Goth [áugō], NHG Auge).
  • /sk/ becomes /ʃ/ in most sound environment. PG /skipaz/ > NE ship (cf skipper <Dutch schipper, does not change). PG /skurtjaz/ > OE scyrte > NE shirt, > ON skyrt > NE skirt.
  • /k/, /ɣ/, /g/ becomes /ʧ/, /j/, /ʤ/ before and after a front vowel.
    • Frisian has the change similar to this.
  • When /i/, /j/ are included in a syllable behind, 後母音 becomes a front vowel (i- umlaut.in about A.D. 500).
    • The i- umlaut happens in dialects of Germanic except Gothic. It is thought that I opened from the area (Anglian, the late place of Saxon group) of the current シュレースヴィヒ Holstein.
    • A Japanese yen lips front vowel (/œ/, /øː/, /ʏ/, /yː/) in this way occurred newly. /œ/ and /øː/ returned to /ɛ/ and /eː/ immediately.
    • As for all the short diphthongs, all /ɪ̆ʏ̆/, long diphthongs became /iy/. (this interpretation included a divergent view, and this sound was written with ie and has been interpreted when it was /ɪ̆ɛ̆/ and /ie/ traditionally.)
    • This diphthong is made a single sound in late Old English by /ʏ/,/yː/.
    • Forms of words do not show factor that caused umlaut directly later. (disappearance of /j/, a vowel sound of /i/)
  • The weakening of the atonic advances:
    • /oː/ becomes /ɑ/.
    • /ɪ/,/ʊ/ with the long syllable disappears behind.
  • Palate-related diphthongization: Diphthongization occurs with the syllable including /j/, /ʧ/, /ʃ/ in prefix; a > ea, e > It becomes ie. However, I am controversial whether it was really pronounced whether it is only notation for this to express a palatal consonant in a diphthong. (similarly it may be uncertain whether you express /g/ or /ɣ/, /k/, /sk/ whether notation of g, c, sc expresses /j/, /ʧ/, /ʃ/ in OE.)
    • As a similar change as custom in the spelling o > eo, u > There is known to be eo. /jung/ > OE geong /jung/ > If geong is /ɛ̆ɔ̆/ literally, NE "young", the modern forms of words should become *yeng.
    • It is controversial whether there is an example of middle English in line with such an interpretation.
  • /ɣ/ of the prefix becomes /g/ in late Old English.

It is late Old English (Akimoto 900–1400) for middle English period

  • A vowel sound in front of (probably including /ng/, /rl/, /rn/) before /ld/, /mb/, /nd/, /rd/ becomes a long sound. When three consonants continue, I do not get up.
    • Probably the outbreak is about A.D. 1000.
    • Many vowel sounds become a short sound later and come back. But a long sound is common with the book of the ohm.
    • This influence is seen in pronunciation such as child (but children is different because the third consonant continues), field (including yield, wield, shield) of the current English, climb, find (including mind, kind, bind,), fiend, found (including hound, bound).
  • When more than 2 consonants come behind a vowel sound, a vowel sound makes a short sound an upper long sound except becoming it.
    • There were two phases in this and produced it when a consonant came more than three at the first stage.
  • The second ingredient disappeared, and the double sound of the narrow vowel that I succeeded from Old English made it a single sound in what the first ingredient made a long sound.
  • /æː/ and /ɑː/ became /ɛː/ and /ɔː/.
  • /æ/ and /ɑ/ joined /a/.
  • /ʏ/ and /yː/ lost the roundness of lips, and they became /ɪ/ and /iː/.
  • When gathering was pronounced in a vowel sound, /ɣ/ turned into /w/ or /j/.
  • A diphthong with /w/ and /j/ was in this way caused by the above newly.
    • In the case of this diphthong, distinction of the length disappeared.
    • In addition, a diphthong occurred because of ferry sound /w/ when I preceded one of /x/, the insertion of /j/.
    • Many diphthongs joined immediately afterwards.
  • The short sound of the third syllable: When two syllables continue after the syllable with the accent, the vowel sound with the accent becomes a short sound.
    • Therefore, a difference such as divine and divinity, south and southern (OE súðerne) of the current English occurred.
  • The long sound of the open syllable of middle English: The vowel sound of the open syllable makes a long sound the short sound mentioned above unless becoming it gets up (the thirteenth century).
  • The vowel sound without the accent joins vague vowel sound /ə/.
  • /h/ of /hɾ/, /hl/, /hn/ of the I prefix disappears.
  • The vocal sound fricative (the thing which became vocal sound of f,þ,s in Old English) becomes the independent phoneme by the borrowing and a phonological transition.
  • /sw/ in front of 後母音 becomes /s/. In addition, /mb/ becomes /m/.
    • I am seen in sword, answer, lamb of the current English.
    • But /w/ of swore depends on an analogy of swear.

I it (Akimoto 1400–1600) for average English, initial Modern English period

  • Disappearance of the diphthong
    • /ai/ (including /ɛi/ which became /ai/ during an English early stage) becomes /ɑː/ before Great English Vowel Shift.
    • /ou/ (including /ɔu/ which became /ou/ in a middle English early stage) becomes /oː/, and /ei/ becomes /eː/ afterwards.
    • /au/ becomes /ɔː/ after Great English Vowel Shift.
    • /iu/ joins /ɛu/. It becomes /juː/ after Great English Vowel Shift.
    • /oi/ joins /ʊi/. Thus, point and joy are the same sounds now.
    • /ei/ joins /ai/. Thus, rain and rein are the same sounds now.
    • /iu/ joins /y/. Thus, dew and duke are the same sounds now.
    • /oi/ just remains
    • It is said that becoming it does not become complete, and monophthong is it in distinction of pane/pain and toe/tow in north England, yeast Anglia, south Wales, some dialects of Newfoundland. (Wells 1982, pp. 192–94, 337, 357, 384–85, 498)
  • /x/ (written as gh) disappears in many dialects.
  • Great English Vowel Shift： It is diphthongization the narrow vowel of the long vowel
    • /ɑː/, /ɛː/, /eː/ becomes /ɛː/, /eː/, /iː/.
    • /ɔː/, /oː/ becomes /oː/, /uː/.
    • /iː/, /uː/ becomes /əi/, /əu/ and becomes /au/ later in /ai/.
    • /ɔː/ arises from /au/ newly. (the above)
    • It should be noted the point that changes to be out of /ɔː/, /oː/, /uː/, /au/ sequentially.
    • /ɛː/, /eː/ becomes /eː/, /iː/ again, and /iː/ joins /eː/ successively. But distinction is kept by the spelling as ea, ee.
  • /ə/ of the ending of a word disappears.
  • /gn/ becomes /n/. But the spelling is just stored.
  • /kn/ becomes /n/ in many dialects.
  • /wr/ becomes /r/ in many dialects.
  • A double consonant comes to be pronounced by a single consonant.

Sect (Akimoto 1600–1725) of the American English

  • After Old English when there was it, all /r/ became /ɹ/.
    • Only the front of the consonant is considered to have been /ɹ/ in Old English.
    • I keep /r/ by the Scots.
  • /ʊ/ is divided into /ʊ/ (it tends to be kept before a labial) and /ʌ/ (most of others) except north England dialect.
  • /ng/ comes to be pronounced /ŋ/ in most dialects.
  • /tj/, /sj/, /dj/, /zj/ becomes palate, and /ʧ/, /ʃ/, /ʤ/, new phoneme /ʒ/ (e.g.,: measure, vision) occurs.
    • The row of this consonant emerges in French, an absorbed word of the Latin.
    • The pronunciation of tion was /sjən/ in succession to /sjon/ of the OFr, but, therefore, became /ʃən/.
  • A long vowel became a short sound in a closed syllable partially. (including current English head, breath, bread, blood)
  • Meet and meat became the same sound in most dialects.
  • In the case of vowel sound +/r/ (+ consonant), a vowel sound is affected in the ending of a word.
    • /ɔ/ of /a/ and north of start becomes a long sound.
    • /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ join /ɛ/. Therefore, fern, fir,fur is the same sound in the present age.
    • Because the case comes under an influence with the affix, it is not the same sound in starry and marry.
    • The Scots is not affected.
  • /a/ (cat,trap) is pronounced [æ] in many areas.
    • There is the thing becoming /ɔː/ in the ending of a word. tall, talk, bald, salt of the current English fulfills this, but becomes /æ/ in /ɑ/, -alf in -alm.
    • Phoneme /ɑ/ arises from /alm/ newly. (calm /kɑm/,father /fɑðə(ɹ)/)
    • The sounds such as cat, trap remain as [a] in north England, Wales, Scotland.
  • /l/ of /lk/, /lm/, /lf/ disappears (the above).
  • pane and pain become the same sound in most dialects.
  • toe and tow become the same sound in most dialects.
  • Vocal sound velar sound (/ŋ/, /g/), /ɔ/ before the silent fricative (/s/, /f/, /θ/) become a long sound depending on a dialect. Therefore, long, log, loss, cloth, off is accompanied by /ɔː/ in the American English.

I it (Akimoto 1725–1900) until the modern 20th century

  • /ɒ/ of lot, bother becomes /ɑ/ and the same sound of father in North America.
    • This does not rise in the New England such as New York New Jersey dialect or Boston dialect. (Wells 1982, pp. 245–47)
    • Becoming it is seen, but does not assimilate de-Japanese yen lips of EME /ɒ/ clearly in Norwich, a waist country. (Wells 1982, pp. 339–40, 419)
  • /æ/ in front of /s/, /f/, /θ/,/n/,/m/ becomes /ɑː/ in south England.
    • A vowel sound is /ɑː/, but pass, glass, grass, class is in this way pronounced /æ/ in Received Pronunciation in mass, crass. (all six of them are the same sounds in United States, north England, Scotland.)
  • British (in some United States) /hw/, /ʍ/ becomes /w/, and wine is pronounced whine with the same sound mainly.
  • When it is specific environment, /t/, /d/ are pronounced in [ɾ] of the bullet sound in U.S. Australia.
    • It is in (including [ɹ̩], [l̩],[m̩]) during a vowel sound and gets up generally when a syllable behind does not have an accent.
    • However, I do not get up in American English in front of [n̩]. An example: cotton [kɑʔn̩].
  • [ɪ] which became loose of the ending of a word is pronounced [i] like happy.
  • /ɔɪ/ is confused with /aɪ/.

After 1900

It is capricious and has not yet colonized.

  • /æ/ is pronounced [eə] in a dialect of the American English.
  • A specific word pronounces /æ/ [æː] by big talk.
  • There is the person who pronounces /x/ of loch of the Scots /k/ in the young group of Glasgow. [1], [2]
  • /ɛ/ before the nasal is pronounced /ɪ/ in the United States. I open with the thing which began with a Southern dialect rapidly these days.

Reference

It is acquired by "history of phoneme &oldid=60485205 of https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= English"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia History of English phoneme

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