Helmet (motorcycle)

In the case of a fall and an accident taking, the helmet is one of the physical equipment to protect the head for crew in a motorcycle and a vehicle to follow. The thing due to the head injury is the most, and, as for the cause of death in the accident during a motorcycle ride, the wearing of the helmet is done with recommendation to duty as the thing which therefore prevents a head injury, and is reduced.

Origin

A motorcycle is invented in the late 19th century, and use began in the early 20th century, but there is not the custom to wear a helmet for a long time; for the accident have not been studied. However, I got the conclusion that it largely reduced the death toll to that Hugh Cairns of the surgeon who was the member of the treatment team used a helmet including the study of the injury by getting on at motorcycle accidents because Thomas Edward Lawrence known as Arabian Lawrence was in an accident during a motorcycle ride and died of a head injury. This is an immediate early study indicating the effectiveness of the helmet [¹]. The increase of the fatal accident was brought into question while motorcycles spread in all the countries of the world and came to be become standardization, duty afterwards in each country.

Difference by the shape

Helmet (from the left sequentially open face form, full-faced helmet form, Flip Up form) for the motorcycle

The classifications by the shape are as follows.

Half form: I am called the half sphere, half cap, wooden bowl form. Put it on willingly, and it is an advantage to be cheap, but it is a fault that a protection range is small, and a shock to the both sides of the head region is easy to become the fatal injury in particular (the skull of the part equal to the upper part of the ear is relatively thin). I am prepared by the standard for the motorcycle to 125cc cubic centimeter displacement in Japan.
Three-quarters form: A protection range more temporal than half form is enlarged to degree to cover up half of the ears and is called the cicada jet form from the place that is half form and a middle shape of the open face form (jet form). There is much use by the motorcycle for duties. There is the thing which a shield can attach and might injure a face when I fall down from face if there is not a shield. But even if there is a shield, I can protect face, but might damage a chin. Things prepared by the standard for the motorcycle to 125cc cubic centimeter displacement are often found in Japan.
Open face form: The type that I cover both sides of the head part and almost all occipital, but the face is exposed. I am called the jet form from the shape of the helmet which the pilot of the old fighter jet put on. It is safer than two mentioned above and does not spoil the area of the field of vision, a feeling of opening, convenience (because I do not cover the face, I drink water with putting on a helmet and can talk). There is the thing which a shield can attach. I am almost prepared by the standard for the motorcycle of all displacement volume in Japan.
Full-faced helmet form: I am called the integral form. I added Japanese spaniel guard (cover of the part of the chin) to open face form. The view will be covered other than a part to secure. It is the higher safe (when I fall down from face) biggest advantage and is particularly superior in comfort in running it at high speed because it is hard to roll up wind again. I can prevent the damage to face and the head, but it is easy to take load to a neck and might cause spinal cord injury or dyspnea. In addition, because lips are covered, I may disturb lifesaving measures such as the securing of respiratory tract, and therefore there is the thing of the structure that can take off a helmet at the time of the accident outbreak called the helmet remover immediately. A helmet with a built-in air bag is developed by the APC systems that is a Spanish helmet maker. Furthermore, the safety only costs an air bag jacket or a neck brace system and a thing putting together to reduce the load to a neck. I am prepared by the standard for the motorcycle of all displacement volume basically. I develop the helmet that Bikesystems, BMW embed HUD including SKULLY.

With full-faced helmet form and the open face form, there is the thing that the air port called the ventilation system is established and becomes comfortable during a run against an appearance by such a type coolly. I make a UV cut on a shield for a woman, and there is the thing of the structure that reduces involution of the wind of the side shield, and made much of lightness and is called family form recently.

The half form seems to be cool at a glance, but there is not a ventilation system, and the inside is stuffy in the summertime because there is not breathability and becomes cold so that a face is numb with the numerousness of the outcrop in winter. It is more unpleasant than jet form and full-faced helmet form at such a point. In addition, there is the problem to become hard to hear neighboring sounds because of the noise of the round tile sound at the time of the high-speed run because the half form exposes an ear to light.

Because the full-faced helmet form made exclusively for off-road is made as the race use that I did including motocross, the view is bad. Therefore I take off a shield and may wear goggles. Every shield can open and close a face guard part while being full-faced helmet form, and there is the thing of the structure that the division, the union with the hat body is free and is called Flip Up form (system form) recently. The crossover form that a no runs group produces can attach and detach Japanese spaniel guard depending on the situation and can change the visor, too.

Use limit

As for the helmet, a buffer material and an integumentary covering deteriorate after production over time. It is hard to understand the deterioration situation by the appearance, but is considered to be an aim of the life if it becomes looser than the new purchase [²]. Two Japanese helmet makers touch the guarantee of quality of seven years after production after the purchase in a North American market for five years and sell it [³], but [⁴] recommends the exchange in time limits in the Japanese market for indication validity of the SG mark because it is after beginning to use with the helmet for the ride (after the purchase) at three years [⁵].

In addition, because the helmet protects the head by being destroyed for a shock, I lose protection ability even if the apparently big damage is not seen in the thing which I was strongly shocked by even once, and exchange is necessary.

Wearing duty

in Japan

When I do a public road run by transportation defined as a motor bike or a common motorcycle, a large motorcycle by Road Traffic Act in Japan, duty to wear a helmet is established by the law. Even in the case of thoraIku defined as the compact car of minicar as defined in the motor bike and two or two light cars in Road Vehicles Law, there is not the wearing duty to be usually treated as the car in Road Traffic Act.

The thing called "the helmet for the ride" is done with the helmet for the two-wheeled vehicle competition supplied for the auto race of the municipally operated race in (1952) in 1952 first in Japan [⁶]. As for the helmet wearing duty in Japan, the helmet wearing effort duty (there are no penal regulations) on the expressway was prescribed in (1965) in 1965, and imposition (there are no penal regulations) was considered to be it the helmet wearing on the road more than 40km maximum speed regulation in (1972) in 1972. The imposition that there were penal regulations in was started in (1975) in 1975, and the helmet wearing of the motorcycle more than 50cc was made mandatory in ordinance-designated city section. The helmet wearing of the motorcycle more than 50cc was made mandatory on all roads (except the road where but is with less than 30km/h of speed limit) in (1978) in 1978. The wearing of the helmet on all roads (including the road with less than 30km/h of speed limit) was obliged to all motorcycles including the motor bike in (1986) in 1986. A thing by increase of the in the background motorcycle population of the imposition from the 1960s through the 70s and the accident increase of the young rider is big.

Each country

The law in the United States of America varies according to a state. There is not duty of the helmet wearing in Iowa, Illinois, New Hampshire, and, in 26 states including Texas and Florida, only a young fellow and a beginner are obliged to carry out wearing. It is 21 states including California and New York that wearing is completely made mandatory. There was wearing duty in 40 states as of 1970, but by the pressure from lobbying and the industry like the present it was in a situation.^{[The source required]}

I received the frequent occurrence of the motorcycle accident in Vietnam, and the wearing duty of the helmet was started on December 15, 2007 [the ^{source required}].

Standard

It is hard to understand the safety of the helmet only by having picked it up and it is demanded from the unsafety that various standards are established and follow it to be connected directly with danger of the life.

in Japan

A standard to be good in Japan includes JIS, SG or PSC, and the inspection contents which are small every standard are different. In addition, association of motorcycle sports (MFJ) in Japan determines a standard in acknowledgment of use of competition in the circuit.

The helmet for the ride of Japan is considered to be a specific product by safety law for everyday consumer goods, and a company corresponds; inspect it, and if there is not a PSC mark (PS mark) that is indication of the adapted effect, sell it to the technical standard that established in a country as "the helmet for the ride" and cannot exhibit it [⁷]; [⁸]. A production company and the import company are required to do self-confirmation (inspection in the company or appropriate inspection organization) with a target product, and it is the condition that a PSC mark can display if report it that met the uniformity matter including making it, and keeping it of the inspection record concerned if the result adapts to a technique standard, and sale and an exhibition are enabled as "the helmet for the ride" in Japan [⁷]; [⁸]. I perform the making of enforcement of the inspection of the target product and the inspection record concerned in association of product security, and it is an SG mark object product if there is the indication application of the SG mark system on this occasion [⁸].

MFJ standard: The competition-response standard that association of motorcycle sports in Japan established. I receive authorization of JIS or Snel standard (follows) either, but a standard varies according to a competition use, and it is for a road race, and penetration characteristics-resistant almost become the Snel standard conformity [⁹].
.1 kinds (limitation less than 125cc) in JIS T8133 (2007 revised edition): Assume that is used only in two-wheeled vehicles less than 125cc; and a standard for the purpose of the minimum safe security. Safety was strengthened in comparison with an A class past old JIS. Three-quarters form corresponds half form.
.2 kinds (unlimited displacement volume) in JIS T8133 (2007 revised edition): The standard that assumed the use by all two-wheeled vehicles regardless of displacement volume. Safe reinforcement was planned basically while being based on an old C class. There is the part becoming sweet on a penetration-related test-resistant partly, but it is said that it is the safest in conventional Japanese Industrial Standards. Open face form, full-faced helmet form corresponds.
It is an A class old Japanese Industrial Standards: The standard that use is permitted only in two-wheeled vehicles less than 125cc. Only safety at the low speed is secured.
It is a B class old Japanese Industrial Standards: It supports a two-wheeled vehicle more than 125cc, and the necessary safety meets it to a minimum.
It is a C class old Japanese Industrial Standards: It is the safest in the old Japanese Industrial Standards.
PSC mark: "The helmet for the ride" sold in Japan has this indication by all means and shows that I adapt to the technique standard that safety law for everyday consumer goods establishes. Even if there is the indication of other standards if there is not this indication, sale, the exhibition is not accepted as "the helmet for the ride". There were "limitation less than 125cc" and two kinds of standards of "displacement volume is unlimited" as well as the Japanese Industrial Standards mentioned above, and it was A class of former JIS, B class equivalency each, but I was raised in one kind of .2 kinds considerable standard of JIS2007 (2010) in 2010 by revision in May, and safety was strengthened.
SG mark: I am displayed to the product which admitted that I meet a standard by examination of association of product security. Standard contents in itself is equal to PSC, but the examination by the third party is required (the PSC is enough only by the inspection in the maker), and it is accompanied bodily injury liability insurance (100 million yen limit) for time when damage occurred by the defect of the product. The SG mark is arbitrary, but SG mark is displayed along with PSC by most of the helmets circulating in Japan.

Legal standard

The legal standard of the helmet for the ride to use for a motorcycle in Japan is determined as follows by Road Traffic Act.

Four of Road Traffic Act Article 71: 1. You let the person who the driver of a large motorcycle or the common motorcycle runs a large motorcycle or a normal motorcycle without putting on the helmet for the ride or does not put on the helmet for the ride take it and must not run a large size motorcycle or a normal motorcycle.; 2. The driver of the motor bike must not drive a motor bike without putting on the helmet for the ride.; (3-5.abbreviation); 6. It establishes the standard of the helmet for the ride of Clause 1 and Clause 2 in a Cabinet Office law.

Standard of the helmet for the Cabinet Office law (five of Road Traffic Act enforcement regulations Article 9) ride: 1. Get right and left, a field of vision of the top and bottom enough.; 2. Being structure without sunshade hanging down by the wind pressure, and disturbing a field of vision.; 3. Being structure not to harm a hearing ability remarkably.; 4. There is shock absorbency and a hat body have penetration characteristics-resistant.; 5. Have the chin strap which you can fix not to come off by a shock easily.; 6. Weight being less than 2 kilograms.; 7. Do not be the structure that might hurt health.

If the flat legal standard for the helmet for the motorcycle is established in the coming and going method in this way and meets this standard, there is not the problem even if I just use it regardless of current standards.

But because, as for the standard, classification parts separately from law (the said article), and the helmet of limitation less than 125cc is a low standard of the protection ability not to premise the run on the expressway; at the time of the accident outbreak is at great risk of [¹⁰].

The thing that clear smoke mirror type and they were put together is all available for the shield (shelter belt, visor) if I met SG authorization standard.

Because penal regulations may be applied, and protection performance is met, or it is unknown, and the risk is very high, and it is the again direction for uses out of the standard as for the helmet which is not recognized for ride use at the time of the public road run, the safe helmet or the helmet fashion helmet for the decoration to have similar appearance and structure for rides, enough protection may not be received with various aspects such as insurance [⁶].

Each country

There is an individual standard in all the countries of the world,

EU, ECE R22-05
U.K., BSI 6658 and ACU
United States and Canada, DOT FMVSS 218
Brazil, NBR 7471
Australia and New Zealand, AS/NZS 1698
Indonesia, SNI
Vietnam, TCVN 5756
Malaysia, SIRIM QAS
India, IS 4151
Korea, KS
Taiwan, CNS

などがあり, the helmet maker must meet these standards. In addition, a private standard includes SNELL (Snel standard), and a product is sold in all the countries of the world. This is a safe standard of various helmets by the American Snel memory foundation [¹¹], and the standard for the motorcycle is updated by a unit since M85 of the establishment for five years in 1984, and, as for the latest standard, it is in M2010. That the examination of the SNELL standard is strict in a helmet standard [¹²].

Test method

There are a common part and an original part by each maker and standard about the test method in the safety of the helmet of the motorcycle and is a representative test as follows.

Shock absorption test: 人体頭部模型（ダミーヘッド。以下、人頭模型）にヘルメットをかぶらせ、各規格で定められた高さから落とすことにより人頭模型へのダメージを検証するテスト。規格によって落とす高さやどこにダメージを与えるかが違う。; Snell M2010では7.75 m/s (27.9km/h) での衝突を行う^[13]。
耐貫通性テスト: 突起物に対するヘルメットの強度を測るテスト。実際に重量物をヘルメットに落として行う。路上には突起物が無数にあるためそれがヘルメットに当たった際にヘルメットを貫通してしまうようでは安全とはいえないことから行われる。
顎紐テスト: 転倒時や事故発生時に顎紐が伸びたり、切れたりすることでヘルメットが頭から外れてしまわないかを調べるテスト。顎紐に重量物を取り付けて規定の距離で落として顎紐の状態を調べる。
ロールオフテスト: ヘルメットを脱がすような力を加え、ヘルメットが脱げないかを調べるテスト。壁に固定した人頭模型にヘルメットをかぶせ、ヘルメットが脱げるような力を加えて調べる。
チンバーテスト: ヘルメットの顎（チン・バー）部分の強度を測るテスト。転倒時に顎を打つライダーも多いため顔面を傷つける恐れがあることから顎部分に錘を落とすことで強度を調べる。