Family, private property, the national origin
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Writing of Friedrich Engels that a first edition was published in (かぞく, しゆうざいさん, こっかのきげん, German: Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats) in 1884 in "a family, private property, the national origin." For historical view to assume a nation and monogamy, private property a self-evident thing, they generated it in a historic thing namely the condition that there was and insisted when they did extinction (change) with the cancellation of the again condition.
Table of contents
Process of the establishment
Using a summary (notebook) of "the ancient times society" of Lewis Henry Morgan which curl Marx who was a sworn friend of Engels wrote, Engels finished it originally to be in the preface of this book saying "the following chapters carried out a will to some extent". Engels discovered this notebook after death of Marx in February, 1884 and wrote it in the exceptional speed to finish writing in May. There was the socialist control method at the stage in 1884 and couldn't but consider it, but I received the abolition of the law and increased it to double with four. The main part which I increased accounts for a one-third or more of the whole writing in the chapter about the family of Chapter 2 and is the chapter which Engels regarded as important most.
Outline of this book
This book consists of nine next chapters.
- Culture stages of the Chapter 1 - prehistory
- Chapter 2 - family
- Family of the Chapter 3 - Iroquois
- Family of Chapter 4 - Greece
- Establishment of the Chapter 5 - Athnes nation
- A family and nation of Chapter 6 - Rome
- Chapter 7 - Celt and German family
- The national formation of the Chapter 8 - German
- Chapter 9 - uncivilized times and civilization era
Contents of each chapter
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It is the chapter which outlined a figure of development of the humanity which Chapter 1 passes through "it is uncivilized" from "being barbarian" which "is in a transient state" that a human being just separated from the animal kingdom, and reaches "the civilization". I divide it into "it is uncivilized" by a life technology saying "I am barbarian" and use a method to divide for さらにそのなかを "high rank, medium rank, low rank" stage.
Chapter 2 restores a-like family form substantially for the (1) beginning, and three parts called a family and the marriage in the socialist society how the woman is freed in part clarifying the origin of today's monogamy, criticism, (3) of the monogamy in the (2) class society are written. I take up the example that a blood relationship name system contradicts the family system to exist in the American Indian including the Iroquois (Iroquois), an Indian tribe. Engels is here; "promiscuity (nonregulation sex )→ blood relationship → プナルア → group marriage → contraposition to get married to get married gets married called thought about a development diagram, and was overturned, and, with establishment of the private ownership system, a matriarchal system clan society did it when "defeat (Engels) of the world history of the woman" got up. The private property shifted from a patriarchy to monogamy, and it was said that they were supplemented by adultery and a prostitute system. And I insisted when the basics of monogamy aimed for the inheritance of the property by the abolition of the personal possession of the means of production that was a main part of socialism = property became extinct.
In Chapter 2 family four, a monogamy husband's family group, Engels mentions "Napoleon code Article 312" (der Code Napoleon Art. 312). The Napoleon code is the Civil Code which laid the foundation of the Japanese old civil law, and Article 312 says, "father of the child conceived a child during the marriage is -- husband" and, in other words, "the child who conceived while a wife marries estimates "an estimate of the legitimacy of birth" that civil law Article 772 prescribes from here with the child of the husband,." but comes from it. Yasuo Tsuchiya reason and the originals are as follows.
But, with it, the inside second opposition of the monogamy thing getting married develops. *1 that a wife is that is not looked back upon to a husband besides the good husband getting it by outside sex to get married by one's survival. And, as for half of *2 apple, as for whole one, the one side of the opposition is impossible without other one side if I eat it like it does not remain on the handle anymore. Nevertheless husbands seemed to think that it was possible until they were made to cool a hesitation by a wife. With individual, getting married, two のおさだまりの social actor which was not known appears before. The husband who was more than with married woman's lover Mao by wife のおさだまりの handsome man and a wife is it. The man won victory for a woman, but a loser undertook the (81) work to cover the winner with a crown in a noble-minded thing. In the impossible social system of being prohibited -- which became the social system that adultery is unavoidable strictly, and doing being sentenced for a severe punishment, however 防遏 (ぼうあつ) doing this along with getting married and outside sex to get married individual treatment. Napoleon code Article 312 prescribed it in this way that the certainty of the social position as father of children was only based on moral faith to the utmost as ever and untied this contradiction that I could not untie. In other words, "father of the child conceived a child during the L'enfant conçu pendant le mariage a pour père le mari. marriage is -- husband". This is the last conclusion of individual, getting married for 3,000 years. (93 pages)
Hiermit entwickelt sich aber ein zweiter Gegensatz innerhalb der Monogamie selbst. Neben dem, sein Dasein durch den Hetärismus verschönernden Ehemann steht die vernachlässigte Gattin.{25} Und man kann nicht die eine Seite des Gegensatzes haben ohne die andre, ebensowenig wie man noch einen ganzen Apfel in der Hand hat, nachdem man die eine Hälfte <70＞ gegessen. Trotzdem scheint dies die Meinung der Männer gewesen zu sein, bis ihre Frauen sie eines Bessern belehrten. Mit der Einzelehe treten zwei ständige gesellschaftliche Charakterfiguren auf, die früher unbekannt waren: der ständige Liebhaber der Frau und der Hahnrei. Die Männer hatten den Siegüber die Weiber errungen, aber die Krönungübernahmen großmütig die Besiegten. Neben der Einzelehe und dem Hetärismus wurde der Ehebruch eine unvermeidliche gesellschaftliche Einrichtung - verpönt, hart bestraft, aber ununterdrückbar. Die sichre Vaterschaft der Kinder beruhte nach wie vor höchstens auf moralischerÜberzeugung, und um den unlöslichen Widerspruch zu lösen, dekretierte der Code Napoleon Art. 312:
"L'enfant conçu pendant le mariage a pour père le mari; das während der Ehe empfangne Kind hat zum Vater - den Ehemann."
Das ist das letzte Resultat von dreitausend Jahren Einzelehe.
The source: http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me21/me21_036.htm
Chapter 3 is going to restore the clan system of the Iroquois who is a Native American. I insist on a primitive democracy system having had possibilities to exist based on a record of Morgan which observed an Iroquois there saying that the family is social organization before the nations.
From afterward, the fourth eight chapters about Greece, Rome, German clan system and the national establishment is considered. It is social organization to precede the nation, and the family is going to prove all it from the trace of a history book and the current system. But, not the same thing, Engels describes that there is the form that is rich in every race.
It is the chapter which Chapter 9 concludes the whole theoretically and compiled. It is the rich contents which took in a conventional description to Chapter 9 in the poor life technology history of Chapter 1 and is reproduced. Then, theoretical generalization about the national outbreak was carried out, and, as for this part, it was basic one of the Marxism theory of the State. Finally Engels performs "civilization criticism", and civilization abuts with metal money and interest, merchant, personal landholding, and "invention" does slave labor and, as a result, accuses it what kind of dire disaster was brought. And I insisted that the democratic society which a family created became the communism and was restored to the original state in highly advanced form.
Interest in ancient history of Marx and Engels
After having written, "all past history is the history of the class struggle" in "the Communist Manifesto", Marx Engels added a note to this and did a primitive state with distinction. I thought that there was primitive communism society at the entrance of all racial history when Marx wrote "economics criticism" in 1859. Both Marx and Engels performed a study of the ancient history eagerly to make such a theory richness. In "a cause, progress of the landholding dismantling of the community and a result of "history of the German village system" of Georg Ludwig phone マウラー and Maxim マクシモーヴィッチ Kovalevsky," notebooks such as "original initial state of the origin and the human of the civilization" of Sir John Lubbock were made "a history of initial system lecture" of Sir Henry James サムナ Maine. In addition, I come under a big influence of "a maternal authority theory" of J J Bachofen, and Engels mentions Bachofen in the preface of this book.
History of Japanese translation
Toshihiko Sakai announced translation as "man and woman-related evolution" in 1908. But the theory of the State parts were not translated to evade oppression. As "a family, private property, the national origin," it is published now by Iwanami library (in 1979 Shiro Tohara reason), the Shinnihon publishing company (in 1999 Yasuo Tsuchiya reason).
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Family, private property, the national origin
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