Do cart
The coin that the do cart (Italian: ducato, Hungarian: dukát, Dutch: dukaat, German: Dukat, Dukaten [duˈkaːt(ən)], English: ducat [ˈdʌkət]) was used in Europe from last part of Middle Ages to the latter half of the 20th century. Through the same period, various do carts made with a variety of metal existed. The do cart gold coin of the Venice republic was received as international currency like ヒュペルピュロン () and florin of the Middle Ages or the modern U.K. pound and U.S. dollar widely [1].
Table of contents
Initial do cart
As for the word "do cart", "ducatus" (the will of "one of a duke" and "one of dukedom" or "the coin of the duke".) of Middle Latin is the etymology [2].
It is thought that it was Puglia dukedom under the Shichi King Lear Ruggero second rule that such a coin was published for the first time (dukedom). As for him, Christ image [3] and words called "Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus" (will of "I do not give this dukedom which thou unifies Christ to thou".) cast a coin carved a seal in 1140 [4].
The doge of the Venice republic, the Enrico Dan mud introduced a do cart silver coin affected by the design from a coin of the Ruggero second. However, as for the word "do cart", it was words to hint only at these gold coins as a result that a do cart gold coin of Venice gradually added to importance, and the silver coin came to be called グロッソ () [5].
Do cart gold coin of the Venice republic
The trade of Venice of the 1200s was a form to be from the Alps and to the north, and to sell the article which I purchased from the east [6]. In the case of this buying, they used a gold coin of Byzantine Empire, but the value of ヒュペルピュロン decreased as a result that the Mikhail eighth pareo logos of the ビザンツ emperor supported a riot called the vespers of Sicily of 1282 [7]. In this being only an example of the value drop of repeated ヒュペルピュロン [8], and the Venice Kyowa National University council publishing an original coin made in pure gold in 1284 corresponding to this [6].
Florence republic and the Genoa republic publish a gold coin both in 1252; of the gold coin European as for the florin gold coin of Florence became standard. Venice made their do cart the one which followed size and weight of the florin, but there was slightly a difference to weight because the weights and measures systems of the two countries were different. 99.47% of do carts of Venice included money of the purity 3.545 grams, but this was purity of the highest peak that I could purify in a metallurgy technology at the time [9].
The do cart gold coin comes from a silver coin of ビザンツ if I take it seriously on a do cart silver coin. A figure of the doge kneeling in dear of St. Marco who is the patron saint of the Venice republic is shown in the surface. St. Marco has the Gospel in his hand and it is Gon Farrow and grants () to doge. Left signature "S M VENET" is an acronym of "Sanctus Marcus VENETI" (will of "St. Marco of Venice".), and right signature "MICAEL STEN" expresses the name (ミケーレ ステーノ ) of the doge. Next to the name, DVX of his title is shown. A figure of Christ standing backed by stars is drawn on the back side inside the frame of an oval. The signature of the back side is similar that it is carved a seal by a do cart of the Ruggero second [10].
The doge of the succession continued casting the do cart, and it was only their surface name to have added a hand. In the 1400s, the value of the do cart was stable by silver coin conversion with 124 ヴェネツィアソルド. The word do cart came to be gradually used as not only the gold coin itself but also words to express a silver coin of this quantity by this thing. However, the price of money rose, and this balance was broken by the collision of an English kingdom of 1567 and the Spanish empire [11]. At this point in time, the do cart was called "ducato de zecca" (the will of "the do cart of the coining place".) and this shortened it and was corrupted in "zecchino", watches of the night and came to be called "Sequin" [9]. Leonardo ロレダン cast a half do cart newly, and Antonio グリマーニ () which was doge of his next era cast a variety of coins such as a quarter do cart or 105 do carts more. All such coins inherited a design and the weight of the do cart of the material of 1284 and were made. After a carved seal of the casting time was commonly used in Western mintage, Venice continued casting the do cart without the carved seal of the date until surrender to Napoleon Bonaparte of 1797 [12].
Imitation of the do cart of the Venice republic
Of it having been thought that it is, but their coin being imitated as for Florentine who grasped the economy of the senate house by the good sample which florin and the do cart are copied from when a senate house of コムーネ D Rome () introduces a gold coin (cf.Monetazione pontificia) pressured it to work on it so that there was not it [13]. As a result, it was that Christ whom the Patres conscripti who kneeled before St. Peter stood backed by stars inside the frame of an oval on the surface imitated a do cart of Venice described in the back side as for the Roman coin frankly. Pope checked such a design later, but weight and size continued casting the same do cart until the 1500s [14].
The most of the imitation product of the Venice do cart were grown in Levant where Venice used much money for by buying. The figure that デュードネ de ゴゾン of the president kneeled on the surface in front of St. John was drawn, and knights of Knights of St. John of Jerusalem cast the do cart which the angel who sat in a grave of Christ on the back side was described in. However, presidents after him thought that the Venice which imitated a do cart was convenient more exactly and cast such the imitation product in ロドス island and Malta [15]. Merchants of Genoa did the imitation that stepped more. They cast the imitation of the do cart in a whitebait island, but it was the apparent counterfeit which could not be distinguished with the genuine article only in technical delicacy. The imitation which had low such quality was a problem for Venice that got a high evaluation by purity of the money. It is indicated I dissolve the do cart which merchants of Genoa cast in cities of ミティリーニ and ポカイア, Perak as soon as a Venice person discovers such an imitation from the fact that hardly exists, and to have disposed [16].
Do cart of the Hungarian kingdom
The Venice republic was an extremely active trade country, but they sold a trade product mainly in West Europe (in other words, there are few opportunities to purchase a trade product, and to use the coin), and florin was generally used a lot than a do cart in this area [17]. But the thing which I imitated was a do cart of Venice when the car Roy first of the Hungarian king began the casting of the gold coin. I changed dancing posture of St. John of the do cart style in dancing posture of the florin-like King Sei rasas low, and the ラヨシュ first of his son changed a lily of Florence to a crest of oneself later, but maintained the purity of the money [18]. I called florin made with pure gold in the 1400s a do cart and distinguished both by calling the florin of the low imitation of the value gulden and gold gulden [19]. When the curl fifth of the holy caesar did the do cart of the Venice republic with the standard currency in the empire in high value 39% than gulden in 1524, he recognized this distinction [20]. When I succeeded to the Hungarian throne in 1526, the Ferdinand first who became a successor in his younger brothers later brought in this system in Hungary. After this, the thing which has high purity in the Hungarian gold coin comes to be called a do cart [21]. Because such a gold coin had high purity, I was accepted in Europe. Scottish Sir Daizo (Lord High Treasurer of Scotland) leaves a record that even the king used such a do cart for gambling [22].
I spent money of the 98.6% purity 3.5 grams, and Hungary continued the casting of the do cart. As for the Hungary do cart, a crest of the back side was often changed depending on the situation whereas Venice do cart continued following a constant design. In 1470, the マーチャーシュ first replaced a crest of the back side with the Virgin Mary [23]. The Hungarian kingdom continued casting the do cart even under rule of until 1915 namely Austria. These are used as a coin for the trade, and there is the thing cast again later [24].
Republican do cart in Netherlands
As a result of revolt () of Netherlands, in the Netherlands republic, the currency management of domestic seven states was enabled. However, the rule of Lord of Anjou Francois failed in 1583, and the constitutional ruler who should name money became absent. They will return to a tradition to be copied from a foreign coin received widely in this area. With this case, I evaded political trouble by imitating the coin which was not used anymore. The gold coin which both Catholic King published was copied from a do cart; like an original called the do cart [25]. They published the coin in imitation of Hungary do cart, but, as for the subsequent republican money of Netherlands, it is to the strong affected thing of this coin. If the Netherlands became the global hegemony-like trade nation, I accepted it, and the influence of these do carts became international, too [26].
As for the Hungarian do cart cast in the Netherlands, dancing posture of the King Sei rasas low with the crown and the battleax was described in appearance like the Hungary do cart which caused the imitation in the beginning (but the signature was carved the name of the another person with). The crest of the state which I cast was drawn on the design of the back side after the fashion of Hungary do cart before the マーチャーシュ first changed it [27]. The surface design changed into the dancing posture of the knight who had seven arrows and swords which gradually expressed domestic seven states. The signature called "CONCORDIA RES PAR CRES" is a part of words "Concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur" (will of "the small thing grows up by harmony, and the grand thing dies out by discord".) of サッルスティウス. In addition, the name of the state which published a coin is carved with. The back side "MO OR DI PROVIN FOEDER BELG AD LEG IMP" (the will of "the gold coin of the federal state in response to local law of Belgium".) [28]. Batavian Republic and Louis Bonaparte continued casting the do cart of such a design in () for Napoleon Era [29].
Spread of do carts
In the 1400s, international traders of West Europe came to prefer do carts to florin as a currency to use by duties. When a ruler checked money, a do cart was used as a model in most cases. The examples include アシュラフィ () of the マムルーク morning, アルトゥン (altun) of Ottoman Empire, the do cart of the Castilia kingdom [30].
By money reform of the Maximilien first, the casting of the do cart gold coin in Austria began in 1511 [31]. This gold coin lost a position as the legal currency in 1857, but Austria continued casting a do cart as trade minting a coin () until it was finished under the influence of World War I in 1915 [32]. In addition, I continue the re-casting of the do cart with "1915" signatures after it up to the present [33]. But I replaced a do cart as the dominant currency which the dollar () of Spain was used for by international trade when abundant silver resources were discovered in American continent colony of Spain [34].
"It was equal to 9 shillings 4 penny or there was slightly more it than 2 dollars, and, in about 1913, it was said to the value of the do cart gold coin that the do cart silver coin was these half value" [35]. The Mint Bureau of some countries casts a do cart for investment use and the collection and, in the present age, sells it.
List of do carts
- Austria。 The Austrian Mint Bureau () continues still casting 1 do cart, 4 do carts.
- Byzantine Empire。 ビザンツ cast original Venice do cart silver coin called バシリコン ().
- Croatia
- Czechoslovakia
- The Czech Republic still casts a replica of the money (1, 4, 40, 100 do carts)
- Denmark
- Germany and Holy Roman Empire. I was cast in many cities and a dukedom before 1871.
- Augsburg
- Hamburg。 Much Hansa cities published an original do cart.
- Sachsen
- Hungary。 The Hungarian Mint Bureau still coins 2, three or four, a commemorative coin of 6 do cart quality.
- Italy
- The Netherlands。 I still publish weight, composition same as what I begin it in 1586 and cast, the do cart gold coin of the design, a do cart silver coin.
- Poland (historic Red złoty)
- Romania
- Russia。 I imitated the Netherlands do cart which circulated widely. In addition, I published the thing of the original design slightly.
- Scotland
- Serbian kingdom
- Spain。 Frandre, Naples kingdom, all territories including the New World.
- Sweden
- Switzerland。 Before the unification, I cast the do carts such as Zurich do carts.
- Yugoslavian kingdom
Explanatory note
- For 1631 through 1648 in ^ Thirty Years' War, Erfurt was occupied by the Swedish military [37]. As for the gold coin that a figure of the Christina Queen was chopped, one piece of 5 do carts of 1649 and [38], seven pieces of existence of six pieces of 10 do carts [39] of 1645 in total are confirmed.
Source
Including the next encyclopedia text that a copyright became extinct for this article in the United States of America: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Article name required". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ The two concepts of money: implications for the analysis of optimal currency areas, Charles A. E. Goodhart, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol 14(1986) page 407
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ducat
- ^ Byzantine Coins, Philip Grierson, page 12
- ^ American Journal of Numismatics, Volumes 50, page 72
- ^ Coins In History, John Porteous, pages 84 and 86.
- ^ a b Coins In History, John Porteous, page 86.
- ^ Coins of Medieval Europe, Philip Grierson, page 110
- ^ Byzantine Coins, P. D. Whiting, page 232
- ^ a b The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, page 112
- ^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 39.
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, page 174
- ^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Italy-Venice
- ^ Coins In History, John Porteous, 106.
- ^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Vatican City-The Roman Senate
- ^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Rhodes and Malta
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, pages 108 and 109
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, pages 106.
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, illustration 126.
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, pages 132.
- ^ The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 99
- ^ Gold Coins of the World, Friedberg, section on Hungary-Habsburg Rulers
- ^ Coins of Medieval Europe, Philip Grierson, page 213.
- ^ Coins of Medieval Europe, Philip Grierson, page 212.
- ^ Standard Catalog of World Coins, Chester Krause and Clifford Mishler, Trade Coinage section of the listings for Hungary
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, pages 184.
- ^ A Companion to the Global Renaissance, G. Singh ed., page 265
- ^ Coins in History, John Porteous, page 187 and illustration 213.
- ^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 88 and illustration 104.
- ^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 187 and illustration 243.
- ^ Global Financial System 1750-2000, Larry Allen, page 128.
- ^ The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 88.
- ^ Modern re-strikes 1 ducat created by Austrian Mint - WebCite
- ^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Austria
- ^ A companion to the Global Renissance, Juotsna G. Singh ed., page 265.
- ^ Webster, Noah (1913). Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. G. & C. It is . Merriam Co
- ^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 309.
- ^ Cuhaj, George S., ed (2009a). Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601–Present (6 ed.). Krause. pp. 490–491. ISBN 978-1-4402-0424-.
- ^ Friedberg, Arthur; Friedberg, Ira (2009). Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present (8 ed.). The Coin & Currency Institute. pp. 688–89. It is . ISBN 978-0 - 87,184-308-1
- ^ Kunker Rarities Auctio3 March 1, 2015 reading.
References
- Cuhaj, George S., ed (2009). Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601–Present (6 ed.). Krause. ISBN 978-1-4402-0424-.
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