Serge protection apparatus
The serge protection apparatus (serge ぼうごきき) is the generic name of the apparatus to protect from generation, the strange train, transmission, the electricity apparatus of the distribution system and the demand apparatus of consumers receiving supply of the electricity, a cable broadcasting communication line, an antenna system, transient abnormality high voltage to produce communications equipment by thunder, resulting abnormality high current. It ranges from the thing of the small simple substance to a thing becoming the system. There are the names such as "serge protective devices" elsewhere, too.
Table of contents
Summary
Power-transmission wires and service wires (power line) or a telephone wire, the antenna installed outdoors are easy to be affected by the thunder. By the lightning (electric discharge between a cloud electric discharge, the cloud) to produce between the thunderbolt and the thundercloud to the outskirts including the lightning rod which there are much more thunderbolts (direct hit thunder) to a construction line (overhead wire) than direct hit thunder from the start, and occurs and thunderclouds, these measures are important to the construction lines that transient abnormality high voltage occurs and that high current drifts and damages a circuit. In addition, as for the transient abnormality high voltage, resulting high current is called "a surge" "a surge" in a meaning of "the big wave voltage", and it is said with "serge" in a mass. "Thunder serge" is the thing caused by the thunder. In addition, thunder serge occurring in the construction lines because of the thunderbolt to the outskirts including the lightning rod or the electric discharge between the cloud is called "instruction thunder serge". "Direct hit thunder serge" is the thing caused by the direct hit thunder. In addition, transient abnormality high voltage includes "a noise", but this is not a thing as I let a circuit damage, but I show a thing of the degree that might disturb the normal movement of the circuit and am distinguished from the serge [1].
If a surge does not appear to the important circuit part, the surge does not flow, and there is not the thing that an important circuit moiety is damaged. Therefore measures to protect a circuit than serge by some methods are taken. A thing used for these measures is a serge protection apparatus. In addition, a thing caused by the thunder is representative, but, speaking of serge, it is necessary for the serge protection apparatus to be effective in these because, besides, there are "the switching surges" that a switch (including so-called switch) causes, and it may be to a thing as I am equal to thunder serge in some cases. In addition, the consideration for this point is demanded from a serge protection apparatus to have possibilities to become "the serge" for a certain apparatus between a statement above "noise" and "serge" even if there is not the close distinction and is "a noise" for a certain apparatus.
"A bypass type" to prevent an invasion of the serge in a circuit by establishing the circuit letting bypass the surge separately loses a potential difference as being common by grounding, and "an insulation type" to prevent an invasion of the serge by the insulation in a circuit prevents you from producing a surge now; there are "types and is done electric potential" that put these together with the serge protection apparatus of the practical use.
In addition, there are some names, but "thunder serge protection apparatuses" state a wide sense as "a serge protection apparatus" to "thunder measures apparatus" "thunder protection apparatuses" "a thunder protection apparatus" "a thunder measures apparatus" more elsewhere here because it is with the thing of the meaning that I limited to thunder serge with a lightning rod, the thing that fiction ground wires are included in, "a thunder serge protection apparatus". In addition, about the later surge protector, it should be noted that there is some difference in "Surge protector" in foreign countries and "surge protector" in Japan.
Main serge protection apparatus
The serge protection apparatus is used broadly, and there are many kinds. I am not used as a basically individual simple substance and, according to each demand or rule such as (in Japan after 2003), Kokusai Electric standard meeting (IEC), the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), am used in combination as one component of "the grounded lightning system" each today. I show a thing representative as follows.
Lightning rod
I restrain a surge to suffer from a circuit by making a weak part of the insulation with a bypass-shaped thing intentionally in a circuit, and the lightning rod destroying here by a surge, and letting you bypass the surge. "That studio," there are other names such as "surge suppressors". According to fate of IEC, the official names were unified in JIS in "serge protection device" (SPD: Surge Protective Device) from 2003.
As for the lightning rod, the surge of the lightning rod most recent circuit is theoretically restrained for the thing which makes the part a short circuit state momentarily enough, but cannot expect the surge suppressant effect in the circuit part more away than a lightning rod. Therefore, it is the basic component of the serge protection apparatus for the purpose of what I use in combination with reactive coil (reactance ingredient) or a condenser, a resistor, and the lightning rod chooses it not a thing to use as a simple substance finely how you use it by the circuit classification such as direct current, interchange, equilibrium, disequilibrium, the high frequency again where in circuit, and it is necessary to plurally establish it basically in a circuit.
The lightning rod was determined about a theoretical matter conventionally by IEC, but, in the case of an emergency, fire prevention characteristics are demanded a damage by a fire in particular because it is the objective part which destroys it, and protects an other circuits moiety. Therefore, about the lightning rods for the low-pressure power supply used for the standard home in particular broadly much, a classification, the details to modify performance each were established to five types in American insurance agent security experiment station (UL), and the details of the usage in the lightning equipment were established, too [2]. In addition, periodical check and exchange are necessary because it is an expendable supply deteriorating at every movement even if the lightning rod is surge processing in the rating.
Switch for the grounded lightning
I use a circuit switch (including the breaker) to separate a track physically, and to prevent the serge invasion to a circuit. The part (circuit switch part) becoming basic becomes the insulation type, but because there is a limit for the surge proof stress of the circuit switch, I do a lightning rod (bypass type) with grounding (electric potential a model) and the constitution that I put together again and prevent restraint, a circuit switch from being destroyed a surge to invade it. Is the most certain method that can completely cut off the serge invasion to a circuit, and change basic constitution unless the insulation of the circuit part which separated is theoretically broken; is not necessary, and, besides, use direct current, interchange, equilibrium, the disequilibrium for a high frequency circuit, and there is not all the application limit by system scales; even if do not do it with a switch of that purpose particularly again, largely reduce the number of the use of the statement above lightning rod to convenience that can double and as a normal switch, e.g., JIS when put it together with building thunder measures to prescribe, and electricity, communication come to be applied widely today by being able to reduce a result, initial running particularly running cost. A fault is not to be able to use the system (lost power if it is electricity) during circuit opening, and measures of that purpose are necessary separately when you must continue use of apparatus or facilities use under the serge environment.
The almost purpose is theoretically accomplished just to pull, for example, the plugs of the electric apparatus out of power supply outlets with a brief thing at the standard home. (but the thunder serge is in particular strong, and it is necessary not to be able to expect the effect only by merely cutting the power switch of the electric apparatus, and to outrun power supply plugs from outlets by all means again because the surge proof stress of the switch of the electric apparatus is low.) Therefore, it was experimental or there was a thing by the manual operation for a long time. However, automation was necessary, and time suffered from a thunder analyzer and thunder detection network necessary for this, the practical use of the serge bypass technology mainly on the strong lightning rod to be widely used and it was in the late years when they were accomplished and has begun to spread widely.
If it is electricity, MCCB is used on the consumers side including the large gas insulated substation at the transformer substations, but, as for the principle, the basic constitution, it is all to the same thing. Of the electric arc, in other words, to have had had been used as a kind of the later serge measures apparatus preventing the damage expansion to electricity demand apparatuses, but to produce by the invasion of the surge more than the short circuit electric current rating (SCCR) of the breaker at the breaker point of contact because was cutting apart after receive thunder serge to separate after receiving serge in the past a damage by a fire has often destroyed failure, a breaker to extinguishing it.
It almost became "the prior block model" that I matched with a thunder detection system in Japan after 2000. I do not cause a problem if I open the breaker point of contact before big serge more than SCCR of the breaker invades it because it is usually cutting apart in the rating. The reshuffling to the other system is carried out at the same time to prevent a blackout in the transmission and distribution system [3]. But the blackout is lost power for a long time at a moment although I can prevent it, and the voltage drop (so-called 瞬断, eyewink low) occurs because of a change in a second. When this becomes the problem, correspondence such as using later "uninterruptive power supply" is necessary for the electricity consumers side.
By a large-scale system catching the information from a thunder detection network, it was applied to only a basic transmission system at first, but there is the packaged small thing to use the thunder analyzer (including the weak serge sensor) for in combination with incorporation, end consumers electric equipment independently today [4]. In addition, I name this "a thunder protection breaker system" in NTT [5]. In addition, I call myself "a thunder detection-type power supply opening device" in the Coast Guard [6].
Trans for the grounded lightning
Because the practical use of the switch for the statement above grounded lightning was difficult, it was in use for low frequency interchange circuit use earlier mainly. Because it is identical to a switch for the grounded lightning to let intercept serge, and bypass it, but is a transformer using electromagnetic induction basically; to a direct-current circuit cannot apply it. In addition, there is considerable weight and sometimes the fault therefore to have possibilities to come to have to strengthen building basics region, but when it is easy and, for example, puts structure together with the building thunder measures of the JIS rule as well as solidity, a switch for the statement above grounded lightning, I largely reduce the number of the use of the statement above lightning rod, and JIS is used even for a thing of the capacity that there is particularly few it with the thing for for the AC power supply circuit namely the electricity widely basically in international standard and today when he/she agreed because it is a transformer that I can reduce a result, initial running particularly running cost. Of course, it is just applicable to building thunder measures systems to prescribe in JIS. There are various names including a "thunder transformer "serge transformer" "serge shelter"-resistant" elsewhere, but is the same thing basically.
For example, with the thing used for an AC power supply circuit, breaking (I cover a static train) does input (primary side) and the output (the second side), and it is said that I prevent the serge invasion to a circuit. I have the structure that put a lightning rod or a condenser to let the transformer body of a winding, the firm resolution bypass the serge together. I may say "insulation transformers", but attention is necessary because this may show the thing which performed anti-justice to autotransformers. As for the winding ratio, there is many 1 thing, but can usually let you hold the posts and the purpose as the, of course, original transformer because I am not used as a going up and down pressure purpose of the voltage.
The transformer for the grounded lightning raises the impedance of the circuit for the serge (indeterminate form interchange) electrically and prevents a serge invasion whereas I open the circuit physically, and statement above, a switch for the grounded lightning make impedance big and prevent a serge invasion. Therefore, the consideration for the blackout is unnecessary if it is electricity.
However, how let do "decrement" in serge because that is why perfection cannot prevent the serge invasions from the primary side to the second side; (call this "serge extraction rates") in the use is pointed. The serge extraction rate is a rule wave, and 60 (dB) is degree from -40 (decibel), but attention is usually necessary because, in other words, the quantity of decrement of the serge really changes by a serge wave pattern invading it.
In addition, because it is a transformer, large-scale always lose electricity by iron loss, copper loss again so that electricity to pass grows big with the thing for the electricity in particular, and the heat radiation measures may be necessary separately because I run a fever. From this, the thing for the electricity is used for a power supply circuit of the small electric equipment of the demand electricity willingly. As for the thing which put a thunder transformer and lightning rod-resistant together, it is usually in an equilibrium circuit whereas the thing which combined reactive coil with lightning rod (SPD) becomes the disequilibrium circuit in an AC power supply circuit. Therefore, I am suitable for the use to a Japanese power distribution system (particularly including the light power service method) and am not established in particular in IEC.
In addition, as well as normal noise filters, I choose the thing which accepted it by equilibrium, disequilibrium of the serge which is going to prevent the invasion to a circuit or change a connection method, and the considerably detailed examination from a circuitry stage is necessary for the transformer for the grounded lightning. Not only I do not show the effect that transformers for the grounded lightning are enough when I take the wrong this, but also the worst reaches the damage by a fire destruction of the whole system including a transformer for the grounded lightning by strong serge. Thus, unlike a switch for the statement above grounded lightning, you must often assume it the full order production from the trans main body for the grounded lightning from the beginning.
With the thing (including the thing for the metal telephone wire) for the communication, I add some remodeling to transformers for the impedance conversion and insulate input and the output high and am used a lot a lightning rod and the thing which I put together, but am used direct current excellence for exclusive telephone line or the yard phone line which are not done exclusively without being able to use direct current, for example, to start a telephone switchboard to a participation phone line because it is done excellence.
Stub filter
A stub filter is a bypass-shaped thing and is kind of the filter for the high frequency circuit. I can drain serge into the grounding that impedance becomes infinite and almost becomes the short circuit state for grounding about the thing except this for objective frequency. The use to a high frequency circuit handling broadband is difficult and large-scale one is a fault, but I can get a good characteristic as it is incomparable with the lightning rod as total and am used for a transmission antenna system treating higher than UHF mainly so that objective frequency lowers. Because the thing for original spurious measures has a low serge processing capacity (I do not think about serge processing), attention is necessary.
Surge protector
"Surge protector" does not have the clear distinction, standard and may do it with surge protector (Surge protector) including the simple substances such as the above-mentioned thunder transformer or lightning rod-resistant, but often calls "the composition type serge protection apparatus" which generally is small with surge protector in Japan. There is the thing which fuses are incorporated in. A lot of things becoming the constitution mainly on the lightning rod are it in many kinds from an industrial use to household use depending on a use.
Other than power supply outlet use, there are (including the TV antenna flight use) for the coaxial cable, (I include ISDN, the ADSL) for the telephone wire for the LAN cable to protect an electric appliance and communications equipment. It may be said that the preservation device set up by a metal telephone circuit is a kind of the surge protector.
なお、電話線などに用いられるノイズフィルタは、渦電流損を利用してサージを軽減する効果があるが、基本的にはノイズ対策用であり、サージ防護機器とは別のものである。
サージ対策機器
サージ防護機器のことをサージ対策機器ということもあるが、ここではサージそのものを防ぐことはできないが、その影響を回避もしくは軽減するための機器の意味で記述する。サージ防護機器と併せて使うことを基本とするものがほとんどである。サージ防護機器と同様に広汎に使われ、多くの種類がある。代表的なものを以下に示す。
無停電電源装置
無停電電源装置を用いることにより、サージの影響による停電(特に瞬間停電など)に対応することができる。しかし自体は避雷器などによってサージより適切に保護されるように使用する必要がある。近年のものでは避雷器などを内蔵しているものもある。
自動復帰型ブレーカ
自動復帰型ブレーカは、サージ電流により、ヒューズを用いていないタイプの配線用遮断器(MCCB)がサージなどによって切となった場合、自動で入にするものである。「ARB」(オート・リセット・ブレーカ)、「RB」(リセットブレーカ)などの呼称がある。原理的に普通のMCCBに自動で入にする機能を持たせただけのものであるので、自体、避雷器などによってサージより適切に保護されるように使用する必要がある。すなわち単体で「雷防護ブレーカ」にはならないことに注意が必要である。
サージ不動作型ブレーカ
実際には「不動作」ではなく、サージ電流によりなるべく切とならないように作られている＝感応レベルを下げてあるブレーカである。定格を超えるサージ電流に対しては切となる。感応レベルが低いということは、これに接続された機器へのサージによるダメージがその分、大きくなるということであり、避雷器などとの併用が必須とされているものもある。
サージ防護機器の選択
雷対策技術は人命にかかわる重要な安全技術であること、また機器1個の対策であっても、根本原因から探る、広く学問分野をまたいだものになることがほとんどであるため、海外諸国では電気工事士などとはまた別の専門資格制となっているところが多く、雷対策の義務化と合わせて、こういった国々ではサージ防護機器の選択は避雷システムの一部として専門資格者によりなされることから今日、「一般販売」されることもおよそなくなってきているが、日本では上述の通り、2013年現在でも公的専門資格制度などがなく、専門とする業者などの数も少ないことから、多くの場合、現場の技術担当者や機器メーカー担当者などに個別バラバラに任される状況にあり、それも実際に被害が発生してしまってからの対策となることがほとんど、いわゆる付け焼刃、基礎的な知識の不足による初歩的な失敗が多い[7]。なお2013年現在、雷対策は技術的にはほぼ完成状態となり、このことから諸外国では主にUL、CE、TÜV、中国国家規格などに従った雷対策が実施されるようになったが、各規格ともに基本部分は同じ、日本を除き、世界の技術基準は2013年現在、統一されたとみなせる状況である。雷は電気的には地球上「どこでも同じ」であるから、すなわちサージ防護機器は、この統一規格の下に用いられなければならない[8][9]
UL、CE、TÜV、中国国家規格などにおいて、サージ防護機器の選択は雷対策システム設計の「最終段階」に位置する。それ以前のシステム全体の検討・設計・施工が正しくなければ、その効果は期待できない。これには高度な専門知識を必要とする。
日本では法、法解釈、また司法判断の全てにおいて、雷サージ被害は全て不可抗力の天災であり、専門資格はおろか強制力を持つ保安規定もなく、結果、雷被害に遭ったとしても(仮に死亡したとしても)全てユーザー責任であることから、いい加減な業者も居る[10]、雷は電気的には地球上どこでも同じなのに、今日、JISとULなどの国際統一規格との間には大きな開きが出ているといったことから、自身の安全のため、まずは自身で今日、効果確実であることが証明され、国際的に当たり前となっている雷対策の概略を理解した上で、国際統一規格・要求に従うメーカーや施工業者（特に設計・サージ防護機器の選定を行う施工業者の選択に注意が必要。）を見極め、依頼する必要がある。数多くある家庭用の簡単なサージプロテクタなどについても、販売店などとよく相談することが望まれ、場合によっては信頼できる専門家や専門業者の意見を見聞することが必要である。
脚注
- ^ 例えば対象となる機器の使用電圧には数Vから数十万Vと大きな差がある。機器ごとにそれぞれ定められているので、具体的にはこれからサージとノイズの区別を行う。
- ^ UL1449 3rd(2009)、UL 96A Lightning Protection System、ANSI/IEEE C62.41。
- ^ 『中国電力 異常時系統運転指針』p3、など。
- ^ HIRAKAWA 対雷自動ブレーカ
- ^ NTT情報通信用語集 雷防護ブレーカシステム
- ^ 第八管区海上保安本部公開入札仕様書
- ^ 信越電気防災「イラストでわかる雷対策」
- ^ Iskra Zascite "Surge Protection Handbook" 2012年。
- ^ IEEE "HOW TO PROTECT YOUR HOUSE AND ITS CONTENTS FROM LIGHTNING" 2009年。
- ^ 信越電気防災「雷対策なんでもQ&A」
参考文献等
- 『OTOWA 総合カタログ』 技術資料・用語集 音羽電機工業
- 妹尾堅一郎編、雷害リスクコンソーシアム著『雷害リスク』ダイヤモンド社,ISBN 4-478-45047-1
関連項目
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Serge protection apparatus
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