Cross-country skiing
The cross-country skiing (English: Cross-country Skiing) is a kind of the ski competition.
Table of contents
Summary
It is the competition ski which competes with a ski for general running power by a variety of topography using a ski stick in a course set up on the snow and is classified in Nordic skiing. It became the competition from a life means of transportation on the snow which is a ski original use spontaneously and is the item that it may be said that it is the origin of all ski competitions.
It is performed originally in many areas since before I unify it, and International Ski Federation (Fédération Internationale de Ski=FIS) managed it, and the noun of the different meaning is used for the name by English "Cross-Country" (or "Distance"), "Langlauf" of German, a language including French "Ski de Fond". I unified it by "cross-country" in the federation of all-Japan ski, but called myself "distance" in the past. In addition, the cross-country generally refers to the first kind of track and field and may be called ski cross-country from a meaning of the cross-country to perform with a ski for the purpose of distinguishing it from it definitely, and it is cross-country (cyclo-cross), the motorcycle cross-country (motocross) of motorcycle sports and a name to stand side by side for the cycle of this case bicycle race.
It is Olympics enforcement competition. As for the world championship, the annual series war (FIS cross-country World Cup) is carried out as Nordic skiing every year in every second year across OLYMPIC. In addition, the annual series war of the public cross-country (World Lopet /FIS marathon cup) is carried out every year, too.
History
![[icon]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | The correction of this knob is expected. |
Course
From the public road of the city area to the forest of the park, every place lying on in nature to art is set as a course. It is old and is performed on the life road between villages, and some international competitions that are continued while following this form exist.
It is done compacted snow, and truck (groove of Article 2) processing extends over the course whole in the race by the classical form of running with the appliance called the course cutter, and the road surface is put for the necessary points such as downhill slopes in the race by the free form of running.
An international meeting is held and meets all-Japan federation of ski, each course standard for International Ski Federation, domestic official meeting holding and must be recognized officially.
- Permanent construction course
- I maintain a bed, and there are cycling, the walking of the season without for exclusive use of the cross-country or the snow and the permanent construction course to use in common and is often designed so that I adopt level ground, the hill-climbing of the hill and 降坂, a straight line and flexure in these intentionally as an endless path, and it is high competition characteristics.
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City area course
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The truck which was established on a course and the left side between the forest
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D Tyr of the truck
Form of running
Classical form of running
Only the form of running technique that has been used traditionally for a long time is accepted, and the promotion by the skating is not accepted. I use an alternation run (die chin null) to slide a ski for right and left alternation to greatly make a shuffling walk, a promotion run to let the ski which I do the ski stick which I hit at the right and left same time at the support point and prepared by the flexure of a waist, the back slide, a split up line to put a ski for the right and left alternation to be V-shaped, and to greatly open, and to hang inside edge to the surface of the snow, and to climb the slope or the form of running of these variations properly depending on the course topography and the situation. Except an uphill slope needing a split up line necessarily, the most of the course become the run in the truck.
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Alternation run
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Promotion run (players preparing both legs)
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Split up line
Free form of running
It is a run by the skating that applied a skating run technology to a ski in the course whole virtually unless a form of running technique does not have all limits and glides down it in a downhill slope. There are several kinds of variations in a timing to hit the ski stick for the right and left cycle of the sidekick in a skating technology and uses it properly depending on the course topography and the situation. In addition, there is the skating technology not to point out a ski stick and holds a ski stick aside when I let you accelerate it at the time of the downhill mainly and I bend forward as well as speed skating and greatly wave both arms to the all energy acceleration including the goal sprint.
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Skating
Competition form
Interval start
A start player starts with constant time lag (generally 30 seconds distance) sequentially individually and does the final by the shortness at the run time when I needed it by a finish line decided beforehand.
Distance is 5km, 7.5km, 10km, 15km, 30km, 50km and I choose it with a form of running on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting and am carried out. These procedures are adopted only in girl 10km, boy 15km in Olympics, the world championship now.
Trout start
All the start players start all at once and do the final in the order of arrival with the finish line decided beforehand. The starting line makes gabled roof form to the start direction and occupies a start position to right and left from a vertical angle based on the priority of the player in turn.
Distance is 10km, 15km, 30km, 50km and I choose it with a form of running on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting and am carried out. It is adopted in all items except girl 10km and boy 15km in Olympics, the world championship now.
Public cross-country
I am called the ski marathon.
It is performed in a trout start form, but a starting line shape and distance have no rule. The form of running is chosen by meeting individual treatment, but a truck is established in consideration for a participant performing a traditional form of running at the position to last for the course whole, and not to mix with the skating runner when I choose free.
Ski Athlon
I perform a classical form of running of the first half and a free form of running of the latter half in succession. All the start players start the first half all at once, and the final does machine parts in exchange, the finish order of arrival in the latter half from classical business to free business in a pit box established in the way station of the pre-latter half.
An anteroposterior odd number is 5km +5km, 7.5km +7.5km, 10km +10km, 15km +15km each, and I choose it on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting, and the distance is carried out.
It was adopted in an enforcement competition in place of a pursuit by the Nordic skiing world championship of 2013, the Sochi Olympics of 2014.
Pursuit
I divide a classical form of running of the first half and a free form of running of the latter half and perform it. A start player starts with constant time lag sequentially individually in the first half and I measure the time required to the finish line decided beforehand and am finished. I start with indispensability time lag from a high order person of the first half sequentially in the latter half and do the final in the order of arrival in the finish line decided beforehand.
There is not the rule and is 5km, 7.5km, 10km, 15km in the latter half, and I choose it on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting, and the distance is carried out about the first half.
Relay
It is selected one of three people and four people by one team constitution by either free, meeting individual treatment if classical in a form of running. In the case of four people, I can adopt 2 forms of running, and there is the man and woman Fanakolo, too. All the team first runners start all at once, and touch the body of the next runner sequentially in broadcast section and deliver responsibility and do the final in the finish order of arrival of the team anchor runner.
Responsibility distance of one person is 2.5km, 3.3km, 5km, 7.5km, 10km and transcribes it into "X (responsibility distance of one person) km" (the number of people of one team).
Personal sprint
Four start players start all at once and do the final in the finish order of arrival of the go-around course set to 0.8km - 1.4km each in 1km - 1.8km, the girls in the boys. When the number of the participation players is more than four; of four - six constitution win and advance to the next around of it, and it is a form, and the B final determining final and fifth place - eighth place to determine first place - fourth place is performed. When the number of the participation players surpasses 24 people, I perform the qualifier by all player individual treatment starts and am squeezed in 24 - 30 high ranks having a short it in the go-around time required.
Team sprint
I am constructed in two one team. A starting player of 4-5 teams starts all at once, and I repeat the change of partner player and 3-6 times every rule go-around to become 0.8km - 1.4km in 1km - 1.8km, the girls in the boys, and the final does a go-around course in the order of arrival in the finish line. When there is much number of the participation teams, I win and advance to the next around of it and become the form.
Machine parts
Generally, any machine parts are available, but only the exclusive machine parts which had a form and a characteristic virtually most suitable for competition characteristics of the cross-country are used if it is available and International Ski Federation adapts to a standard to establish. In addition, I may make use restrictions for each country individual treatment in International Ski Federation standard.
Ski
Height of the contestant and things from the degree to 1 surcharge degree are used many (International Ski Federation standard: more than -100mm tall). As for the width of the single ski, a little over 40mm and central part thick narrowly and difference of the thin former rear end are big, and an arch bend is strong. I am comprised of the material which gave top priority to run characteristics for an edge from a run side and am prevented the edge being greatly loosened by ダリング and from spoiling run characteristics. In the run side, it is prepared several kinds that structure, a shape are different from the start by snowy quality and state. One set of mass is extremely lightweight with around 1,000 g (International Ski Federation standard: more than 750 g).
- Classical business
- There are many cases light slightly than free form of running use for a long time. When curve rise (shovel) of the top is big and kicked up a ski at the time of an alternation run to the rear, enough room has it stolen by the top and the surface of the snow. Call dozens of centimeters of before and after run side right under the binding installation point with a grip zone, and run characteristics are deleted intentionally and paint with wax (grip wax) jumping to join in the surface of the snow, and the scale form processing which is not slippery is put for the rear. The arch bend that there is a little degree not to contact with the surface of the snow remains in the grip zone while the special arch bend called the double arch bend is used, and the gliding zone entire surface before and after the grip zone contacts with the surface of the snow in the state that the mass of the skier depended on, and flextime is adjusted to contact with the surface of the snow at stepping forward load such as at the time of alternation runs.
- Grip wax
- It is the wax which is peculiar to a cross-country classical form of running in the ski competition and is used for almost all competition machine parts except the public cross-country. Because it is necessary to leave skiing to the surface of the snow at the time of stepping forward for an alternation run, I am combined with 敢 て snow in an ingredient to snap at. There are a variety of choices by snowy temperature and state, but on the other hand I spoil lack of grip and run characteristics when I take the wrong choice and may invite a competitiveness drop.
- Free business
- There are many cases heavy slightly than classical form of running use briefly. Front and back make a slight arc (side curve) that number mm is large width for central part, and the angle of skew of the ski for the line becomes loose, and power comes to be converted into kinetic energy efficiently by a sidekick start as I hang it for the end, and run speed increases.
Ski stick
Extremely lightweight. A grip is slightly low in the classical form of running for the height of the shoulder, and a thing of the length becoming higher in the free form of running a little is used. It is a special shape that the strap secures a palm at the time of pole rear pushing out and holds growth and power loss by the transformation in check as much as possible. バスケットは雪面に引っかからないよう後方にのみ広がる形状であり、圧雪に貫入しない最小限の大きさとなっている。 石突（チップ）は小さく、先端が鋭く、前方へ傾いている。
ビンディング
スキーとは靴の先端部のみ又は補助的に靴底とも接続する構造であり、踵は解放されている。競技用としては事実上2メーカー（サロモン仏Salomon、ロッテフェラー諾Rottefella）のシステムに集約されており、それぞれの専用靴底とセット運用される。両システムともに靴底先端下部に埋め込まれた金属製横軸をくわえる様に接続し、それを支点に靴の垂直方向へのスイングを可能とすると同時に、靴先上部を後方へ押し返したり、靴底を下方へ引き戻すなど、復元力が働く機構を備えている。
- Classical business
- 靴の復元力が弱く、システム全体はシンプルで軽い。
- Free business
- 靴の復元力が強い。高い捻じれ剛性を持ち、プレートをスキーとの間に挟みシステム全体を嵩上げする場合もあり、全体に重い。
スキー靴
一般的なスポーツシューズと同様に甲部を紐で締める（シューレーシング）構造となっており、雪の浸入を防ぐアッパーカバーを備えている。靴底は、ビンディングシステムとセット運用する専用品である。
- クラシカル用シューズ
- 踝から上の動きを妨げないローカット形状である。
- フリー用ブーツ
- 脹脛直下まで立ち上がった高剛性のカフを備えたブーツ形状である。甲部のシューレーシングに加えて、カフをベルクロストラップで締め、サイドキックでのパワーロスを極力抑える構造となっている。クラシカル用に比較して靴底が硬い。
- スキーアスロンブーツ
- スキーアスロンにおいて、大きなタイムロスを伴うスキー靴履き替えを行わず連続使用するため、両走法に対応できる仕様となっている。フリー用に近いブーツ形状であるが、脛の動きに余裕があり、靴底は柔らかい。
関連項目
外部リンク
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Cross-country skiing
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