2017년 1월 20일 금요일

Examination

Examination

Examination (I look after Gin person, ぎんみがた) is one of the posts of the town city magistrate's office of Edo.

Table of contents

Duties

Regardless of lawsuit (Imperial court ceremony = civil action), legal procedure [1] (criminal trial), I perform the investigation of the suspect by labor in charge of a trial. With the discussion (せんぎかた).

Number is police sergeant ten horse men, kindred spirit 20. As for police sergeant ten horse men, it was probationary two horse men these position four horse men, assistant four horse men. When I examined trial and 勧解 in the legal procedure by the lawsuit, and a suspect did not confess, I applied for torture and I went out in prison by oneself and might discuss it. An able person was appointed and there was not the capacity and might say with eight time and four closely [2] and was examinations police sergeant seven horse men, kindred spirit 12 each in north and south city magistrate's office in (1820) for civil administration three years. The experienced person drew confession from a criminal skillfully [2]. Because special technical knowledge was engaged in demanded trial duties, I tended to gradually immobilize the family's social standing of the police sergeant who acted as examination, and most sometimes entered a service as "probation" from the teens in the town city magistrate's office from for early teens and succeeded you if a parent retired from a retired person and it still followed it and acted as examinations.

The division of duties of the examination was not established at first, and, among the inner police sergeants who were a town vassal working under a prefect, four people called eyes Yasukata (indication) handled trial duties. Because a police sergeant in eyes Yasukata took an important role by the trial duties, Tadasuke Ooka solicited it when he took office as a town prefect to have you hand over Kobayashi perception storehouse of eyes Yasukata to Matsuno assistant justice of the having taken up the post formerly prefect [3].

The range of the duties of the town prefect relates to a town, a merchant of Edo basically, but an associated case with rule place and the others territory others rule and an associated case with Edo Machikata, request for examination from the fief through member of the Shogun's Council of Elders lower; was referred, and was often ordered the examination for the samurai. About the penalty, a town prefect and the district magistrate's office had the authority that 専決 was made, and this was called 手限 (てぎり). 手限 of the town prefect of Edo was to lower than middle exile, and inquiry to member of the Shogun's Council of Elders was necessary to inflict a further penalty. In the case of the retainer of the samurai family, inquiry was necessary for 手限, more than burglar reproof the defendant from (1773) for Yasunaga two years [4].

The place where the trial was held was called a criminal court (court). As for a prefect attending, an examination person performed other investigations only at the time of first criminal court and handing down of the last judgment. The town prefect questioned it while seeing the trial matter which an examination police sergeant prepared by the first trial and only read the decision that it was prepared at the time of judgment command aloud. However, the prefect strained the ears from the shade of a certain screen by the important case behind examination ground and might watch the state of the trial [5].

In addition, for a judicial officer bureaucrat engaged in a trial, there are supreme court of the Shogunate in the Edo era arbiter of the supreme court of the Shogunate in the Edo era and the part of lawsuit-like [6] of the Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine city magistrate's office, the court secretary of the Kyoto town city magistrate's office other than examination of the town city magistrate's office.

Lawsuit

By the lawsuit that was a civil action, I accepted the suit of the retainer of the person, direct feudatory of a shogun of town, Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine door front of a merchant, the temple-owned land of Edo and the precincts leased land and family and daimyoss and tried you. The lawsuit is divided into "gold Imperial court ceremony" (or "gold and silver entrance and exit") and "a regular lawsuit" mainly. A gold Imperial court ceremony is payment request about the interest pecuniary claim that is naked such as debt silver, the account receivable belonging to, and the regular lawsuit is a generic name of the other entrance and exit thing. When a case of possible punishment such as the illegality, wound inducement, secret communication belonging to is discussed by a lawsuit, it is a regular lawsuit.

I refer to the page of "the Imperial court ceremony as the Imperial court ceremony # suit".

I am until judgment by a procedure of the suit

I tell a suit reason to the landlord of the defense after at first the suitor (plaintiff) speaking a suit reason with a landlord in the quintet, and getting consent when I take the case to file a suit to the tenant that a tenant lives in other towns for an example. At first the landlord of the defense recommends a settlement out of court with belonging group of 5 of the defendant and the person. When I do not understand it, I submit "the claim check" which vowed not to let you do the trips during a trial to the suitor. The landlord on the suitor side submits a claim check and an aim (complaint) to a village headman. The village headman calls the suitor and a landlord and recommends a settlement out of court, but notifies the village headman of the defense if I do not consent. I call a landlord and the defendant, and the village headman of the defense pushes forward a settlement out of court, but notifies a village headman on the suitor side of so if I do not consent in this either.

At this stage, the village headman on the suitor side does an endorsing seal in an aim, and handing over, the landlord submit the aim that listed Imperial court ceremony signature (get more like a lottery) which is suit contents [7] in the city magistrate's office of the turn with the suitor in a month to a landlord. The government official of 掛 which I accepted checks whether a form, the contents of the aim do not have illegal が [8] and submits an official aim (this aim). The town city magistrate's office performs endorsement what day a defense should appear to the city magistrate's office in this aim on and I do an affixed seal and hand it to the suitor. Honme is it lower, and, in the case of a gold Imperial court ceremony, words to urge debt repayment to a settlement (finished) on are added to endorsement. The suitor sends the aim made endorsement to the defendant, and the defendant hands receipt to the suitor and must submit an aim and an answer book to the city magistrate's office before (difference day) on the day when you were appointed to appear. The defendant who refused the receipt of the aim was sentenced to exile.

The landlords of the suitor, the defendant, both sides wait with "a chair" (sit a waiting for place) on difference day and enter the sand bar (court) after receiving a summons. The first examination is called "first て confrontation, first confrontation, 初而公事合 (a lottery encounters for the first time), one examination" and is finished only by a rough investigation. It becomes after the second and becomes the full-scale examination by the examination police sergeant. Even if it was a lawsuit, for forcible execution of a case to include the suspicion of the crime to the person concerned and evidence presentation, the debt repayment, I might let you do 入牢. It was permitted only a relative, the employee of the suit substitute ("a representative") person, but master, bottom charges of "the Imperial court ceremony hotel" appeared in court with the person concerned as "an attendance person" (there is shining and appoints it), and it was admitted that I assisted the suit.

When the trial of the examination police sergeant is over, a beginning (くちがき, trial record) is made, and 例繰方 is submitted looking for a similar instance of the judgment. As for the town prefect, judgment is announced to both sides based on these. For judgment, the both plaintiff, defendants countersigns "裁許請証文" and submits it to the city magistrate's office. The suitor receives the thing which let you inherit an aim and an answer book and has an itineracy does them if there is the government office which did an administrator, and endorsement put out a seal elsewhere, and I put it in the city magistrate's office of the first seal, and, as for the suit, it is the end. Both people concerned bore the legal cost each. There was not the system of the appeal, and the person ("裁許破") who did not obey approval was sentenced to middle exile.

Inner finished

Because I strongly recommended inner finished (settlement out of court) near the Shogunate, a landlord and a village headman recommended inner finished many times before filing a suit as above and were able to withdraw suit anytime if a settlement was established between both sides even if after in front of and the deliberation of (the day of the trial) began on a difference day. I was going to do inner finished with the first so that "I exerted a way of 勧解 variously, and it was said with [9] as for time as 弥 (finally) 熟談不調" and, as for the Imperial court ceremony, even as for the statement only for the suitor, was admitted inner finished particularly [10]. While the inner finished was possible, it was permitted that I started "day deferred wish" many times, and a rule was not applied about the Imperial court ceremony "for half a year particularly a deadline for judiciary solution".

The inner finished in the trial lists a proposed settlement, and both people concerned submit ream "finished oral evidence sentence" (corner thing to die, and to carry) that I set ("a finished deed") to the city magistrate's office, and effect like the approval is given by passing through a procedure ("済口聞届") of the approval. A prefect pronounced 済口聞届 in a sand bar, and the procedure of the endorsement postmark was required like approval, too.

The encouragement of the inner finished by the trial government official was inherited in a system of the "勧解" "mediation" after the Meiji era.

Legal procedure

There was not the government official equivalent to a prosecutor, and the town city magistrate's office which was a trial government office investigated it, and the criminal trial at the time examined it and performed the guilt of the suspect to an investigation, the place to hand down a decision on. Without the system of the defense lawyer, the defense right of the suspect was not accepted, too. A case of the possible punishment such as the secret communication being taken up by a lawsuit and the trial that began by a lawsuit might be changed to legal procedure by the judgment of the government office. Furthermore, the compulsion of the detective was accomplished by a lawsuit and provided the summons called a penalty being inflicted and "a writ of summons" (さしがみ) at the judgment and gave a suspect an order for the appearance to the city magistrate's office, and legal procedure might be started.

In addition, the criminal action procedure that Ministry of Justice set in May (1870) in 1870 was like the inquisitorial trial that almost followed a procedure of the legal procedure in the Edo era that a trial government office punished the investigation, trial.

Government official of 掛

As for the government official concerned with legal procedure, there was 例繰方 which checked circumference examination (triple rotation) which arrested a suspect, the office of members of Shogun's Council of Elders deposit which fixed the documents to confine it in prison to prison, a past precedent.

  • I am in charge of the investigation of the circumference, the secret agent circumference (triple rotation) - crime, an arrest, the investigation of the suspect in 定町廻 り, temporariness.
  • 例繰方 - police sergeant two horse men, four kindred spirit. I make documents for the cause and submit a precedent written to a punishment, approval book to a prefect. I performed the maintenance of "the punishment approval book" that recorded the progress of the case.
  • Ten office of members of Shogun's Council of Elders deposit - kindred spirit. I belong to the subordinates of the person of the town prefect direct control for. I am at "the working room" [11] and perform an investigation, the drafting of the detective conclusion.

Procedure from an arrest to confinement

Even if the investigation of the criminal case arrested it an imitation when I called it and brought it, I heard it generally in the oneself watch box of the town. A sympathizer of the circulation took the suspicious individual whom I arrested during a patrol to the oneself watch box in the nearest place with it and investigated it. Therefore I make custody in the town block or release you or decide whether you send it to a prison. "Forwarding" meant that I sent it to the jail, and the person of suspicion decided on forwarding was taken to the big watch box with the facilities of the detention center in the oneself watch box called the large watch box. In this case circumference one small fry working under a sympathizer took the rope and was sent in town official attendants. 小泥棒であっても、大勢の者と係り合いがありそうな場合も、多人数を取り調べることができる大番屋送りとされた。

伝馬町の牢屋敷に収監するためには、入牢証文が必要であった。証文を発行してもらうため、廻り方は容疑者を大番屋へ預けておき、たとえ夜であっても、町奉行所に戻り、必要書類を用部屋手付同心に提出する。この書類は吟味方に回され、それを吟味方が確認した上で御用部屋で書かれた入牢証文を当番方へ渡す。その書類が牢屋奉行の石出帯刀に提出された。入牢証文が無ければ牢屋敷のほうでは決して受け付けず、一連の手続きにはどうしても1日はかかるため、その間は留置する設備のある大番屋に容疑者を置く必要があった。

入牢証文

入牢証文は町奉行の名義で発行される公文書で、

 拙者組同心誰、市中見廻の節、怪敷者（あやしきもの）と認め、召捕来り候、一通り取調候処、罪科疑敷候に付、仮に入牢申附（まうしつく）。

という定型文で書かれていた。入牢証文が石出帯刀に提出されると、大番屋に預けられた容疑者を町役人と同心付きの小者が牢屋敷まで連れて行く。ここで吟味方与力が一通り調べて、放免するか刑事被告人にするかを決めるが、ここで赦されることはほとんど無かった。投獄と決まった場合は入牢証文が変わり、牢屋の帳面には

 「何年何月何日入牢、何年何月何日再入牢」

と書かれた。最初に入牢する段階では嫌疑だったものが、再入牢の際には刑事被告人扱いとなり、これで予備審問終結となった。

捕物で犯人を捕えた時は、町奉行から入牢証文を貰って伝馬町の牢屋敷に送られるが、これは奉行から捕物出役の命令があったなどの特別な場合であった。

取り調べ

町奉行の白洲は、3つに仕切られて、上の間に奉行、中の間に吟味方与力が座りその側には書役が2人、他にも与力が2人控えていた。砂利が敷かれた下の間（土間）では、同心[12]や小者が警固に当たり、容疑者は砂利の上に引き出されたが、身分のある武士や僧侶が容疑者であれば縁側に座らされた[13]。奉行が出席する白洲と違い、吟味方与力が取り調べをするのは白洲より狭い吟味場で[14]、だいたい容疑者と一対一で行なわれた。吟味場は畳敷の上段と板の間の下縁、その一段下には砂利が敷かれた三段の構造だった。吟味方与力は畳敷の上段にいて、容疑者は下段の砂利の上に筵を敷いて座らされる。重罪であれば与力2人で調べることもあった。

場数を踏んだ常習犯が相手だと、審問のあいまに隙が生じれば「恐れながら、恐れながら……」と屁理屈を並べ立て吟味が進まなくなる。吟味方与力は、相手が何を言おうと構わず、はじめは静かに、徐々に早くなって「サアサアサア」と、嘘をつく余裕も息つく間も与えず攻めたてることが（取り調べの）上手とされ[13]、白洲に引き据え「御場所もわきまえず不埒至極、サァサァ何事も有体に申し立て、恐れ入れい」と一喝して一挙にたたみ込んだ[13]。そのため、割り込んで尋問を中断してしまってはいけないので、奉行は口を挟まないようにしており、何か質問があれば吟味方与力に言って、吟味方与力が改めて容疑者に聞くという手順になっていた[13]。

吟味は、被疑者の自白による犯罪事実の認定に主眼が置かれる。証拠が明白であっても、本人の自白が無ければ拷問によって自白を引き出すことになった。しかし、被疑者をうまく誘導して自白させるのが吟味方の手腕であって、拷問をすることは手際が悪いとされた。取り調べは吟味方与力のほうで行い、口書・爪印を済ませ、例繰方が過去の類例を探し、用部屋手付同心が擬律（犯罪事実に対して法律を具体的に適用すること）し、申し渡し書も用意した。擬律は、主に裁判の先例集である『公事方御定書』（寛保2年（1742年）作成）の下巻を元にして行われた。本来、『御定書』は三奉行と京都所司代・大坂城代のみが閲覧できるものとされていたが、裁判実務に携わる吟味方与力や評定所留役も上司である奉行から借用し閲覧することができた。

尋問に際して吟味方与力は相当に乱暴かつ強圧的な態度で臨んだらしく、佐久間長敬・原胤昭兄弟の父の佐久間健三郎は「鬼」とあだ名され、その審問は「惨酷」で健三郎の大音声は「往還の通行人の耳を突ん裂く事があつた」という[15]。

拷問

証拠が明白でありながら自白をしない容疑者に対しては、拷問がなされる。拷問を行なっても自白をさせるべきとされた罪は、享保7年（1722年）に町奉行・大岡忠相により「殺人・放火・盗賊」の3種が、元文5年（1740年）に水野勝彦により「関所破り・謀書謀判（文書偽造）」を加えた5種とされた[16]。これは『公事方御定書』下巻第83条に記載されており、上記以外の場合に拷問を適用する場合は評定所一座の評議を必要とした。なお、審理中に死罪に該当するような犯罪を犯していたことが発覚した場合も、拷問が行なわれた。

笞打・石抱・海老責・「釣責（つるしぜめ）」の4種類があり、このうち拷問にあたるのは釣責のみで、残る3つは「牢問（ろうどい）」「責問（せめどい）」と呼ばれ拷問とは区別されていた。笞打と石抱は穿鑿所で、海老責と釣責は拷問蔵で行われた[17]。穿鑿所は牢屋敷内にあり、8畳敷2間と、8畳間の吟味席・6畳間の同心物書所があった。拷問蔵も牢内にあり、2坪が畳敷きの座敷で、残り3坪は白洲だった[16]。牢問は町奉行の権限で実施できたが、拷問を行うには老中の許可が必要だった。

海老責は、笞打や石抱が行われた後、数日あけて、身体が快復した後に行なわれねばならなかった。なお、拷問はあくまで証拠が明白であるのに自白が無いために行われるもので、最初からもし誤って死んでもと覚悟してとりかかるため、拷問中に死んでも過失や故意でない限り責任は問われなかった。また、拷問にかけられても自白におよばない場合は、老中に上申して許可を得た上で処刑をした。この処置を察斗詰といった[16]。

拷問には、吟味方与力と書物役（かきものやく、記録係）を務める配下の2、3人の同心の他にも、複数の役人が立ち会った[16]。

  • 徒目付・小人目付 - 監察役として拷問に立ち会う。拷問を受ける囚人の名前書と罪状を聞き合わせ、疑わしい点があれば、上司の目付に報告する。
  • 鎰役（かぎやく、鍵役） - 石出帯刀配下の組同心。牢内の鍵を預り、囚人の出入を担当する役人。
  • 打役（うちやく） - 石出帯刀配下の組同心。笞打、杖打ちを担当。
  • 獄医（牢屋医者） - 牢屋敷抱えの医者。囚人に異変があったときに手当をするため、拷問中は常に囚人に注目している。拷問が終われば、囚人に気付薬を与え、脈を診て、手当をする。
  • 牢屋下男 - 牢屋敷抱えの下男。石出帯刀の印付法被を着て、囚人拷問を担当する。
  • 非人 - 江戸市中の非人のうち、賦役として牢屋へ詰めた者。

他に奉行が出席することもあるが、臨場はせず、陰で拷問の様子を聞いた。徒目付や小人目付が立ち会うようになったのは、大岡が町奉行であった享保3年（1718年）と島祥正の在任中の延享2年（1745年）に老中より沙汰があったため、以後は吟味方与力1人での取り調べはせず、必ず目付方を臨席させるようにと決められてからである[16]。

吟味方与力と徒目付は、継裃と脇差を帯びて背後に刀を置き、御小人目付は羽織袴で背後に刀を置く。囚人は白衣に手鎖（手錠）をかけられて引き出され、旗本格の士・格式ある神官・僧侶であれば吟味与力と同間に、その他の士分・平神官・僧侶は縁側に、足軽や平民は「囚人台」と呼ばれる蓆敷きの敲きの間に座らせられる。警固のため打役は囚人の左右に付き添うが、囚人が敲きの間にいる場合は打役は縁側に控えた[16]。吟味方与力が、どうしても自白しない場合は拷問する旨を、はじめは丁寧に告げ、白状しなければ語気を荒げて叱責する。それでも自白しない場合に、立会の役人たちにも拷問すべきかと聞いてから、異存が無ければ、縁下へ下ろして拷問にかけることになる[16]。吟味方与力は尋問事項を事前に書類にして用意し、それに基づいて尋問し、時間制限をせず、白状するまで続けられた。

判決

吟味の結果、判決を下す段階を「吟味詰（ぎんみづめ）」といい、吟味詰りの「口書（くちがき、調書）」（吟味詰り之口書）を作成する。口書は、被疑者が刑事責任を承認する旨を記した証文で、これを役人が読み聞かせて、異議が無ければ爪印[18]を押させる。なお、口書（くちがき）は農民・町人に対してのもので、武士や神主の場合は「口上書（こうじょうしょ）」といい、武士には「書判（かきはん）」もさせた。もし牢内で容疑者が死亡しても、口書・爪印が済んでいればその者の罪科と生きていれば何の刑に処すと書かれた申渡書が作られる。口書・爪印をする前に死亡した場合は申渡書は書かれなかった。死罪以上と決まった者については、調書を全て添えて老中に差出す。老中が刑が適当と認めれば将軍に上申し、印を戴いて刑が確定するが、納得しなければ「再吟味」の札を付けて奉行へ返す。その場合は、尋問のやり直しとなった。

口書・爪印が済み、刑が確定すれば、申し渡しが行なわれる。これを「落着」という。遠島以下の刑は、奉行自身が白洲へ出て申し渡す。奉行の判決の際は、組与力、目安方などが陪席し、突這同心2人が白洲を警備した。目付立会の吟味であれば、徒目付か小人目付が陪席した。死刑は、相手が庶民であれば牢屋敷の構内で与力が「犯罪を犯したことは不届であるから、死罪を仰せ付ける」というように申し渡した。軽い刑であれば不届ではなく「不埒」と言い、無罪であれば「構無（かまいなし）」と申し渡す。処刑と決まった場合でも、その根拠となった法令を引用して告げることはなかった。

奉行は申し渡しの際に「証文致す」べき旨を付け加える。この証文は「落着請証文（らくちゃくうけしょうもん）」といい、犯罪の事実を書き、これに対して科せられた刑罰を受ける旨の証文で、奉行所の役人が作って読み聞かせ、押印、爪印または書判させ、これに名主・家主・親族の者も連判した。

処刑は、判決の言い渡しのあった直後に執行される。斬首刑（死罪・下手人・獄門）は、牢屋敷内の刑場で実施された。執行後、立ち会った役人がその旨を奉行に報告し、奉行はそれが仕置伺をした事件であることを老中に届け出る。同役の奉行にも一件記録を送付することで、一連の裁判手続きは終了する。

審理の促進を目的として、容疑者を未決囚として牢屋敷に拘束する期間は、享保期以降は最長で入牢してから半年間と定められ[19]、解決しない場合は「六ヶ月届」を老中に提出する。ただし、遠島の場合は、囚人を送る船が出る時期[20]まで牢屋に留め置かれた。

脚注

  1. ^ 「吟味物」ともいう。
  2. ^ a b 三田村鳶魚著『捕物の話 鳶魚江戸文庫1』 410-413頁。
  3. ^ その手紙のなかに「昨朝より訴訟参り候。諸事覚束なくばかりに御座候。御察し下されべく候。目安方の儀、少もはやく相ひき取り申したく」とある（沼田頼輔著『大岡越前守』）。
  4. ^ 弘化2年（1845年）には足軽以下の者は中追放以下は手限とし、翌日までに届けることとなった。
  5. ^ これを「内聴」という。
  6. ^ 評定所から出役した評定所留役が務めた。
  7. ^ 「売掛金出入」、「養子対談異変出入」、「理不尽出入」などのように請求の内容を法的に定型化した表題のこと。
  8. ^ これを「目安糺」、または「訴状糺」、「出入糺」という。ここで記載内容に不備が見つかれば訂正を命じる。
  9. ^ 佐久間長敬著『江戸町奉行事績問答』
  10. ^ これを「片済口」という。
  11. ^ 町奉行の公用人がいる部屋。現代の官房に相当。
  12. ^ 同心は上には上がれず下の間に控えなければならないため、「突這（つくばい）同心」という蔑称で呼ばれた。
  13. ^ a b c d 『岡本綺堂聞書』より。
  14. ^ 『旧事諮問録』。
  15. ^ 『江戸文化』四巻八号。
  16. ^ a b c d e f g 佐久間長敬著『拷問実記』より。
  17. ^ 釣責と同様に拷問蔵で行われたことなどから、海老責を責問ではなく拷問とする説もある。
  18. ^ 拇印に相当。
  19. ^ 当初は10ヵ月。
  20. ^ 江戸は春秋の2回。

参考文献

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