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ザンジュ

ザンジュ

ザンジュ (Zanj) (land "[1] of the Arabic :زنج‎;" black) is the name which was ever used by an Arab geographer to point to both language of Bantu speakers called specific place of the East Africa coast or "ザンジュ" which is the resident [2]. The shore is the etymology of the place name "Zanzibar".

Table of contents

Division of the East Africa

Geographers divided the East Africa coast based on each local resident roughly historically in some areas. In north Somalia, there was Barbara which was the ancestral land of the Soma re-person of ancient Greece and the place that an Arabic geographer called with eastern "Baribah" that is "barbarian Barbaroi" (Berber) each in the Middle Ages [2]; [3] [4]. en:al-Habash that is Abyssinia was in current Ethiopia [5], and Habash which was an ancestor of Habesha that is an Abyssinian lived there [6].

An Arab and the Chinese document mention it in Abyssinia Heights and the local whole in southern Barbara as "ザンジュ" that is "the black ground" [7]. And the people of the Bantu word speaker called "ザンジュ" which is copied with ゼンジュ Zenj and ズィンジュ Zinj want to live there [2]; [8] [7]. The heartland of ザンジュ spread out from southern part of current Mogadiscio [9] over the ペンパ island of Tanzania. Current Mozambican ソファラ is to the south of the ペンバ island, and it is thought that the north border was en:Pangani. There was an inarticulate domain with Waq-waq (Waku Waku) located in Mozambique on the other side of ソファラ [10]; [11]. The trout Woo D that is a geographer states that ソファラ is the border of the village of ザンジュ in Arab historians of the tenth century and calls a title of the King in Mfalme of the word of the language of Bantu [2].

History of ザンジュ

ザンジュ traded with it with an Arab and a Persian and an Indian over a wide area. However, the trade was regional because they did not have an open sea ship according to some documents [2]. In addition, according to the different document, the considerable Bantu Swahili had the sailing boat which could already go on a voyage, and a sailor and a merchant traded with it with India and China to Arabia and Persia and the distance east [12]; [13] [14]. Through this trade, some Arab do 通婚 with a local Bantu woman, and I have Bantu in the origin (such as clothes or the absorbed word), but スワヒリ culture affected by the outpatient department element and Swahili will be born [15].

An influential village of the ザンジュ coast included en:Shungwaya (en:Bur Gao) and Malin day and en:Gedi and Mombasa. In late Middle Ages, a trade city of at least 37 スワヒリ existed in this area, and most were considerably rich. However, these community has not been unified as one political existence ("ザンジュ empire" "en:Zanj Empire" is fiction of the late 19th century).

The city governing classes and the merchant rank of these スワヒリ villages were occupied in the emigrants of an Arab and the Persian. I lived in the coast district, and the Bantu person was organized only as a family group [2]. I was used at the East Africa coast and was the bad-mouth which pointed to the term 'en:shenzi' which occurred from "zanji" of Swahili being related to the black of the country. This example includes the "shenzi" dog of the colony term meaning a native dog.

ザンジュ has been exported to various countries as a slave for centuries across the Indian Ocean by an Arabic merchant. I employed ザンジュ slave as a soldier, and the calif of the Omayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty had a revolt for the Arab master of the ザンジュ slave early in Iraq for 696 years (cf. revolt of ザンジュ). When a messenger from Java gave to the emperor it as 僧祇奴 Seng Chi (Zanji) gift of two people for ancient Chinese documents, there is it. 僧祇奴 was sent from the Srivijaya kingdom of the ヒンドゥー kingdom located in Java to China [16]; [17] [18].

The sea of the African southeast shore was known as "the sea of ザンジュ" and included the Mascarene Islands and Malagasy Island. During an anti-apartheid struggle period, changing name to 'Azania' which reflected ancient ザンジュ was suggested to South Africa.

Arab viewpoint to ザンジュ

The Arab description about ザンジュ lacks consistency [16]; [19]. By the next opinion appearing in Kitab al-Bad' wah-tarikh, ("a book of a genesis and the history") vol.4 of the ムカッダスィー en:Al-Muqaddasi writing of the Arab author of the Middle Ages, a negative viewpoint is emphasized.

As for "ザンジュ, they are people lacking in understanding and intelligence having black skin, a flat nose, the hair which curled. "

"We are the human beings whom ザンジュ (black) of is chipped off in intelligence and insight most and know what can understand the result of the action least. "

-- ジャーヒズ (d. 868 AD), Kitab al-Bukhala (book of misers)

"ザンジュ is like the crow between human beings. Because this is because it is cover all things in nature who they are the worst human beings in the property and temperament, and are the most immoral. "

ジャーヒズ, Kitab al-Hayawan ("the book of the animal"), vol. 2

However, ジャーヒズ of the Muslim writer of the ninth century was African Arab (en:Afro-Arab) for another view, and was the grandchild of the ザンジュ (Bantu person) slave [2]; [3] [20].

"They say. "That "I rule over the bed thanks to their number of people and patience and intelligence and efficiency if a woman of ザンジュ and ザンジュ gets married and remains behind in Iraq even if the child becomes the youth."


ジャーヒズ writes a book called "Risalat mufakharat al-Sudan 'ala al-bidan" (report "about the superiority on the white of" black) and describes a black in that.

I conquered the country of the thing Arab to "(as for the black) Mecca and have ruled over them. We defeated zoo ヌワース en:Dhu Nuwas (King of the Yemeni Judaist) and murdered princes of the ヒムヤル en:Himyar kingdom. However, the thou white has not conquered our country. My people ゼング (Zengh, black) caused a revolt four times in Euphrates and sent the resident out of the house and did Oballah with a blood bath [21]. "

"Black is more powerful than which people physically. Many whites flatter one of them and lift a heavy stone and can carry the baggage which I cannot carry. When it is the noble family, as proof of the lack of the evilness, they are brave, and they are strongly tolerant. "

In 1331, Berber explorer イブン バットゥータ of the Arabic speaker visited キルワ sultanship country en:Kilwa Sultanate in the place of ザンジュ. This country was governed by a Yemenite dynasty of sultanship Hasan bottle Sulaiman (en:Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman) [22]. I describe it and state that the Arabic ruler of the kingdom takes good care of a slave and war trophies in ザンジュ saying バットゥータ "is in the face of the tattoo with a color of the jet black" in residents of ザンジュ in the letter [22].

"キルワ is one of the towns constructed well most beautifully in the world.

All is built elegantly. The roof is made with the stick of the mangrove. There is much rain in there. Because there is a country next to ザンジュ of the paganism, the people engage in a crusade. The quality of their head is devoted, and it is pious. They belong to the シャーフィイー school. When I arrived; a sultan

It was アブー Al = ムザッファル Hasan, and ラカブ (honorific title) was アブー Al = マワーヒブ because of one of his charity-like many presents (give father of the hand, the meaning called the person to give things well). He repeats a surprise attack, and he gives a blow, and he carries war trophies to the country (the own country where the neighbor matches) of ザンジュ frequently. And, in conformity with the method of the Koran, I reserve a one-fifth [23]. "

Revolt of ザンジュ

The details refer to "a revolt of ザンジュ"

A revolt of ザンジュ is a series of revolts that it lasts for approximately 15 years over 869-883 years and had in current Basra, Iraq.

ザンジュ taken to the Middle East as a slave was often used for outdoor hard labor in conjunction with the agriculture [24]. The ザンジュ slave was employed at a labor-intensive farm and engaged in particular in the crop of farm products such as the sugarcane of the current Mesopotamia lower part of a river basin in southern Iraq. This is usually relatively rare development in the Islam world where slave work force was used for a soldier and housework. For severe environment, three times of revolts happened during the seventh to the ninth century, and the maximum thing took place soon for 868 through 883 [25].

A revolt of ザンジュ is not a revolt of the slaves, and, as other opinions, there is the opinion which depended on the Arab that the most of the revolt were supported by Iraqi East Africa emigrant. This opinion is M. A. I stop at Shaban, and argue as follows.

"It was not a revolt of the slaves. It was ザンジュ that is a revolt of black. It reflects a racial theory of the 19th century to identify a slave with a black. This is put only in the Southern U.S. before the Civil War. "

The verbal explanation about the revolt of the slave for the inferior labor circumstances on the halophytic damp ground of "Basra,

It is all a fabrication of the imagination and is lacking in the proof of the document. Conversely, the worker of some halophytic damp ground was the person who fought for a revolt first. Of course there was few cimarron who joined a revolt, but did not become the revolt of the slave. The most of insurgents are Arabs of the Persian Gulf,

I was supported by the free spirit of the East Africa person who settled down in this place [26]. "

Allied item

Reference

  1. ^ Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Volume 131 (Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner, 1981), p. 130.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g F. R. C. Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires (Brill: 1997), p. 174.
  3. ^ a b Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 13.
  4. It is V. ^ James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12 12 (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490.
  5. ^ Sven Rubenson, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.
  6. ^ Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.
  7. ^ a b Raunig, Walter (2005). Afrikas Horn: It is bis 5 Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. Mai 2002 in München. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 130. ISBN 3-447-05175-2. http://books.google.ca/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false. "ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) -- al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) -- al-Habasha (Abyssinia) -- Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) -- Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography".
  8. ^ Bethwell A. Ogot, Zamani: A Survey of East African History (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104.
  9. ^ Timothy Insoll, The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa (Cambridge University Press: 2003), p. 61.
  10. ^ Chittick, Neville (1968). The Coast Before the Arrival of the Portuguese, Chapter 5 in Ogot, B. A. and J. A. Kieran, eds., "Zamani: A Survey of East African History". pp. 100–118. 
  11. ^ Stefan Goodwin, Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent (Lexington Books: 2006), p. 301.
  12. ^ Hybrid urbanism: on the identity discourse and the built environment By Nezar AlSayyad
  13. ^ Kilwa Kisiwani. Medieval Trade Center of Eastern Africa, By K. Kris Hirst
  14. ^ Vijay Prashad, Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity (Beacon Press: 2002), p. 8.
  15. ^ David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg, Islam Outside the Arab World (Palgrave Macmillan: 1999), p. 11.
  16. ^ a b Roland Oliver, Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC-1400 AD (Cambridge University Press: 1975), p. 192.
  17. ^ "new Tang book" Western connections lower; "室利佛逝, 一曰屍利佛誓.…鹹亨至開元間, 數遣使者朝…又獻侏儒, 僧祗女各二及歌舞."
  18. "It is founding of a state 12 years ^ "冊府元亀" winding 97……July, 尸利佛逝国王遣使 俱 allure, 献侏儒二人, 價耆者女二人"
  19. ^ David Brion Davis, Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Harvard University Press: 2006), p. 12.
  20. ^ Zamani: A Survey of East African History, p. 104.
  21. ^ Joel Augustus Rogers, John Henrik Clarke, World's Great Men of Color (Simon & Schuster: 1996), p. 166.
  22. ^ a b Randall Lee Pouwels, African and Middle Eastern world, 600-1500, (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 156.
  23. ^ World Civilizations: To 1700, p. 176.
  24. ^ Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era
  25. ^ "Hidden Iraq." "William Cobb". December 28, 2006 reading.
  26. ^ "Islamic History" By M. A. Shaban

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