American accounting standards
The American accounting standards (べいこくかいけいきじゅん) are rule books used for a financial accounting of the United States of America and are "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" for the United States (generally approved accounting principle). I am often called US-GAAP and merely GAAP (gap) for short [1]. They make the financial statements in conformity with American accounting standards by all means to be listed on the Stock Exchange in the stock market of America and must announce it, and United States certified public accountant (US-CPA) and a company manager, the accounts person in charge concerned with this may be held responsible for a detective and the civil affair by these laws and ordinances violation.
Table of contents
Summary
These accounts rule book is used for a making process at the report stage by a public company in the United States of America country, a private enterprise, a nonprofit company, the making preparations for financial statements for the widespread business entity including the government. Generally, the GAAP is related to the accounts method, a rule book, accounting standards and includes the framework of accounts applied to the district.
Like many other countries using a customary law system, the private sector knows it well more, and it is believed that I have the means with me, and the United States government does not have direct accounting standards.
As for the US GAAP, in the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (Securities and Exchange Commission, the SEC), the listed company says that accounting must be accomplished along this not light grammar. It is a first-class authority organization on creating the GAAP that Financial Acounting Standards Board (Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB) is related to the personal company, non profit organization now. In the government of a district and the state, as for the GAAP, it is decided with the standard of the private enterprise environment by the government accounting standards council (Governmental Accounting Standards Board, GASB) to have an influence on under the different premise, principle, limitation. The accounting of each federal government engine is prescribed by a council for federal accounting standards question (Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, FASAB).
An action for the unification of these rules is accomplished, but the US GAAP must be considered now to be slightly different from the international financial report standard (International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS) whether the financial reports that conformed to an international standard are effective in the United States [2].
The plan that leading, FASB gathers up the thing which current GAAP disperses in form of various texts and comment in a great variety of documents, and exists in one document called "GAAP Codification" progresses, and a basic plan is already shown in January, 2008 and aims at the completion of the document settled formally in January, 2009 after having passed through the correction opinions from the one-year person concerned.
Classification
US-GAAP is comprised of many related documents, and the proof of one rule must be the several documents, too. Still it is prescribed about the basic accounts rule definitely, but hierarchization and a classification are performed mainly by reliability that the rule that you should apply may disagree with the special case and does it, and a trouble does not come to produce it for use.
By the definition of the US GAAP in inspection workbook (Statement on Audinting Standards, SAS) which association of American certified public accountant (AICPA) published in 1992 69th, I am classified in following four.
- a. The thing which the organization which an engine of AICPA appointed announced: FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board, Financial Acounting Standards Board) workbook, FASB interpretation guideline, APB (Accounting Principles Board) opinion book, ARB (Accounting Research Bulletin, accounts study bulletin)
- b. I was announced by the group of accountants, and I was performed approval (Clear) by an engine of (a.) (the public deliberation, an exhibition of the draft a premise): FASB technology standard bulletin, inspection, accounts guide according to the type of industry of AICPA, AICPA opinion book
- c. A thing (the public deliberation a premise) which was announced by the group which consisted of an engine of (a.) and the accountant, and was approved by an organization of (a.): Business standard bulletin of the accounting standards executive committee of AICPA, agreement matter of the new accounting problem deliberation sectional meeting
- d. Business custom accepted generally or an announcement sentence: Solution interpretations of the Buddhist scriptures of AICPA, question and answer of the FASB staff publication, business custom of specific duties
a.I take first priority in order of から d. and am applied. The following documents are referred to about the accounting problem that is not described in these.
- Concept workbook (Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts[3], SFAC) of FASB
- Discussion report (Issue Paper) of AICPA
- International financial report standard (International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS)
- Council for government accounting standards (Governmental Accounting Standards Board) workbook
- Dictum of other association of expert and competent authorities
- Specialized business guide (Technical Practice Aids) of AICPA
など [2].
I illustrate below four categories.
| Four categories | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category A (thing trusted most) | FASB workbook (FASB Standards), FASB interpretation guideline (FASB Interpretations) | APB opinion book (Accounting Principles Board Opinions) | AICPA accounts study bulletin (ARBs, AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins) | |
| Category B | FASB technology standard bulletin (FASB Technical Bulletins) | Inspection, accounts guide (AICPA Industry Audit and Accounting Guides) according to the type of industry of AICPA | AICPA opinion book (AICPA Statements of Position, SOPs) | |
| Category C | Agreement matter (FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, EITF) of the FASB new accounting problem deliberation sectional meeting | Business standard bulletin (AICPA AcSEC Practice Bulletins) of the accounting standards executive committee of AICPA | ||
| Category D (last reliability) | Interpretation sentence (AICPA Accounting Interpretations) of AICPA | Question and answer (FASB Implementation Guides (Q and A)) of the FASB staff publication | Business of the industry which was recognized widely, and was gone around | |
Category A and B are trusted, and category C and D are not the things which trust of the overall width is put to by the important item although I am slightly trusted with the specific case with fascination. In D, a problem nominated for a reliable level of the GAAP is talked with category C about, and a conclusion is led; it may be said that is.
FASB divides these into 50 fields to arrange current US GAAP comprised of many workbooks and opinions books of the a.-d. classification mentioned above and shows an original bill of new "FASB Standards Condification" on Web from January, 2008, and it is a custom to approve it one year later [2].
House of the GAAP
Originally the category of four mentioned above is expression called "a house concept of the GAAP"; Steven Rubin "journal of dirt, yes come from the article that wrote to in June, 1984 of the tongue sea" [4] and is often used though classify GAAP in four hierarchies, and the illustrated thing exhibits a hierarchy of documents of an opinion, a standard, the same kind of the having many kinds to constitute US GAAP.
History
- Accounts procedure committee (Committee on Accounting Procedures) establishes it AICPA in 1938
- Announcement of the 1953 accounts study bulletin (Accounting Research Bulletine, ARB) 43rd
- Dissolution of the accounts procedure committee and accounting principle Committee (Accounting Principles Board, APB) establish it in 1959
- It is established Financial Acounting Standards Board (Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB) in 1972
[2].
People engaged in inspection led a role to develop the GAAP in the company. [5] FASB rebuilt an opinion of several thousand of the US GAAP in about 2008 and published "FASB Accounting Standards Codification" where I summarized the opinion approximately approximately 90 in. [6]
Basic aim
The financial statements provide the following information.
- I offer it for rational investment (Investment) and loan, the decision-making use in other finance to potential investors and creditor, other users
- It helps the judgment about an uncertain factor to potential investors and creditor, other users at a net total and the time of the fund income and expenditure (Cashflow)
- (the company) Thing about assets, a debt, capital and those increase and decrease
Basic concept
The GAAP has four basic premises, four basic principles, four basic limitation to achieve a basic aim and basic quality.
Basic premise
- (Assumptions)
- Being the accounts about the company. It is separated with personal accounts and the accounts of other companies.
- There is continuity. Adding up, the depreciation of assets, various technique about the repayment become effective by doing it assuming business being indefinite and being continued. Only in the case of company rearranging, this premise is excluded.
- It is the principle of money and treats only the thing which I can measure in a value of money. I adopt a nominal value of the US dollar as a recorded money unit without making modifications in FASB even if it is inflation.
- The economic activities of the company are divided necessarily in social time at time by the principle of - period
Basic principle
- (Principles)
- It is demanded from the company by a cost principle that I calculate based on acquisition cost not fair market value and report assets and the debt. This principle gives solid information (in removing an opportunity to be subjective, and to bring partial market price), but does not have a meaning that much today. It is common to use the fair price, and a debt or the securities are reported with market price now above all after all.
- Based on a profit principle, the company obeys the following rules about a record of the profit.
- I spend realization and a point in time when it became feasible.
- I use (稼得時点) at a point in time when a right to receive payment by having completed sale and service not the point of cash receipt occurred.
- Such accounts method is called accrual basis accounts.
- The expense lets you cope with profit as much as possible, and it is handled by an expense principle for profit. When work and a product were tied to real profit, the expense is recognized for the first time not a point in time when work is completed, and a product was completed. Only for the cost that was not tied to profit, it may be allowed to include it as an expense of the current terms (e.g., an office work salary or other administrative expenses). This principle is intended to estimate efficiency as real profitability definitely (in showing it how much it took it to get profit). Depreciation and the cost of goods sold are good examples indicating the applications of this principle.
- It is necessary to be calculated the loss and gain definitely so that convenience that the kind of numerical value and the information disclosed by a disclosure principle prepares than the cost that information costs and uses exceeds it. The information is judged within the rational cost and is disclosed enough widely. The information is offered as financial reports and the explanatory note, the main body in the attachment.
Basic limitation
- (Constraints)
- Principle (Objectivity principle) of the objectivity ：The financial reports of the company which an accountant makes are constructed based on objective evidence.
- Principle (Materiality principle) of the importance ：When I am listed in a report, the seriousness of one item is considered each. I am each judged based on an individual reason, and the seriousness of one item is considered.
- Consecutive principle (Consistency principle) ：It is not allowed for accounts policy to be changed without a rational reason frequently every every fiscal year, and the change of business results through 各期 is acted as by the list of financial reports to acquire it easily.
- Principle (Conservative principle) of a principle (Prudent principle) of the carefulness or the conservatism ：When there are two choices, I always choose the that one and a debt and the loss that assets and an income are not overestimated are not underestimated. Specifically, it becomes the debt that the loss should be listed for the current term if there is some certainty, and assets and the income must not list it for the current term unless they become certain.
Other principle
- Purpose compatibility (Relevance): If I have an influence on the decision making by the information that the user of financial reports obtains, and a difference is reflected on decision, it may be said that there is purpose compatibility as for it. A prediction, the confirmation of the correction of errors judgment for the past decision are included in it in the future, and it is necessary for information to be provided at the good time when a user needs it again.
- Reliability (Reliability): There are not an error and prejudice, and inspection is possible, and contents and expression are consistent.
- Comparability (Comparability): I can easily compare the superiority and inferiority and a similarity, the difference of achievements by arranging the financial reports between plural companies.
- Immediate recognition (Immediate recognition): The caused expense is recognized promptly and is recorded on 期.
Deviation act from GAAP
It is said, "the member must withdraw from GAAP when I perform a case and the misstatements that caused the serious false notation on financial reports" by an occupation ethic rule Article 203 "accounting principle" of AICPA which is the association of the American certified public accountant. With a fact of the secession, I am announced if possible why it becomes the misstatements when I see it in conformity with an accounting principle. There is not much Article 203 -1 in the case to be forced to secession by by an application of "the deviation from an established accounting principle", but is really up by a new law and a format of the new buying and selling business, a case about the importance that there is rarely or a collision with business practices of the industry characteristic well. [7]
Development of the GAAP
The following organizations affect it in development of the US GAAP.
- The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, US-SEC)
- In the Securities and Exchange Commission, the world financial crisis was established as an opportunity. The system of accounting standards was not prepared in those days. The Securities and Exchange Commission believed that the private enterprise industry included appropriate knowledge and talented person, ability and recommended the establishment of the main part of the private enterprise standard through AICPA and later FASB. The Securities and Exchange Commission worked closely with various personal organizations, but the GAAP was not completed.
- It prescribes it about financing information by rule S-X and is "the financial statements rule" in Japan which prescribed the information that you should list in financial statements. In addition, it non-prescribes financing information by rule S-K.
I show an opinion of the SEC about the financial report by financial report information (Financial Reporting Release, FRR) and convey interpretation of the SEC about accounts by staff accounts notification (Staff Accounting Bulletine, SAB).
- Association of American certified public accountant (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, AICPA)
- Financial Acounting Standards Board (Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB)
- Council for government accounting standards (Governmental Accounting Standards Board, GASB)
- Organization with other influence
- American Accounting Association (American Accounting Association, AAA)
- Association of American administrative accounting person (Institute of Management Accountants, IMA)
- Association of financing charge manager (Financial Executives Institute, FEI)
- Association of government accounts person in charge (Government Finance Officer's Association, GFOA)
Higher authority organization of the GAAP establishment
In the United States, the GAAP catches the support from the following engines depending on importance.
- The issue is published by the hand of the official member appointed from the council of AICPA. (e.g., FASB notification book (FASB Statements), AICPA opinion book (AICPA Opinions), AICPA accounts study bulletin (AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins).)
- Other AICPA publishes it. Guide according to the AICPA type of industry
- The custom according to the type of industry and
- The short sentence about accounts in the form of a book and the article.
with other countries of relationships
When I submit approved style 20-F to the SEC in the Japanese securities trading law (Financial Instruments and Exchange Law) because a Japanese company lists a subsidiary in the American stock market, it is admitted that I include the consolidated financial statements of the United States standard in securities report in Japan as financial statements of the subsidiaries as "an exception". It is admitted that I include American style consolidated financial statements in securities report in Japan even if not listed on the Stock Exchange in the American stock market from 2002 when I enroll in the SEC and submit style 20-F.
I can use an American standard (as for the Canadian standard, the Japanese standard, like) for accounting without renewal to IFRS which is accounting standards of EU in EU until December 31, 2008 [2].
- I refer to an international financial report standard.
Fiscal year of America
One year from April 1 is the general fiscal year in Japan, but it is common to treat December 31 as 1 fiscal year from January 1 unless it declines it in particular in the United States. But it may be one year from when if this is not a restricted thing, and a period of the fiscal year is specified.
Basic financial statements of America
The American basic financial statements (annual report, Annual report) are comprised of seven kinds of following documents, and all is required.
- Balance sheet
- Income statement
- 余剰金計算書、または株主持分計算書（Statement of retained earnings or changes in shareholders' equity）
- Cashflow statements
- 会計方針の記述（Description of accunting policies）
- 財務諸表注記（Notes of financial statements）
- 付属明細書および説明資料（Schedules and explanatory material）
日本での財務諸表に比べて、特に財務諸表注記の内容が充実している。
上場市場によっては各市場ごとのルールとして、1年間（Annual）の財務諸表による報告とは別に、半年ごと（Semiannually）や四半期ごと（Quarterly）での財務諸表（Financial statement）による報告が求められる。
特にUS-SECがSAB99で示した解釈によって、監査人が発見した証券取引法違反などの違法行為に対して通知義務があるとされている。
多年度表示での順序が日本では右側に古い年度が来るが、米国では左側に古い年度が来るように規定が変更されたために、現在では逆順になっている。
米国ではマイナス表示は数値全体を（カッコ）でくくることが多いが、特に規定されている訳ではなく、"－"で示しても構わない。
関連法
- 1933年証券法（Securities Act of 1933）
- 1934年証券取引法（Securities Exchange Act of 1934）
- 企業改革法（Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002）
関連項目
- 企業会計原則
- International financial report standard
- 会計基準
- 国際会計基準審議会
- 財務会計 - （日本に関する記述のみ）
出典・注記
- ^ 米国以外の国もそれぞれのGAAPが存在する
- ^ a b c d e デロイト・トウシュ・トーマツ編 『米国財務会計基準の実務 第4版』 中央経済社 2008年3月20日第4版第1刷発行 ISBN 978-4-502-28150-1
- ^ SFACはUS-GAAPの内容に影響を与えるものの、SFAC自体はUS-GAAPの構成要素ではない。SFAC 1に以下の記述がある："Unlike a Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, a Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts does not establish generally accepted accounting principles"
- ^ Accounting - The House of GAAP - Goizueta Business Library
- ^ Gauthier, Stephen J.. Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting.
- ^ AICPA (2008-02), AICPA Applauds FASB's Issuance of GAAP Codification, The CPA Letter
- ^ Page 56. "Auditing, an integrated approach" by Alvin Arens and James Loebbecke, published in 1980 by Prentise Hall, ISBN 0-13-051656-2.
外部リンク
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia American accounting standards
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