Topping device
It is a device separating to the fraction which the topping device (じょうあつじょうりゅうそうち) distills crude oil by the pressure that is slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, and has the different boiling point. "A topcoat," it is said with "a crude oil distilling plant" "a topping device". I am called by this name by the comparison with the distillation under reduced pressure device operated under a vacuum.
An additive is added to kerosene and light oil, and I am often considered to be a product as it is, but processing, adjustment is put for an offgas and LPG, the gasoline more, and it is often a product after the residual oil received processing such as distillation under reduced pressure or the reforming more.
Table of contents
Main distillation column
The main distillation column (ordinary pressure distillation column, the main rectifier) is a distillation column playing a key role of the topping device, and the height is the columnar facility that number m is huge as for approximately 50m, the diameter. A shelf step (tray) is installed, and it isolates crude oil which is a multicomponent mixture to each fraction by multi-stage mind liquid contact dozens of steps inside.
I introduce steam called the stripping steam into the bottom of the main distillation column and remove a low boiling point ingredient of the heavy oil which is a tower bottom product. In other words, the crude oil topping is a kind of the steam distillation. The heating arrangement in the towers such as reboilers is not installed in the topping device.
Mixtures such as naphtha, LPG are provided as liquid distillate from the tower top. The gas product from the tower top is called an offgas.
Liquid pulling-out is accomplished from 2.3 places among the steps on the way of the main distillation column. I lead a liquid pulled out to the relatively small distillation column called the side stripper and I let you contact stripping steam and remove a low boiling point ingredient and get kerosene, light oil.
I heat up and thermally recover it and provide it and it
Because heating arrangement is not installed in the main distillation column like statement above, the thermal energy necessary for the distillation supplies crude oil to approximately 350 degrees Celsius by a heating furnace by introducing it into the main distillation column after heating it, and vaporizing crude oil low boiling point ingredients. This crude oil heating furnace is the apparatus which uses the biggest energy during the process of the oil refining that energy many consumption is industrial.
Because temperature is high at the point in time when kerosene, the light oil, the heavy oil were pulled out by a distillation column, I give crude oil heat, and oneself is cooled by a heat exchanger. It may be said that such a heat exchange is killing two birds with one stone to send these products to the following process because cooling is necessary. I thermally recover in combination dozens of heat exchangers with the real facilities thoroughly complicatedly and even a little lowers the load of the heating furnace and gives energy efficiency.
Other facilities
Desalter
Because impurities such as water, salt, iron content, the mud are included in crude oil, it is eliminated using a desalination tank (デソルター) in the upper reaches of the heating furnace. I add a little water to crude oil in the upper reaches of the desalination tank and form emulsion by mixing it well and take impurities in a water particle. I take high voltage by an electrode installed inside with the desalination tank and I agglutinate emulsion by electrostatic action and isolate water.
Stabilizer
The stabilizer is a distillation column separating naphtha and a mixture of LPG provided from the tower top. I distill naphtha by a naphtha splitter more and may divide into light quality naphtha and 重質 naphtha.
Because LPG is not a little included in the offgas from the main distillation column, I may install a gas collection device to improve separation. It is the facility which this puts a compressor, a distillation column together, and collects propane, butane in an offgas as LPG.
The fraction that is refined
I express a fraction provided from a topping device in low order of the boiling point.
- Offgas
- From methane, ethane, I am often used as fuel in the factories mainly
- LPG
- From propane, butane, I am used as fuel and petrochemistry raw materials
- Naphtha
- Boiling range is used as gasoline raw materials and petrochemistry raw materials from a hydrocarbon of around 35-180 degrees Celsius
- Kerosene
- Boiling range is used as fuel (kerosene and jet fuel) after a hydrodesulfurization from a hydrocarbon of around 170-250 degrees Celsius
- Light oil
- Boiling range is used as fuel after a hydrodesulfurization from a hydrocarbon of around 240-350 degrees Celsius
- Heavy oil (ordinary pressure residual oil)
- I often assume it a product after separating it for the distillation to decompression light oil and decompression residual oil in a distillation under reduced pressure device from a hydrocarbon with more than 350 degrees Celsius of boiling point
Unit of processing capacity
Because it is a device becoming the starting point of the oil refining, I often do it with processing capacity of the whole oil refining factory with the throughput of the topping device. The unit to be used well in Japan is barrel / day. In addition, the definition of barrel / day has following two kinds.
- BPSD
- Throughput (barrel per stream day) when facilities operate at the end of ability per day
- BPCD
- Mean processing capacity (barrel per calendar day) that I thought about including the period when facilities stopped for maintenance per day
For example, the processing capacity that I planned in BPCD is calculated with approximately 90,410 BPCD by /365 day for 100,000BPSD *330 day if a device of 100,000 BPSD operates for 330 days a year and stops for remaining 35 days. It is merely often BPSD when I am transcribed into barrel / day.
Source
- Written by ^ Seiichi Konishi "story Japan Standards Association ISBN 4-542-90229-3 of the oil"
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Topping device
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