Stephane bar bird (Polish King)
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| Stephane bar bird Stefan Batory | |
|---|---|
| Polish King The Lord of Transylvania | |
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| The reign | 1575December 14 - 1586December 12 |
| Coronation | 1576May 1 |
| Another name | Lithuanian grand duke |
| Birth | 1533September 27 ソムリヨ, Transylvania |
| The death | December 12, 1586 (53 years old death) フロドナ, Lithuanian grand duke country (existing Belarus territory) |
| Burial | May, 1588 シフィエンタ Maria basement temple of Confucius, Krakow in the Babel sanctuary |
| Spouse | Anna ヤギェロンカ |
| Children | クネボフスキ (bastard) |
| Royal families | Person of bar avian = ソムリヨ |
| Father | The bar bird Istvan eighth |
| Mother | テレージ Catalin |
Stephane バトルィ or bar bird Istvan (Polish notation: Stefan Batory, Hungarian: Báthory István, Romanian: for Ştefan Báthory, from September 27, 1533 to December 12, 1586) in a ruler (the reign: for from 1571 to 1586), the back of the Transylvania dukedom a condominium king of Queen Anna ヤギェロンカ of the Poland Republic of Lithuania (the reign: for from 1576 to 1586). I am from the ソムリヨ school of the Hungarian grand seigneur bar avian house. I am estimated as a superior election king by many historians.
Table of contents
Life
Transylvania Kintoki Sakata charges
The Stephane bar bird was born as son bar bird Istvan of the bar bird Istvan eighth in ソムリヨ. Father objected to the enthronement of the Ferdinand first of the House of Hapsburg which was the rival in earnest supporters of Hungarian crowned サポヤイ Janosch, and a governor-general (ヴォイヴォド) job of Transylvania was accompanied in 1529, but died in the next year when son Istvan was born.
Son Istvan became a skillful diplomat in the Imperial Court of a brave leader of the class of feudal lords, the holy caesar. Because Istvan supported a throne demand of son Janosch jig Mond of サポヤイ Janosch in Hungary, I was hated by the holy caesar Maximilien second and have been imprisoned for two years.
In 1570, two Imperial Court of the person of サポヤイ was reconciled with the House of Hapsburg, and Janosch jig Mond contented himself/herself with the rulership of the Transylvania dukedom founded newly. When Janosch jig Mond died in 1571, the following day, I broke the decision which Bekesy ガーシュパール assumed a successor, and the assembly picked bar bird Istvan to Prince Transylvania for three body forms of Buddha of Transylvania. Bekesy got support of the Hapsburg Imperial Court and required public rank, but Istvan won against a civil war and expelled Bekesy abroad.
It was the very large in Christendom at the time and died without king Sigmund second August leaving a successor in the Poland Republic of Lithuania which was one of the populous countries, and, in 1572, the throne became the nominal position. In 1573, Anna which was the only demise incarnation worked on Sejm (republic assembly) in the younger sisters of the old great king and let the new king pick France prince Henri (Henrik ヴァレジ). Henri had to marry Anna to make own throne an authentic linkage, but Henri escaped from Poland from the coronation within one year and succeeded to the French throne (Henry III).
On December 12, 1575, Sejm elected the emperor Maximilien second to the king according to the persuasion of the vicar after the nominal position period of approximately one and a half years. However, the nobility (シュラフタ) caused a revolt on December 15 three days later and threatened Senad (republic senate house) who led the Maximilien election and required it to choose "King of ピャスト" that is the Poland King of Men. It was fixed to marry her off to bar bird Istvan after having picked Anna as Polish King as a result that an intense discussion was exchanged. The Lithuanian delegate did not attend at Sejm then and was not able to be concerned with the king election. It was Protestantism and a ソッツィーニ group to have supported bar bird Istvan as a candidate most (anti-Trinity group). They were afraid that a monarch from House of Hapsburg brought the opposition Reformation into Poland and preferably thought ruler bar bird Istvan of Transylvania where religious freedom was guaranteed to be it.
Anna was chosen in Warsaw on December 13, 1575 by Polish King and a Lithuanian grand duke and, on May 1, 1576, the Stephane bar bird (bar bird Istvan) got married with Anna and got the position like the wife. Bar bird クリシュトーフ of the older brother was chosen in the same year by the Lord of Transylvania, but I died in 1581, and bar bird jig Mond of the nephew inherited the back.
This king election ignored the decision of the Lublin combination, and a thing was sent to when I elected the Maximilien second to the king without a Lithuanian delegate attending. Therefore, negotiations with Lithuania were carried out, and the Lithuanian feudal rights in the republic were completely guaranteed and, as for Stephane, were admitted as Lithuania grand duke and a duke of Ruthenia and サモギティア formally. I founded ヴィリニュス academy (University of Vilnius in the back) of the Society of Jesus management to become the third newest university in return in a republic in 1579 approved as a grand duke.
Reign of Poland
The viewpoint of the Stephane bar bird was a thing extremely difficult at first, and the nation was considerably weakened because of the confusion of the nominal position period. The Maximilien second required the throne of oneself saying that I was picked earlier by the king and instigated a domestic anti-bar bird group and I planned to invade Poland for throne acquisition and was allied with Grand Duchy of Muscovy. However, the crisis around the throne went away because the Maximilien second died soon.
All military resistance against Stephane was finished at the stage when Gdansk siege of prolonged 1577 reached a settlement. It was impregnable and comprised a near strong fortress with high economic power, and Gdansk that was a member of the Hanseatic League received Denmark and help of the Maximilien second secretly and I supported the election of the Maximilien second and denied the throne of Stephane. After a 6-month siege, the Gdansk military which consisted of 5,000 hired soldiers was defeated completely by the king forces in an open battle of December 16, 1577. However, the armed forces of Stephane could not let a city fall by power and came to compromise with Gdansk. In this settlement, Stephane confirmed the special privileges of the city by the Gdansk method that special position of Gdansk and successive Polish King approved. In contrast, Gdansk accepted Stephane as Polish sovereign and paid large sum of money of 20 large sum of money gulden as proof of the apology. I continued promising the loyalty to the king during war with Sweden and Moscow Russia throughout, and Gdansk provided help to the government afterwards at the desire of the government.
This victory gave an opportunity to make authority as the king Stephane, and I liked Jan the Moi who was an influential person at the time, and the trial of the sovereignty reinforcement was supported. 2 people cooperated and strengthened taxation for the crown territory and I loaned out the Royal Family property which became rich to a noble and did it and won the political party of some nobles (シュラフタ) over to my side. In addition, Stephane carried out reform of Paulhan Dodgers and installed the infantry unit of the half standing army called ピェホタ ビブラニェツカ consisting of the trained farmers as a soldier, the engineer, and registration Cossack system or 有翼驃騎兵 (the Fusa rear) were introduced in earnest, too. Furthermore, the field of judiciary including the organization of the court became a target of the reform, too. Stephane gives it an order for execution of Samuel ズボロフスキ () which was an unconvicted prisoner of murder and the treason that I committed more than ten years ago.
By the foreign relations, Stephane explored peace policy by the construction of alliance relations. Stephane did not trust the House of Hapsburg, but I received the intermediation of the vicar and concluded a military alliance with the successor Rudolf second of the Maximilien second. The dispute with Ottoman Empire was canceled temporarily by peace mediation of November 5, 1577. In Sejm convened in Warsaw, grant contribution for unavoidable war with Grand Duchy of Muscovy was called for by the king. The king won for an expedition of the twice to stop the march of the Moscow military which was an enemy although grant expenditure was refused many times in petty Sejm and the long-term siege round that got up successively. In addition, I got rid of Ottoman Empire and doubt for his ambition of the emperor with superior diplomatic skill at the same time.
In the リヴォニア war that became the last situation of the Moscow Lithuania war (), Stephane commanded the expedition that determined the victory of the Kyowa national military with Lord Chancellor ザモイスキ directly. I occupied the major cities dollar pato of the cool Lunt dukedom which the Ivan fourth invaded リヴォニア, and became the republican dependency, but the Kyowa national military kicked about the Russia forces in ヴェリーキエ rookies. Stephane marched in the heartland of Russia, and, on August 22, 1581, few prostrate Kyowa national militaries surrounded a huge fortress of Pskov (Pskov siege). The muttering of demand and commanders of the siege cancellation of vicar Antonio ポッセヴィーノ which the board of the Pope sent was given in order to mediate a dispute of a czar and the Polish King, but continued surrounding Pskov all the time during the winter when the North Pole was severe. The Ivan fourth started negotiations to follow the third city of the own country, and agreement of reconciliation of ヤム ザポルスキ was linked in 1582, and Russia returned all the occupation zones of リヴォニア to the republic after all after cession did Pollack.
For the defense of the eastern border, Stephane planned it to conclude a military alliance with Grand Duchy of Muscovy which assumes Ottoman Empire a hypothetical enemy, but a military alliance did not realize it afterwards because Russia was suddenly weakened. In addition, the design to let I made the フョードル first of the czar a successor of Stephane, and Poland Lithuania Moscow combination establish died out when Stephane died suddenly of フロドナ Kojo on December 12, 1586. The corpse of Stephane became the corpse which received the first investigation dissection in Eastern Europe. The corpse was buried in フロドナ at first, but was moved to the Babel sanctuary later.
I it posthumously
After the death of the Stephane bar bird, the nominal position period of one year produced the republic. Younger brother Maximilien grand duke of the emperor Rudolf second was picked to the next king, but シギスムンド (the Sigmund third) of the Swedish prince protested this king election in nephews of Anna, and I broke Maximilien by a fight of ブィチナ, and it was the new ruler of the republic.
Evaluation
According to the evaluation of the representative, it is said that the greatness of achievements of the Stephane bar bird was a level to rank with Vee tau TASS grand duke at the same time.
Gallery
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Portrait of the king putting on the hat with the black wing which I gemmed, Martin co-bell image
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Armor of the Stephane bar bird, history of art Museum storehouse of Vienna
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フロドナ Kojo mainly involving the manierisme style built in the 1580s by Scot of Parma
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It was built in palace courtyard, 1579 of University of Vilnius by the king
Footnote
References
Including the next encyclopedia text that a copyright became extinct for this article in the United States of America: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Article name required". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Allied item
- Transylvania dukedom
- University of Vilnius (former title Stephane bar avian university)
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This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Stephane bar bird (Polish King)
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