Prohibited religion law
It is an order to forbid that the prohibited religion law (きんきょうれい) believes in a certain religion and propagates it (laws and ordinances).
I point to the thing which forbade Christianity in particular in Japan and am called the Christianity ban. The religion that became handled as prohibition was called evil faith. I cannot see "定" which prohibited the Christian doctrine, Bible (new contract, old promise). And I usually point to the laws and ordinances to forbid Christianity that the Edo Shogunate started in 1613, the following day (Keicho era 17 years) in Japan in 1612 when I say merely a prohibited religion law.
The Imperial ordinance that Diocletian issued for 303 years of the ancient Roman age is well known, but, in the foreign countries, does not allot the word of the prohibited religion law here generally.
I explain it about a prohibited religion law to Christianity performed mainly on Christianity policy of the Edo era in Japan after the Azuchimomoyama era and a related matter in this clause.
Table of contents
Summary
And the Edo Shogunate announced the prohibited religion law in the meaning of the narrow sense (Keicho era 17 years) in 1613, the following day in 1612. A notice of 五榜 by an early Christianity in Japan exile law and the Meiji government by Hideyoshi Toyotomi of 1587 is included in the meaning of the wide sense. An earliest prohibited religion law is the exile law that the Emperor Ogimachi started in (1569) for (1565) and 12 years for Eiroku era eight years. This was a purpose to expel a propagator from Kyoto, but there was the Christian protectionism by Nobunaga Oda, and there was not very the effect.
Even if these say a prohibited religion law to a mouthful, the character is greatly different. It was prohibition of the propagation right, and, as for the exile law and the early Christianity in Japan exile law of the Emperor Ogimachi, the oppression to Christianity in itself did not have its forced conversion for the Christian and policy that I said (in other words, "prohibited religion") stolen by a master for the purpose of the exile of the propagator not a main purpose so that the word showed it.
It is from the prohibited religion law that Hideyoshi started in 1596 that ironhanded measures to Christianity are taken, and 26 Christians are really executed at this time (Japanese 26 saint). But, in a thing targeted at the Francisco society, a continuous policy for prohibited religion did not have it stolen mainly, and the Edo Shogunate which inherited the back imitates it then.
It was from a prohibited religion law of 1612 that oppression to Christianity began as a policy in Japan and continued until the Meiji early days.
Prohibited religion law by Hideyoshi Toyotomi
Prohibited religion law (early Christianity in Japan exile law) of 1587
Hideyoshi Toyotomi who succeeded Nobunaga Oda took the situation of the Christianity acceptance like Nobunaga at first. However, I express a limitation of the Christianity propagation on (Tensho era June 19, 15) in July, 1587 after the Kyushu subjugation. This was a thing for the deportation of the propagator (early Christianity in Japan), but the foreign (merchant) comings and goings not to be related to propagation remained free, and to believe in Christianity in individuals again (in a limit without the forced nature) was permitted. Permission of Hideyoshi was possibility except that I needed about conversion to Christianity of the daimyo, but Yoshitaka Kuroda who was a Christian daimyo already really apostatized by political pressure, and it might be said that Ukon Takayama abandoned a position for faith. On the other hand, there was the person who remained the Christian like Yukinaga Konishi and Harunobu Arima.
In addition, propagators sentenced to withdrawal gather in Hirado, and I protest it, and Hideyoshi who took Western trade seriously takes the form to consent tacitly to afterward. As a result, propagators were able to be active after the exile law (with a limit). Rather more than 10,000 people a year were baptized to every before and after Battle of Sekigahara newly after this, and the Christian expanse was active.
There are various opinions for the purpose that Hideyoshi announced a prohibited religion law, and there is "to centralize the diplomacy right, the trade right in oneself, and to plan the control as the nation" "to let you know it when a Japanese slave trade is performed in Kyushu and prohibit it" "persecution to the Shinto shrine Buddhist temple by the Christian".
The early Christianity in Japan exile law is a limit to Christianity as the first Japanese national policy, but the oppression to Christianity and the believer is not a purpose, and attention is necessary for having been a thing formal again.
Prohibited religion law of 1596
Hideyoshi gave a prohibited religion law again in 1596 and I arrested believers of the Francisco society who was active more in Kyoto (some Society of Jesus) and executed it (Japanese 26 saint).
I include "a sun = Felipe case" about the reason why this prohibited religion law was announced well. A sailor of sun = Felipe is that the propagator stated that Spain is an advance guard for territory conquest, and, in the common view, it is said that this is because Hideyoshi was cautious of Christianity. On the other hand, after all the policies such as the forced conversion for the believer were not taken, and the oppression was not added any place other than the Francisco society of Kyoto. The principle top is prohibition, but, as for Christianity, there is the opinion which Hideyoshi took off for oppression because the activity of the monastic order of the entering including the Francisco society was intolerable under the situation that received oversight (the Society of Jesus of the senior promoted a self-restraint of the activity, but the monastic order of the entering ignored it).
But I did not perform the big persecution as "the at will of the person" for the general believer then either.
Prohibited religion law by the Edo Shogunate
I it until the prohibited religion law promulgation
The Edo Shogunate took a policy like to this for Christianity and did not take the policy that I could call oppression. Friar Preacher, propagators of the アウグスティノ society visit Japan in 1602 and begin to do full-scale propagation in Japan, and representative Lewis ソテロ meets the Francisco society who received oppression of Hideyoshi in 1596 with Ieyasu Tokugawa and Hidetada in 1603 and performs the propagation to the Tohoku district.
However, I refused to be incorporated in the rule system of the Shogunate and, as for the activity, the Shogunate gradually stiffened a manner for Christianity that became active (the Society of Jesus of the senior who knew a lot about the situation of Japan demanded careful correspondence like time of the times of Hideyoshi, but was not accepted in the monastic order of the entering). There were the U.K. and advice of Netherlands and the secret maneuvers of the gods and Buddha power for the trade right with Japan, too.
Meanwhile, a case of マードレ デ Deus occurs in 1609. Itself did not have any relation with Christianity, but it is the person concerned, and a bribery case of Daihachi Okamoto who similarly was a Christian is found out in the part of expression of the eye with famous Harunobu Arima as a Christian daimyo over the case processing (Daihachi Okamoto case).
The Shogunate begins to prohibit Christianity by this case as an opportunity.
Prohibited religion law of the Keicho era
The Edo Shogunate proclaims the prohibited religion law that I gave an order for the destruction of the church and prohibition of the propagation against a government controlled area including Edo, Kyoto, 駿府 on (April 21, 1612) on Keicho era March 21, 17. It was the thing for the Shogunate government controlled area, but I took it as "countries no-no" about the daimyos and performed a similar measure to the last itself. This was laws and ordinances of the first official Christianity prohibition by the Edo Shogunate.
As well as the destruction of the proclaimed church and prohibition of the propagation, the investigation of the Christian whom there was in a vassal corps was performed, and the person whom I corresponded to was referred to attainting disposal in some cases, and severe measures had their this stolen. Because Tanenobu Hara who was a direct feudatory of a shogun in particular continued believing after flight, I make Ieyasu angry and am executed in last moments.
"The every item" that generalized a series of measures is given on August 6, the same year, and the prohibited religion law of 1612 is completed afterwards. In addition, the Christian daimyo completely disappeared because last Christian daimyo, Harunobu Arima performed attainting of was sentenced to seppuku for Daihachi Okamoto case in May of the year.
And Keicho era February 19, 18, the following day (January 28, 1613). The Shogunate widened a prohibition of Christianity law given to the government controlled area in the whole country. In addition, I let Ieyasu gave Suden Ishin an order in total and draft "伴天連追放之文" (sentence → early Christianity in Japan exile law of the early Christianity in Japan exile) and let you promulgate it in the name of Hidetada on 23rd (said that 崇伝 finished writing this in a night). This becomes the fundamental law for Christianity of the Shogunate afterward.
The church which was in Nagasaki and Kyoto was destroyed by this prohibited religion law, and a monastic order person and a main Christian were ousted overseas in Macao and Manila in (Keicho era September, 19) in November, 1614, the following day. There was Ukon Takayama who was a well-known Japanese believer in that.
Christianity was prohibited publicly, but the Shogunate did not take measures against the thorough mark such as the execution of the believer. In addition, the Christian activity still continued. For example, the person who lay latent like Nakaura Julian and Christ station wagon Ferreira, and escaped from exile did it (told that there were approximately 50 people at this point in time), and there was no end to propagators who sneaked into Japan secretly. The division to finish Christians called "a Deus town" was remaining in Kyoto. The reason why I was not able to take the measures that the Shogunate is thorough is that the propagator participated in Western trade (Portugal in particular) deeply. It is a later story a little more that the control by the Shogunate becomes severe.
Great martyrdom of Genna
The Shogunate comes to promote discovery and the apostasy (forced conversion) of the Christian taking advantage of a series of events in the Genna year positively.
Katsushige Itakura who was Kyoto Acting Director was favorable for a Christian and therefore there were many Christians and was half in Kyoto in form consented tacitly to (resident of "the Deus town" mentioned above). However, "I set a limit to port of two, and Hidetada ordered" in (1616) for Genna two years and I continued it and started a prohibited religion law some other time in (1619) for Genna five years, and Katsushige put a Christian in a prison without being able to no longer consent tacitly. Katsushige was going to get oversight of Hidetada, but Hidetada gave it an order for the execution (burning to death) of the Christian directly adversely. And, on October 6, the same year, 52 people are executed on the guidance out of the city in Kyoto Article 6 riverbank (great martyrdom of Kyoto). Four children were included in these 52 people, and there was one pregnant woman more. This was a clear lesson, but the Shogunate raised irritation because the very Christian was pleased as martyrdom.
Two propagators who planned (1620), infiltration to Japan for Genna six years of such situation are found accidentally (the Chen case that Hirayama is the way it goes). The Shogunate raises the distrust of Christian by this affair and decides great oppression. I come to perform the mass arrest of the Christian and execute people 55 people who sheltered (1622), propagators monastic order person and believer whom I always arrested and them for Genna eight years in total in Nagasaki Nishizaka (great martyrdom of Genna). This was mass execution for the propagators since the Japanese 26 saint. I perform the public execution (great martyrdom) of 38 people successively in 108 people, Hirado in Tohoku in 55 people, 1624 in the Edo era in 1623.
On the other hand, I am informed by Europe these great oppression quickly and am said to be it even if I caused a craze for propagation. For example, the propagator of Friar Preacher tried infiltration and hiding to Japan after this.
National Isolation Law and revolt of Shimabara
The Shogunate (Hidetada) gave the National Isolation Law (not National Isolation Law closely) "port of two limit law" of the beginning in (1616) for Genna two years and showed Christian prohibition up to "a lower classes farmer" strictly in that. 以後、鎖国体制が構築されていくが、それは宣教師の潜入を防ぐ、海外渡航した日本人がキリシタンになるのを防ぐという側面を持っていた（ただし、鎖国自体の目的はキリスト教の弾圧ではない）。 鎖国を完成させた家光は鎖国令の中でキリスト教の弾圧を直接指示したことはなかったが、長崎奉行への大綱の中でキリスト教徒の捜索・逮捕を指示している。
また、鎖国令が構築されていく中で起こった島原の乱は参加した農民がキリスト教を拠り所にしていたという点で幕府に大きな衝撃を与えた。
この時期にも宣教師の潜入・潜伏はやはり続いており、寛永14年（1637年）には琉球経由で密入国を企てていたドミニコ会の宣教師ら4人が長崎で処刑されている。しかし、鎖国の完成と共に潜伏していた、あるいは潜入を試みていた宣教師達は姿を消していった（ジョバンニ・シドッチのように完全に密入国を試みる者がいなくなったわけではない）。
幕府の諸政策
先述のように元和年間を基点に幕府はキリスト教徒（隠れキリシタン）の発見と棄教（強制改宗）を積極的に推進していくようになった。これは世界に類を見ないほど徹底した禁教政策であった。
幕府はかねてより治安維持のために用いられてきた五人組制度を活用したり、寺請制度を創設するなどして、社会制度からのキリスト教徒の発見及び締め出しを行った。また島原の乱の後には、元和4年（1618年）に長崎で始まった訴人報償制を全国に広げ密告を奨励した。密告の報償金は、人物によって決まり宣教師の場合には銀30枚が与えられた。報奨金は時代によって推移したが、基本的には上昇しており、最後は宣教師1人に付き銀500枚が支払われた。棄教を選択した場合には誓詞に血判させ、類族改帳によって本人は元より、その親族や子孫まで監視した。
また、隠れキリシタンの発見方法としては有名な物に踏み絵がある。そのごく初期には効果があったが、偽装棄教が広まるにつれ発見率は下がっていった。最後は正月の年中行事として形骸化し、本来の意味は失ってしまったが開国まで続けられた。
また、キリシタンにとって殉教は喜びであるということを思い知った幕府は、彼らを死刑にするのではなく、苛烈な拷問にかけて棄教させるという方針をとった。
有名な物には、棄教のために京都所司代の板倉氏が考案したとされる「俵責め」がある。身体を俵に押し込めて首だけ出させ、山積みにして鞭を打つという拷問である。俵責めに耐えられず棄教した信徒は多く、俗に棄教した信徒を「転びキリシタン」（あるいは棄教した宣教師を「転びバテレン」）と呼ぶのは、この俵責めからきているといわれる。
キリシタン弾圧で有名な長崎奉行竹中重義が考案したとされる「穴吊るし」も有名である。穴吊るしは、深さ2メートル程の穴に逆さ吊りにされる拷問である。公開されても穴から出た足しか見えず、耳やこめかみに血抜き用の穴が開けられることで簡単に死ぬことはできず、それでいて棄教の意思表示は容易にできるという非常にきつい拷問であった。寛永10年9月17日（1633年10月18日）、この拷問によって管区長代理であったクリストヴァン・フェレイラが棄教し、カトリック教会に大きな衝撃を与えた。同じく拷問を受けた中浦ジュリアンは殉教している。
基本的に幕府の政策は棄教させることにあり、捕らえて即処刑ということは少なかったばかりか、1708年に密入国してきたシドッチに対しては新井白石の取り成しもあって軟禁に留めている（晩年は地下牢への拘禁）。
こういった幕府の対策により、死刑にされる者より、拷問で死亡したり、棄教したりする者の方が圧倒的に多かった。
江戸時代を通してキリスト教徒の発見・強制改宗は続けられたが、一方で隠れキリシタンもまた信仰を隠し通したり、偽装棄教によって、幕末に至るまで独自の信仰を貫いた。
禁教令の緩和
幕末、開国が始まると禁教令の緩和が取られ始めた。
1859年（安政6年）、幕府は開港場居留地において、外国人の信仰の自由を認め、宣教師の来日を許可した。カトリック教会はパリ外国宣教会を通して宣教師を派遣し、フランス横浜領事館付通訳兼司祭として来日したS・B・ジラールは江戸入りしている。またジラールは1862年1月（文久元年12月）に横浜天主堂を建立している。その他にも「隠れキリシタンの発見」で有名なベルナール・プティジャンは、1862年に来日し、1864年に大浦天主堂を建立している。
アメリカ、イギリス、カナダ、オランダからはプロテスタントの宣教師が来日している。正教会からは1861年ニコライ・カサートキンが函館ロシア領事館附属礼拝堂司祭として来日し、後に日本ハリストス正教会を設立している。
ただし、信仰の自由及び、活動が認められたのはあくまで外国人居留地であって、依然日本人に対する布教や日本人の信仰は禁止されていた。プティジャンは大浦天主堂で隠れキリシタンを発見して密かに信徒として匿ったが、それが結果として1867年（江戸幕府の最晩年）に浦上村の信徒が幕府に発覚するきっかけとなり、大きな問題となる（浦上四番崩れ）。この一件は間もなく大政奉還によって明治政府に委ねられ、明治政府の禁教令に大きな影響を与えることとなる（後述）。
明治政府による禁教令と政教分離
明治政府は大政奉還（五箇条の御誓文）を出した翌日の明治元年3月15日（慶応4年、1868年4月7日）、5枚の高札により「五榜の掲示」を出した。ここでは、いくつかの江戸幕府の政策を継承することが記されており、その第三項に「切支丹邪宗門厳禁」として江戸幕府からの政策を継承する形で禁教令を出した。これに依拠して前年の「浦上四番崩れ」への対処も信徒の弾圧として続くことになり、信徒を流罪とし、さらに流刑先では拷問や私刑が横行した。
ただ、明治政府のこの対応は公的な布告として使われた高札も幕府から政府に権勢が移ったことを示したにすぎず、諸外国の反発も招いたため（高札制そのものについても反発があったとされる）、明治6年（1873年）までに制度としての高札の廃止[1]と同時に、これらの各条が事実上廃止された。攘夷論者の中にも、例えば福沢諭吉のようにキリスト教徒の内村鑑三から「宗教の大敵」と批判されながらも、『宗教の必用なるを論ず』（明治9年、1876年）、「宗教は経世の要具なり」（明治30年、1897年7月24日『時事新報』社説）などから、後世に彼の持論は単なるキリスト教排斥論者ではなかったとする研究もある[2]
一方で、尊皇に基づく国体維持のための国家神道を進めるべく、明治15年（1882年）には神道から祭祀と宗教を分離し「祭祀を行うだけの神道は宗教ではない」という解釈を、その後明治22年（1889年）に制定された大日本帝国憲法は28条に信教の自由を保障する規定を設け、条文に「安寧秩序ヲ妨ケス」場合に「公共の福祉#一元的外在制約説」にもとづいて排斥できる、という解釈を生み、政治からは手段としても実質神道以外の宗教をほぼ排除した。なお、政府は、1911年に、無政府主義者である幸徳秋水を大逆事件で処刑しているが、その一方で、幸徳の反キリスト教の意識が政府の見解に合致していたため、幸徳の遺作である『基督抹殺論』の刊行を認めている。
明治政府としてキリスト教の活動を公式に認めるのは、明治32年（1899年）の「神仏道以外の宣教宣布並堂宇会堂に関する規定」（内閣省令第41号、7月27日付）によってである。しかし、ほぼ同時に「一般ノ教育ヲシテ宗教ノ外二特立セシムル件」（文部省訓令第12号、8月3日付）によって、私立学校の教育課程における宗教教育および学校において宗教的儀式等を行うことを禁止している[注 1]など、教育に関しては慎重な態度が続くことになった。
戦後
キリスト教以外の禁教令
キリスト教以外にも禁教令が出された宗教（邪宗門）はあった。
日蓮宗不受不施派は1665年に幕府によって禁教令が出され、キリスト教と同様に徹底的な禁教政策を受けた。 1876年（明治9年）4月10日明治政府は日蓮宗不受不施派の派名を再興し，布教を許可する[3]。 局所的な物では1601年（慶長6年）に島津家が一向宗禁止令を出している（一向宗に対する迫害や弾圧はそれ以外にも行われているが、政策として禁止を明言したのは珍しい）。
註釈
- ^ 訓令の文言では「公立学校では学外での宗教活動も禁止」とあるが、その前の文と併せて「一般でも学校教育で宗学をしてはならない」と解釈された。
参照
参考文献
関連項目
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Prohibited religion law
This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
0 개의 댓글:
댓글 쓰기