2017년 1월 14일 토요일

Marxism

Marxism

Vagueness evasion Please see "Marxism" (magazine) about monthly "Marxism".

The Marxism (Marx しゅぎ, German: Marxismus) is one of the socialism thought systems established based on thought developed by curl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Is often said to be the scientific socialism [1]; [2].

I abolish a miserable property of the wage labor living for by changing the capital to the social common property that a worker multiplies capital and do the Marxism when I aim at the cooperation society which there is not of the rank [3].

Engels published を from "imagination to science" in 1883 and explained it after dividing thought of him and Marx into socialism thought, dialectical materialism, three fields of the capitalism analysis, and having explained it when the socialism was scientized by historical materialism and the discovery of the surplus value. In addition, Lenin wrote "the component of three sources of the Marxism and three" in 1913 and did three sources of the Marxism with German philosophy, British economics, France socialism and did three components of the Marxism with dialectical materialism, economics, socialism thought.

Table of contents

Marx, thought of Engels

Communism

The drafting of the general plan of the Communist League established in 1847 was entrusted with, and Marx and Engels wrote "the Communist Manifesto" in 1848. It was said that the history of the human was the history of 隠然 such as a freedman and a slave, a feudal lord and a serf, a capitalist and the worker or the open class struggle and did it there when the modern society was divided to a proletariat with a bourgeoisie more and more. It is many people who the proletariat sells one's work force, and cannot but live. Saying that as social development advances by a proletariat depriving a bourgeoisie of political power, and changing the capital such as meanses of production to the property of the Great Society, the political power for rank rule becomes extinct, and, as for the rank opposition, a condition of the free development of all people and the cooperation society where it is visit the existence of rank each person's free development [4].

Marx wrote foundation declaration of the First International established in 1864. When Paris commune was formed in France in 1871, I wrote "an internal disturbance in France" as an appeal to a member of National Council of Workers' Unions of Japan of the First International general comment assembly and praised Paris commune saying "it was a polity discovered at last to be the government of the working class essentially, and to be a product of the struggle of the producer rank for the embezzler rank, and to accomplish economical liberation of the labor". Engels assumed Paris commune the example of the dictatorship of the proletariat in preface of the German third edition of this book published in 1891.

In "Gotha general plan criticism written as criticism for the German worker program draft in 1875," Marx distinguished communist society from a principle of the distribution for a low stage and a high stage and "I worked depending on ability and received it depending on labor" at the low stage and spoke the opinion that the standard "that I worked depending on ability and received as needed" at the high stage realized. In addition, I assumed the nation in transition periods from the capitalist society to the socialist society a dictatorship of the proletariat.

Historical view (historical materialism, historic dialectics) of the materialism

I criticized non-thoroughness of idealism and Feuerbach of Hegel while Marx leaving as the Hegel left, and inheriting dialectics philosophy of Hegel and materialism of Feuerbach in the process of the internal debate of the Hegel left who took place in the 1840s and formed historical view (historical materialism) of the materialism. It is a viewpoint to be economic (production and the circulation) law and that a nation, the culture are basic, and, as for this, he will concentrate on an economic study afterward. He explained historical view of the materialism in preface of "the economics criticism" of the publication as follows in 1859.

  1. The entirety of the productional relations corresponding to the development stage of the production capacity is a social base.
  2. A legitimate political superstructure stands on this base. A base restricts a superstructure.
  3. When production capacity develops, the old productional relations turn into bonds (しっこく) of the development at a certain stage. Time of the social revolution begins, and a superstructure is revolutionized then.
  4. For the historic stage of productional relations of the ancient times of Asia is old-fashioned, and there are the productional relations of the modern bourgeois.
  5. Productional relations of the modern bourgeois are the last antagonistic productional relations. The production capacity to develop creates conditions to solve hostility. That is why the prehistory of the human being society is over having capitalist society. [5]

The above is an abstract of the historical materialism.

Economics

The details refer to "Marxian economics"

The longtime economics study of Marx bore fruit as "The Capital".

Marx developed the labor theory of value of Adam Smith and Rickard and established a surplus value theory and in this way elucidated the exploitation of the worker by the capitalist. According to Marx, the value that value (value of daily necessities necessary to maintain the worker and a family) and work force of the work force can bring about is another thing really. I acquire excess gratis by letting a worker work to bring about value across a wage to pay even if the capitalist bought work force according to the value. This excess (surplus value) is the source of the profit of the capital. The interest to get is paid to the fund which the ground rent, a bank to get for the land which a landowner lent to a capitalist loaned to a capitalist by this surplus value.

The elucidation of the campaign for capitalism economy law based on the surplus value theory will give the liberation of the working class, the aim of the communism campaign called the abolition of the rank rationale.

Marx, representative writing of Engels

Marx, historic development after Engels

The exercise gradually diverged from the end of 19th century and I said roughly and brought about Bernstein's doctrine, the principle of Kautsky, three tides called the Leninism.

Revisionism (Bernstein's doctrine) and doctrinairism (the principle of Kautsky)

Bern Stein who Engels died in 1895, and was considered to be a Marxist of the orthodox school soon in the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) has begun to announce the opinion that was different from before with a party bulletin. It was a maximum point that the proletariat should aim at the social improvement through the parliamentary democracy not the capture of the power of the state by the illegality means. A book of 1899 was "premises of the socialism and a duty of the Social Democratic Party", and he compiled the opinion. The content did not remain in a problem of the power acquisition, and it was full-scale Marxism criticism to last for philosophy and the economic domain.

The claim of Bern Stein sparked an intense debate, and I was called "revisionism", and it was criticized by Karl Kautsky who was a theoretical leader of the orthodox school Marxism. I decided the SPD Dresden meeting of 1903 saying "I object to a plan of the revisionism that was going to change our tactics based on the class struggle in a meaning to adopt a policy instead of overcoming an enemy, and getting political power, to follow existing order determinedly".

However, the opinion of Bern Stein was only refused theoretically and was not refused practically. The German Social Democratic Party really lengthened a power under the parliamentary democracy, and the strategy that "overcame an enemy, and got political power" has not been carried out concretely. Kautsky did not show the strategy concretely and remained in a posture to wait for the arrival of the good opportunity. Therefore I support Marxism only as a tenet, and the opinion of Kautsky is often called doctrinairism in the meaning that I did not make use of practically.

The German Social Democratic Party was the international center of the Marxism campaign until World War I, but because I abandoned previous pacifism in the case of a war outbreak and took the situation of the society nationalism, I lost authority ("the peace in the castle") and evacuated the position to a Russian Russian communist.

I abandoned a flow of the principle of Kautsky who followed until Weimar republican form of government collapse in the go death Berg general plan that I adopted in 1959 after World War II formally.

Leninism

On the other hand, the Russian Revolution by Lenin was a revolution in the areas where the development of the capitalism was relatively late for. Lenin assumed it "difficult work to pass to several generations" about socialism construction in Russia and, after trial and error, introduced a foreign capital and carried out "New Economic Policy" (NEP), as a whole, to develop the Soviet Union economy. However, Lenin has died in the place where economic construction started the beginning. Stalin who planned dismissal from there in the most later years while Lenin appointed it as Secretary-General of party (so-called "struggle of the Lenin last") spoke it out while I oppressed an opponent in sequence in a process of the Lenin post mortem struggle for power when I succeeded in human's first socialist state construction through severe agriculture collectivization and the shift to the planned economy system. Stalin insisted that succession development genuine alone of the thought of Marx was accomplished by Lenin and called it Marxism-Leninism.

The political prestige of Soviet Union and Stalin increased by having fought successfully through war with powerful Nazis Germany in a thing, World War II that I was informed when I accomplished remarkable economic development in the 1930s, and, in Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa Caribbean sea area, much "socialism countries" were born. However, the 1970s began, and falling behind from the Western developed country having become remarkable, the political suppression system would be known in economic development widely, and, as for the gradually authority, the almost simultaneously most disappeared for loss, Soviet Union collapse in 1991. If there was the case which was maintaining nation in itself, and abandoned a socialist system, there was the case (former East Germany, South Yemen) which became extinct in the form that absorbed it, and was integrated with plural new cases (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia) which national, was divided and the capitalism country of the neighborhood with the socialist system abandonment together with a nation.

It is faithful to the theory for the economic development stage of the Marxism and, after reform and opening up, is recognized in the People's Republic of China where a market economy took root in in earnest unlike Mao Zedong Era who was like half Confucianism rather when the ultimate point is communism. "The state of the transition period when I left capitalism" prescribes a current state, and the Chinese Communist Party introduces the socialism market economy (or mixed economy) system by the competition with a capitalism section and the socialism section. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (I refer to doi moi) and the Lao People's Democratic Republic introduced economic openness policy, too. It is thought that probably NEP of the Soviet Union of the last years of Lenin Administration becomes the grounds as for a series of policies.

On the other hand, the introduction of the market economy is restrictive, and the Republic of Cuba continues a socialist system from before.

It was based on the juche which insisted that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea developed from Marxism-Leninism originally from the about 1950s and performed contents and a viewpoint of the formal propaganda for a long time. Although I came to stipulate it by a constitutional amendment of 1972, I gradually strengthen devotion and the personal cult to Kim Il Sung and the whole families and come to fan it, and the reference for the Marxism-Leninism deletes the communism from a party agreement in decrease, 2010 when the socialism government collapses in succession in Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

"Marx renaissance" in Europe

"Structural Marxism" and "analytic Marxism" are referred to for the details "Western Marxism" (English version) "Frankfurt school"

For the Marxism (Marxism-Leninism, Stalin doctrine as the succession) of the Soviet Union type, there were not few people with an objection and a critical viewpoint in the Marxist of Europe, but it was ルカーチ ジェルジ and Karl Korsch of the philosopher first that showed Europe-shaped Marxism.

ルカーチ converted to Soviet Union type Marxism (Marx = Leninism), but Marxists called the German Frankfurt school develop thorough criticism for the authoritarianism such as the Soviet Union type Marxism in Theo Dole Adorno and Max Horkheimer in the first on the list and develop the new Marxism called "a criticism theory" tied to modernism of Europe deeply and show the influence that is deep for the modern thoughts such as a student movement or postmodernism in the 1960s.

In addition, there are structural Marxism capturing Marxism like Louis Althusser structurally again, the analytic Marxism to depend on economics as the science without premising a philosophical concept such as the dialectical materialism, and to analyze capitalism into mathematically.

In addition, many philosophers and thinkers, economists mention Marxism and consider it. Generally former; wrap up theories including the opposition without being seized with a tenet of the Marxism that come, and was broken when is various, and progress.

Under the situation such as the above, the "new MEGA" project where it is said to make the complete works of decisive Marx Engels who there is the opposition of the crosscurrent so far, and was not able to edit it is in progress.

Marxism after the Cold War end

After Cold War end, the socialism country and the supporter of the Marxism who advocated Marxism largely decreased. People's Republic of China, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba promote reform and opening up and Doi Moi in an economic aspect while maintaining alliance autocracy with a political aspect. In addition, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea deletes the word of "the communism" from a constitution and emphasizes original juche. I exclude the leadership of the party from a general plan in each country Communist Party of the capitalism countries, and similarity with the social democracy spreads.

On the other hand, the uncertainty of the capitalism economy including expansion of the gap-widening society by the policy of so-called neoliberalism and the world financial crisis occurred, and working of partial, reevaluating it occurred with a review of the Marxism.

Review, criticism

"Anti-Leninism" and "anti-Stalin doctrine" are referred to for the details "Marxism criticism" "anticommunism"

マルクス主義に対する批評や批判は、政治的な右派からだけではなく、左派からも行われてきている。民主社会主義者や社会民主主義者は、社会主義が階級闘争とプロレタリア独裁によってのみ成し遂げられるという概念に反対してきている。多くのアナキストも、プロレタリア独裁が必要と言う主張に反対してきている。いくつかの思想家は、唯物史観や労働価値説などのマルクス主義者の理論の基盤に反対してきている。

社会主義や拡張されたマルクス主義への主要な批判には、経済計算論争や[6][7]、科学技術の発展の遅延[8]、動機の減少[9][10][11]、資産の減少[12][13]、実現可能性[6][7][8]、その社会的および政治的な影響[14][15][16][17][18][19]、などがある。

脚注

  1. ^ フリードリヒ・エンゲルス　『空想から科学へ』『反デューリング論』
  2. ^ ソ連共産党は、「科学的共産主義」と呼んでいた。
  3. ^ マルクス、エンゲルス　『共産党宣言　共産主義の原理』　大月書店〈国民文庫〉、1952年、46、47、56頁。
  4. ^ マルクス、エンゲルス　『共産党宣言　共産主義の原理』、56頁。
  5. ^ 面白いほどよくわかる現代思想のすべて30頁～33頁
  6. ^ a b Von Mises, Ludwig (1990) (pdf). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. Ludwig von Mises Institute. http://mises.org/pdf/econcalc.pdf 2008年9月8日閲覧。. 
  7. ^ a b F. A. Hayek, (1935), "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," om in F. A. Hayek, ed. Collectivist Economic Planning, pp. 1-40, 201-43.
  8. ^ a b Milton Friedman. We have Socialism Q.E.D., Op-Ed in New York Times December 31, 1989 [1]
  9. ^ Zoltan J. Acs & Bernard Young. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Global Economy. University of Michigan Press, page 47, 1999.
  10. ^ Mill, John Stuart. The Principles of Political Economy, Book IV, Chapter 7.
  11. ^ John Kenneth Galbraith, The Good Society: The Humane Agenda, (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1996), 59-60."
  12. ^ Hans-Hermann Hoppe. A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism [2].
  13. ^ en:Ludwig von Mises, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, Inc.. 1981, trans. J. Kahane, IV.30.21
  14. ^ F.A. Hayek. The Intellectuals and Socialism. (1949).
  15. ^ Alan O. Ebenstein. Friedrich Hayek: A Biography. (2003). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226181502 p.137
  16. ^ Friedrich Hayek (1944). The Road to Serfdom. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32061-8. 
  17. ^ Bellamy, Richard (2003). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60. ISBN 0-521-56354-2. 
  18. ^ Self, Peter. Socialism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.339 "Extreme equality overlooks the diversity of individual talents, tastes and needs, and save in a utopian society of unselfish individuals would entail strong coercion; but even short of this goal, there is the problem of giving reasonable recognition to different individual needs, tastes (for work or leisure) and talents. It is true therefore that beyond some point the pursuit of equality runs into controversial or contradictory criteria of need or merit."
  19. ^ Socialism

参考文献

関連項目

「https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=マルクス主義&oldid=62091385」から取得

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Marxism

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.

0 개의 댓글:

댓글 쓰기

피드 구독하기: 댓글 (Atom)