Clay atoll
| Kure Atoll | |
|---|---|
 Satellite image (a direction of the left superior angle the north) of the clay atoll | |
  Clay atoll | |
| Geography | |
| Place | The Pacific |
| Coordinate | 28°25'N 178°20'W / 28.417 degrees N 178.333 degrees W |
| Archipelago | The northwest Hawaiian Islands |
| Island number | 2 |
| Main island | Green island |
| Area | 0.862 km2 (0.333 sq mi) |
| Length | 9,3 km (57.8 mi) |
| Width | 7,7 km (47.8 mi) |
| Country | |
| State | Hawaii |
| County | Honolulu county |
| Population statistics | |
| Population | 0 (as of 2012) |
| Additional information | |
| Time |
|
The clay atoll (clay かんしょう, Kure Atoll, [ˈkʊəriː]; Hawaiian: Mokupāpapa) is located in the place 48 nautical miles (89km, 55 mi) away from the Midway Island of the northwest Hawaiian Islands in the atoll which is called Ocean Island. There is only one island of the size to stand out and is called in particular Green Island [1]. A lot of nature is left and becomes the habitat of various seabirds. There is the breeding place of Monk seal and the albatross, and flocks of sand lances are seen, too. I existed in the state that a part of the short runway and building was not used, and was ignored, but was used all once as the LORAN station of the United States Coast Guard. It becomes the half uninhabited island without inhabitants being other than a researcher. It is separated from a remainder part of the state as a part of one independent non-organization local () Midway Island, but is a Hawaiian part politically.
Table of contents
Geography
East approximately 87 nautical miles (161km, 100 mi) of the international date line includes the clay atoll and is an atoll in the north most in the world [2]. Unexpectedly I am set in UTC-10 which was one hour faster in time though the clay atoll is located the west from Midway atoll (this is the same as a remaining area in Hawaii). In the coral circumvallation which almost did a circle of approximately 10km in width (6 miles), I consist of a shallow lagoon and some islands. As for the total area of the land, southeast Green Island [3] accounts for 77.685 hectares (191.964 acres) at 86.237 hectares (213.096 acres) soon. Much Hawaiian Monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) strike the shore [4].
Climate
Because a climate observatory was not established in the clay atoll, I quoted the data of the list shown below from a page of Midway Island.
It is located in 28 degrees N 25' becoming the north from the tropic of Cancer, but the climate is savanna climate of the always comfortable temperature (in the division into climatic zones of Koeppen Aw). The rainfall is almost equal throughout the year, but is classified in the dry season for two months of May and June.
| Climate of the clay atoll | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | Year |
| Highest temperature record ° C (° F) | 26 (79) | 27 (81) | 27 (81) | 27 (81) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 33 (91) | 33 (91) | 33 (91) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 27 (81) | 33 (91) |
| Mean highest temperature ° C (° F) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 22 (72) | 24 (75) | 27 (81) | 28 (82) | 28 (82) | 28 (82) | 26 (79) | 24 (75) | 22 (72) | 24.3 (75.8) |
| Daily mean air temperature ° C (° F) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 19 (66) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 25 (77) | 26 (79) | 26 (79) | 26 (79) | 25 (77) | 22 (72) | 20 (68) | 22.3 (72.1) |
| Mean minimum temperature ° C (° F) | 16 (61) | 16 (61) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 20 (68) | 18 (64) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Minimum temperature record ° C (° F) | 9 (48) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 11 (52) | 12 (54) | 16 (61) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | 15 (59) | 12 (54) | 10 (50) | 9 (48) |
| Precipitation mm (inch) | 120 (4.72) | 90 (3.54) | 70 (2.76) | 60 (2.36) | 50 (1.97) | 50 (1.97) | 50 (1.97) | 100 (3.94) | 80 (3.15) | 80 (3.15) | 90 (3.54) | 100 (3.94) | 940 (37.01) |
| The mean rainfall days | 16 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 160 |
| The source: Weatherbase[5] | |||||||||||||
Geologic history
I resemble Midway Island, but, as for the geologic history of the clay atoll, am almost near by the place called the Darwin point (). Speed to disappear just equals the speed that a coral reef by various physical power matures into at the latitude of this point. The clay atoll continues moving by movement of the Pacific plate slowly towards northwest, but is buried in water without temperature of the water being able to maintain the growth quantity that the coral reef only makes up for for sedimentation of the mountain by the isostasy for coral and growth of the coral algae because it is too cold. Without unexpected topography evolution and global warming, I begin to become the member of other volcanoes, and it is in the topography where only the top of the coral reef constituting Emperor Umiyama group before long remained on the surface of the water. In addition, in the topography constituting Emperor Umiyama group, it is all Umiyama now [4]; [1].
Exploration and use by the person
Originally the word モクパパパ (Mokupāpapa) was used in the meaning called "the flat island with the reef" by Hawaiian [6]. The northwest Hawaiian Islands is related with カーネ Miro high () to appear in the Hawaiian myth. Because brothers of Pele told to have made an island protected a tourist, I was left [7]. Until the mid-19th century, some ships visited the clay atoll, and the different name was acquired each time. As for this spelled English name, a Russian explorer to see this atoll named Cure [8]. In 1924, it was named clay Island formally and it was 1987 and was changed with a clay atoll [9].
A lot of crew of the ship which ran aground at neighboring reefs was left behind in the clay atoll, and it was necessary that they ate a sea lion, a tortoise, the bird which were in the neighborhood and survived it. Wrecked ships such as USS heron no (1859) () are left on a reef even now. I received these accidents, and Kalakaua of the Hawaiian king dispatched James her bottle void () colonel as a special Director General. And, on September 20, 1886, he declared the possession of this island by the Hawaiian government. The King gave it an order for the construction of the plain house with a water tank and the food for a victim left in the island. However, I am robbed of food before I do it for one year, and the house wants to become the ruins immediately [10]
I had been almost ignored, but the United States Navy was often from Midway visited during World War II and went around it in history. This was to check whether I did not use this island for the supply of the flying boat shot by a submarine and a diving tanker for the purpose of the Japanese military striking another place of the Hawaiian Islands. An air raider (B5N) received the attack with the U.S. military plane in the Nakashima Mfg. 97 sets warship which the Rokuro Kikuchi company commander who did 発艦 from a Japanese carrier enlightened emperor steered and, during the Battle of Midway, made an emergency landing near a clay atoll. This plane participates in the early attack by the Japanese military for the purpose of the Midway military installation destruction of America [11]. Kikuchi company commander and crew (Tomomi Yumoto of the flight Fleet Chief Petty Officer, Hironori Narasaki of the first-class flight petty officer) of two others [12] went ashore, but they refused that it was a captive and were killed or committed suicide when an American landing party was going to arrest them [11].
The clay atoll is located in a main ocean current to carry out debris of the Pacific garbage belt, and a net for the fishery or a large quantity of writers are cast ashore to Shimauchi. This becomes the menace to bird in animals of Shimauchi, and corpses of the birds which plastic was in are well seen in stomach [4]; [13].
On October 16, 1998, paradise queen II of the deep sea fishing ship ran aground at the east end of the clay atoll Green island, and a diesel fuel of approximately 4,000 gallons began to flow before recovery measures were taken. The piece of the wrecked ship has been continuing polluting a reef and the shore for many years and I expose wildlife to crises and injure a coral reef. It is exposed to a crisis by the pollution that the creature which is sensitive to environment inhabiting the northwest Hawaiian Islands crosses for this long term.
The International Maritime Organization appointed the remains of national Papahanaumokuakea ocean (Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument) more surely in the particularly sensitive sea area (Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, PSSA) to protect a creature. [14][15] when a ship goes in and out of the report area that set within 10 nautical miles from the specific sensitive sea area required to avoid the comings and goings to the area more, the shipowner is to report it. This is to cope with a sea disaster accident quickly.
The American Coast Guard LORAN station was installed in the Green island from 1960 through 1992. A short runway made of the coral was built to Shimauchi for shore guard activity, but I am discarded and am not usable now. There was not the permanent resident, but was a part of the Honolulu county before. It became the state establishment wildlife reserve in 1981. A volunteer from the Hawaii land natural resource station () and the clay atoll Administration Bureau does a help to restore in a more natural state from 1993. Jean Michelle Coustou () produced the voyage picture to the clay atoll and was broadcasted for the first time in 2006. From 2010, forest wildlife section came to reside in the clay atoll in whole year.
Amateur radio communications
Because there is the clay atoll in the particularly remote place, I become a target of the telecom of amateur radio communications. Because the course of the electric wave to Europe just carries over the North Pole from the clay atoll, the telecom with the clay atoll is particularly popular among European amateur radio communications lovers [the source required]. I write below down a telecom example with the clay atoll.
- From 11 to 14 on November in 1969 - call sign: Using KH6NR/KH6 -, a call sign of member of United States Navy spare training center Honolulu, Gene Lewis (KH6HDB, W5LE) of Don Chilcote (as for KH6GKV, the present VE6NN) and navy ICFN of the marine sergeant ran it in a clay island [16].
- 1971–72 – A call sign: Call sign [the source required] of the KH6EDY - United States shore garrison LORAN station clay island
- From September, 1973 to September, 1974 – A call sign: KH6HDB – Gene Lewis (as for KH6HDB, the present W5LE) ran it in a clay island. Lewis was one of two operators of the KH6NR/KH6 telecom carried out for one week in November, 1969. Shore garrison received it for a purpose to reside in the clay Island for one year afterwards [17].
- 1997 – An event call sign: K7K - this was run by science and combination of the radio, and eight people participated from the Midway team from the American Fish and Wildlife Service in four scientists, 1996 of the Midway - clay telecom foundation [18].
- 2005 – An event call sign: 12 amateur radio communications operators in total participated in the K7C - administration team from United States, Canada, Germany [16].
Habits
In several places of area of the sea around the coral reef of the clay atoll, polyTess compressor (), polyTess エヴァルマンニ (), パヴォナ デュエルデニ (), 27 kinds of hard coral reefs including モンチポラ ツルゲセンス () are confirmed. The acanthaster eating coral inhabits the eastern coral reef perimeter around the clay atoll and becomes the place crowding most in the northwest Hawaiian Islands. An echinoderm, a mollusk, various invertebrates including Crustacea inhabit the clay atoll besides [1]. 35 kinds of insects were confirmed in the investigation by the shelf garfish expeditionary party () in 1923.
In the sea and the coral reef which are near the shore of the clay atoll, many dolphins, sharks, horse mackerels, goatfishs, morays, rare species Hawaii grouper () swim [1]. Hundreds of thousands of seabirds inhabit the Green island and nest, but there are fewer other birds than the islands of the northwest Hawaiian Islands except here. When a Hawaiian seal performs child care and rest, the clay atoll is important. The seal decreased by the artificial disturbance from the Coast Guard garrison town having increased in the 1960s, but in late years increases again [1].
13 kinds of vascular plant inhabits the Green island. A lot of plants of the plants of the Goodeniaceau family クサトベラ genus () becoming the height from 5 feet (1.5m) to 6 feet (1.8m) grow. A long green leaf forms a shadow and, in fact, covers the white dune of the island with a flower.
Menace
Originally kind ツヤオオズアリ () of the ant not to be in the Hawaiian Islands inhabits the Green island a lot and threatens island original ecosystem [19]. Scale insect propagates in aggressive denizen ヴェルベシナ Encke Rio Ide's growing in this island (), and this ant assumes the body fluid of the insect of the saw bait. Furthermore, because this island is during a main ocean current of the Pacific, fishery network and the ocean debris of several tons drift to a coral reef and the shore and threaten a seal, a sea turtle, a seabird, a fish, the habitation of prawns [1].
Gallery
-
Seafloor topography of the clay atoll
-
Satellite photo of the clay atoll
-
Photograph (February 22, 2004) of the clay atoll
-
Aerial photograph (February 27, 1968) of the Green island
-
In baby bird of アオツラカツオドリ, Green island
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Kure Atoll (Moku Pāpapa)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 6, 2016 reading.
- ^ Reynolds, M.H., Berkowitz, P., Courtot, K.N., Krause, C. M. (editors) (2012). Predicting sea-level rise vulnerability of terrestrial habitat and wildlife of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1182. USGS. pp. 7.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Green Island
- ^ a b c Safina, Carl (2003). Eye of the albatross: visions of hope and survival (1st Owl Books ed.). New York: H. Holt. It is reading ISBN 9780805062298 on C February 19, 2015. .
- ^ http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=166019&cityname=Midway-Island-Midway-Islands-United-States-of-America&units=metric
- ^ Mary カウェナ プクイ、Samuel Hoyte Elbert (2003)。 "lookup of moku papapa ", a Hawaiian dictionary, Ulu cow Hawaii electronic library, university publication () in Hawaii, March 9, 2011 reference.
- ^ʻAha Pūnana Leo and Hale Kuamoʻo (2003). It is in Māmaka Kaiao: "lookup of Kānemilohaʻi " Modern Hawaiian vocabulary, Ulu cow Hawaii electronic library, university publication () in Hawaii, March 9, 2011 reference.
- ^ Mary カウェナ プクイ (), Samuel Hoyte Elbert (), ester T モッキーニ (2004). "lookup of Kure ". The Hawaiian place name. , Ulu cow Hawaii electronic library, university publication () in Hawaii, March 9, 2011 reference.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kure Atoll
- ^ Mark J. Rauzon (2001). Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and history of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8028-5088-.
- ^ a b Jonathan B. Parshall; Anthony P. Tully (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. pp. 200, 204, 516, 553 note 45, note 56. ISBN 1-57488-923-0.
- The ^ "Battle of Midway." August 13, 2015 reading.
- ^ Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Kure Atoll
- ^ "Designation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area." International Maritime Organization (IMO). February 19, 2015 reading.
- ^ Shallanberger, Robert J. (February 2006). "History of Management in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands". Atoll Research Bulletin (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) (543): 26. f February 19, 2015 reading. .
- ^ a b "The 2005 Cordell Expedition to Kure Atoll." Cordell Expeditions. February 3, 2015 reading.
- ^ W5LE
- ^ K7K Expedition website
- ^ "Investigation of pheidole megacephala on kure atoll." May 21, 2016 reading.
Coordinate: 28°25'0" N 178°20'0" W / 28.41667 degrees N 178.33333 degrees W
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Clay atoll
This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
0 개의 댓글:
댓글 쓰기