Dialect
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The language system of each area when a certain language did the separate development by an area, and the dialect (one appears) was considered that was divided into some languages zone with the difference on one (beg) such as a phoneme, grammar, vocabulary [1]. In a certain area is a language system (having the mask different from other areas).
Table of contents
General statement
Because the language is the thing which is easy to change, I tend to diversify necessarily every group of speakers, and difference produces every area in pronunciation and vocabulary, grammar. Therefore I call the thing which came to have the characteristic that was different from the words of other areas partially although I am recognized as the variety of the same language without the degree of the difference spreading by the different language with a dialect. In addition, the different variety may be called a dialect by the difference in social class and ethnic group even if is in the equivalence area (sociolect); [2].
In addition, dialects change each in the different direction after time, and there is not mutual understanding before long, but each dialect comes to be considered the other language at the stage with such a process. In the first place, with the language to belong to the same family of languages, the dialect of the same language (parent language) changed more theoretically and branched off into the other language.
Dialect, common language, standard language
There is not the clear standard to distinguish "the different language of the system of the same word group, same word group, same word group" and "the dialect in the equivalence language" linguistically, and a language and the difference of the dialect are vague. There may not be mutual understanding at all among them even if mutual understanding is possible in adjacent area fellows each when a number area is apart. It may be argued neither distinction with having border or not and friendly nations or enemy states or a political history-like condition, presence, a difference of the orthography by grounds, and the exception does 多々存在. Therefore the clear answer to question "how many languages are there in the world?" does not exist.
There is a thing called (Yiddish: "אַשפּראַךאיזאַדיאַלעקטמיטאַןאַרמייאוןפֿלאָט" "a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot", English: A language is a dialect with an army and navy) which "is a dialect having the army and the navy with the language" in the epigram which is often quoted for an index to draw a boundary line in "a language" and "a dialect". The words that oneself speak serve as this, and it is "a dialect", or a community using the words shows that there is an aspect to depend on the political military factor whether has an independent nation to the recognition that is an independent "language". This epigram is quoted as a remark of max ヴァインライヒ of the Jewish linguist well, but it is unknown who real utterer is.
It is a dialect for the Western general sense "to be often available for mutual understanding each other", or is the other language; was based, but, in the Orient, the written language was common, but the recognition called the dialect existed historically when the understanding by the conversation was impossible. In this case I am equivalent to the abbreviation of the local language with "a dialect". In addition, in the West, in the rule hierarchy, political structure that the cover rule hierarchy spoke each local aboriginality language existed using mouth written language such as French or the Latin from the Middle Ages. Standard language or national language was established after it was modern times, and, as for the average, the upper class, the dialect came to be expressed in a meaning to be the low rank language of the imitator of "the standard language" in "standard language" with Dialect by the educational institution because there was a background in the culture mark to speak "a dialect" the lower class who did not go to school while I learned it. In addition, a claim to be the language that a local dialect became independent not the non-standard language of the imitator when one area insists on political independence from beginning of the nationalism comes to have an important political meaning. Conversely I can consider Italian and Spanish and Romanian to be one of a dialect of the Latin which gained national independence.
Example of the dialect in each country
The example that "a language" and the border of "the dialect" are vague is seen all over the world.
- In Serbia, Croatia of former Yugoslavia, the district of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian, Croatian, a language such as the Bosnian had been spoken, but it was said that it was one language Serbo-Croatian very each other in neighborhood, former Yugoslavia after World War II even if these languages were different in the vocabulary that they were like a notation system, orthography, a model. However, when Serbo-Croatian was three different languages Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, I came to be insisted again by each nation, race, and, at the present when a nation was divided after a dispute in Yugoslavia, the existence of the language of Montenegro came to be insisted on after Montenegro independence more, too. On the other hand, there are many dialects for Serbo-Croatian pronunciation lexically (I refer to シュト dialect), but rather it becomes cross-sectional, and, as for what determine a difference of Serbian, Croatian, the Bosnian in the utterance, it is finally the national consciousness of the person of utterance for them without agreeing with the dialect that the distribution of Serbian, Croatian, the Bosnian is like pronunciation, vocabulary. In addition, Wikipedia for Wikipedia, Bosnian for Wikipedia, Croatian in Wikipedia for Serbian exists, and Serbo-Croatian version Wikipedia exists separately from them more, too.
- As for Indonesian that was an Indonesian official language, a dialect of Malay that was a Malaysian official language was maintained to a base. Therefore originally it is very high in the commonality of Indonesian and Malay, and, as for both languages, the orthography becomes same more now, too. However, both languages are generally handled as the other language.
- The two countries were languages same in the days of same Mogul Empire (ヒンドゥースターニー word), but it was done with a different language by India and Pakistani division, and Pakistan which was Islamic Republic afterwards took in a word and a letter of Persian and Arabic, and Urdu that was Hindi that was an Indian official language and a Pakistani official language performed differentiation such as performing the Indianization which India eliminated influence of Islam from Hindi, and took in Sanskrit instead. But the mutual understanding of the speaker of both languages is possible now.
- The Kure word, 閩 word which is a ramification of Chinese is called "a dialect" in Chinese, but each has an independent language (or a language) and a difference as I can call it and is different from "dialect" of the place where it is said in "a dialect" and English of the place where it is Japanese, and it is said. Victor メア suggests that I speak a word "topolect" which translated "a dialect" literally in substitution for "dialect" [3].
- German is different so as not to be connected with the northern (Low German) by a Southern dialect (High German) to have standard language [4] each other, but is done with a dialect to constitute German both. On the other hand, the German northern has an extremely near relation with Dutch, but Dutch is not considered to be a dialect of German. Therefore while a conversation is possible, the German northern and Dutch are assumed the other language, and the German northern and the German Southern dialect have the language and a done strange phenomenon while a conversation is difficult.
- The details are different in a thing of the United States of America, and, as for the former, British English (British English), the latter are referred to American English (American English) that English is used in the U.K. In addition, in the case of the dialect model that is strong because a way of the pronunciation is remarkably different even if, for example, I put English of dialect and the Southern U.S. dialect in northern U.K. if I read the same sentence, mutual understanding is difficult. In addition, an original dialect is in the area that was a colony of the U.K. once including Inglish (Indian English) and Singlish (English in Singapore).
I a nation and a standard language policy (the nation) in modern times
The standard language policy of the French model is received as the requirements that are indispensable to nation-building, nation unification and one-country-one-nation construction to modern times by the countries of the world (the Japanese standard language Kasei plan to mention later is no exception).
Dialect policy of France
In France of the Imperial rule period, standard language based on a dialect of north France of the oil linguistic stock was established by a nation and defined the different district language of the system with a dialect for standard French with standard French including the language of of the Insular Celtic system which did not belong for pro-Langue d'oc talked to till then in southern part オクシタニア languages of Province and Romanesque (Italic) Bretagne, the language of Alsace of the Alemannic system which belonged to a dialect of German, and a policy to let standard language be superior to a dialect was absolutely begun.
For example, in school education, it was performed that I did it to let letting the student who spoke a dialect attach a dialect bill. This system was adopted in Japan. A policy to let standard French be superior in France continues even now.
Dialect policy of Italy
Division is in a state, and various dialects exist in Italy where more cities were ruled over in the foreign country without the united government being made for a long time.
It is said that a dialect varies, and at first many people that radio-TV broadcast began were surprised even at a fight in Italy which rose. It is because it was the first trial in Italy "where broadcasting station RAI defined the standard language". It is said that there were many old men of the farm village district which "knew the standard language for the first time after television transmission begins".
in Japan
In Japan, "this said country dialect, a hair person dialect, Hida dialect, the description dialect in the eastern districts" are already seen to "the Todai-ji Temple text of the holy sutras article" of the establishment in about 820 and are done with the most established custom of the word "dialect" that this was used for by country documents. It shows that the concept dialect has already existed in those days.
The language of Okinawa and the Amami, Kagoshima group of islands is geographical and a difference is remarkable with Japanese of the mainland and plans, besides, to consider Japanese (as the generic name of mainland dialects including "standard language") and the other language of the system (Japanese family of languages) and a thought to do to be "Ryukyu languages" as one Japanese dialect and thought to do and "Ryukyuan language" as "Ryukyu dialect", and to do language of Amami Islands, country beginning, language of Okinawa, shrine archaic word, language of Yaeyama, Yona national language with an individual treatment language from a historic factor.
Dialect policy of Japan
Because I aimed at the centralization nation in Japan unified under one government after the Meiji era, I promoted the spread of standard language in school education and the military. It is discussed in the purpose of the national language training place established in 1888 as follows. In the local people who were different in the military if "the thing which national language did the life and death with the Japanese language as for national language if it became thing or what which strengthened the national polity, and did 盛蓑 with the Japanese language became" [5] particularly, it was the state that misunderstood it, and might occur of the order for the difference of the dialect and was a matter of life and death. From this, a dialect and a policy to abolish other languages spoken in Japan were taken. And a person speaking a dialect is made to have an inferiority complex or I come to be discriminated, and the use of the natural dialect will be hesitated about till then. But it is hard to say that I was able to carry out dialect exile thoroughly, and there is the example like Mitsumasa Yonai that a for life in southern valve did not fall out while being a man of influence of the military, the government.
Standard language almost spread among the all over Japan, and, by influence of the use of standard language in the TV radio, the dialect of each place was forced to the decline and transformation now. The accent of each place is maintained in many areas, but it is said that the vocabulary is easy to be lost as below a generation. Common language and movement to express in other words and movement to follow a dialect positively happen, and standard language is made preservation society of the dialect now in each place. In addition, I come to often take up a local dialect favorably in various mass media.
Excellent of the creature
There is often the name every district used for a long time in each place, and the name of the creature may be called a dialect name. I often attach the standard Japanese name corresponding to it with a scientific name in the biology and, in the case of Japan, may give birth to standard language and the opposition such as the dialect between this and a dialect name.
The creature is recognized specifically by the local human being so that a dialect name is born, and it is necessary to be got close. Therefore there is not, e.g., extremely often it unless it is a pest to a small insect. On the other hand, it is often unified when it circulates between other areas even if got close well. The sweetfish is the example. 従って、親しまれていて、なおかつ流通しないものに方言名が多く、メダカはその例で日本中で5000もの別名がある。 カブトムシやクワガタムシもよく親しまれ、ごく最近までは流通しなかったものであり、多くの地方名があったようだが、昆虫採集少年たちが標準和名を広めたため、消失した。
なお、ごく限られた地域にしかいない生物の場合、方言名がそのまま和名として採用される例もある。アカマタやガラスヒバァなどはこの例である。
脚注
- ^ 大辞泉 【方言】
- ^ 英語圏の言語学者が「dialect」と言う場合、一般的に認識されている「方言」だけでなく、職業・趣味などが一致する者同士の間でのみ通じる表現方法（専門用語・業界用語・ジャーゴン）を含むことがある。
- ^ Mair, Victor H (1991). "What is a Chinese 'Dialect/Topolect'? Reflection on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms" (pdf). Sino-Platonic Papers 29: 1-31.
- ^ 引用エラー: 無効な
<ref>タグです。 「teigi」という名前の引用句に対するテキストが指定されていません - ^ 江仁傑 「日本の言語政策と言語使用」 樋口謙一郎編著 『北東アジアのことばと人々』 (ASシリーズ 第 9巻) 大学教育出版 2013年（ISBN978-4-86429-214-6 C3080）
関連項目
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