Political party

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A political party (Seitow) is a group organized by a person with a common political purpose. It is the combination by honor and the item of virtues [¹], and, according to British member of the House of Representatives Edmund Burke of the 18th century, it is said that it is not a human being group based on the self-interest (gang).

Table of contents

General statement

The people with the common point gather for a policy and a claim in politics and plan the collection of the opinion and the formation of the unified policy, and or, as activity for the realization of the policy, charge aims for the government and points to an organization performing it being in a base unit of the administration of the assembly or the group. The formation of a party, the natural human constituting call that I form a political party a party member and call the dissolution of the political party a solution party. When meet the legal requirements (political party requirements) at various political levels (federate nation, league of nations, nation, local government) in many modern nations; legally the qualification as the political party is under the protection. On the contrary, there is the government in the political party where is in an illegal state by prohibiting it in a specific political party when I do not adopt political pluralism.

The classifications by the number of political parties and relations with the power include political pluralism, one-party system (one-party system, hegemony political party system). In addition, I call the political party which does not participate in the ruling party (father), the political power in a political party participating in the political power an opposition party (employ). The ruling party on the government may not be the ruling party in the Local Assembly that this is above-mentioned various political levels and exists.

Function

At first I gather various profit in the society, and a function of the political parties includes a function to let you reflect it to politics. A political party shows what's called which the profit gathered for a citizen in form policy and serves to let you show it for the government and carry it out. In addition, supplement, the election function of the political leader is important, too. I let you choose a candidate from the thing which resembled closely of the policy and run for election and bring it up while letting you load experience in the party if elected and bring up the leader who can lead a higher group. And I let the leader take office as the national leaders such as the sovereigns using the power of the political party. At this chance a political party is the government inside and I am based on own member and organize a cabinet and the Executive Office of the President and perform that I organize a policy-making body. In addition, I have the function to promote understanding, participation in citizen's politics by showing the plain policy and issue that a political party gathered to a citizen. And the political party which won by election is in charge of the government as the ruling party, and the political party defeated by criticizes the deficient point of the policy of the ruling party as an opposition party and has a function to let you revise monitoring. If this ruling party, opposition party is a democratic nation, a thing maintaining both of the ability for ability for government charge, government criticism is demanded from the political party by election results to produce natural replacement.

The legislation of the political party and legal political party

The attitude toward political party of public opinion and the law changed to the antipathy for the political party, the acceptance of the political party, the legislation of the political party. It was originally a personal association, and the political party was not a thing with no legal grounds, but because it was admitted that a function such as the above was effective, the political party came to be gradually made much of and came to be considered indispensable for democratic politics.

Important one step to the legislation of the political party was stepped forward to by introduction of the proportional representation in the early 20th century. As for this system, the candidacy premises the existence of the political party [²].

Then, in the late 20th century, a system of regulation and the furtherance of the political fund brought legislation to step into the internal administration of the political party. Legislation includes both sides of encouragement of the political party activity and the national interference for the political party. In Germany which got a head start of the system, this state was studied as a political party nation model. The national rule by the political party is not realized simply (in the meaning that the intention of the political party is, for example, superior to than the intention of the nation). However, there is the side to disturb the challenge of the new political party by national power by limiting a benefit of the legislation to the existing political party.

Division

In the political party, various systems (political party system) exist by the country. In the division of the political party system, various division by many scholars is proposed, but at first it is custom that is divided into one-party system and two kinds of the political pluralism by the number of political parties. Because the country of the one-party system does not have the choice system of the political party, change of government is theoretically impossible and is synonymous with dictature substantially. For example, it is impossible, and there is change of government in the nation where only a hegemony political party and a satellite political party to support in it exist in a principle like the People's Republic of China and some countries of the Eastern Europe of before 1989, and naturally, in the country becoming the political pluralism nominally, such a country is not considered to be the democracy either. It is said that the Giovanni monkey toe re-によれば political party system is divided into one-party system that is a noncompetitive political party system and seven of a hegemony political party system, the alliance predominance political party system that is a competitive political party system, the two-party system, moderate multi-party system, multi-party system of polarizing it, atomization political party system.

In addition, the political party is sorted by the political claim and ideology by some. Conservatism、Liberalism、Socialism、Social democracy、Democratic socialism、Communismなどである. Such a political party has an international organization every ideology each, and the liberalism international which the Socialist International to belong to of socialism, social democracy, the democratic socialism political party and the liberalism political party belong to, the International Democratic Union where the conservatism political party belongs to exist.

In each country, the political parties are classified by a political spectrum. It is so-called right wing, left-winger, and the left, conservatism and fascism are considered to be a right wing communism and socialism. I may call innovation, a right wing maintenance at the left. In addition, the extremely radical thing insisting on is called the extreme right, the extreme left each in both groups. In addition, even if call the middle political party insisting on which does not deviate to the Arctic and Antarctic with moderation, and put it within moderation;; stand, and a classification of a right-center, the left-of-center faction exists by a position.

History

Establishment of the political party

• The origin of the modern political party

1. It is in the political organization which planned reform and a revolution of the political system in the country where an assembly does not exist, and the right to vote was confined to.
2. It was in the early assembly, and a faction for assembly administration developed from a temporary thing at the lasting organization.

A notable political party (executive political party) which the influential person who is a member of the Diet made for assembly administration is an early political party. If the combination with the electorate who increased with adoption of the universal suffrage became difficult, the mass party which had many party members outside an assembly appeared.

Of notable political party and two of the mass party political party mentioned above fall on two origin. I received the challenge of the new mass party, and the former notable political party made self-renewal in the mass party, too. Conservatism, a political party of the liberalism often took the form of the notable political party, and social democracy, a political party of the communism often took the form of the mass party (about the descent from political party of each country in the history of the political party).

Modern political party

Because the opinion of the well-known politician, party came to reach the direct electorate by the development of the mass media, the role of the party organization decreased and did not wield the mass party either. Because the interest of people centers on the prime minister, the President as the head of the government and a candidate individual to those public office, as for the power of the political party, there is the observation that decreased more. There is other various political party declinism.

But, in the present when a phenomenon leading to the political party decline spreads among the society, and several decades passed, I do not have the fluidity of the election results that should get up theoretically either. A large number of political party systems of the advanced democracy country change without a big change. It is a cartel political party theory that explain saying that the political party which lost a social infrastructure merely survives this as a monopolist with vested rights in an election market.

Political party in each country

Mandatory party-line voting, a check article, public funding for political parties vary according to a country.

The correction of this knob is expected.

in Japan

• Japanese political party

Footnote

1. To ^ "a political party theory clue of glorious political science - Burk" Chihiro Kariya (policy science 14(1) 立命大学) [1] [2] [3]
2. ^ is close, and there is only political party list proportional representation assuming the existence of the political party. Similarly the single entry transfer-style vote (STV) does not necessarily premise the existence of the political party in the system classified into proportional representation either. Therefore, in the Lower House election adopting STV of Ireland, the independent of the constant number is picked.

Publication information

• Burke, E. 1839. Thoughts on the cause of the present discontents(1770), in The Works of Edmund Burke, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
• Dahl, R., ed. 1966. Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
• Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Written by Anthony Downs, Seiji Furuta supervising a translation "economic theory document temple of the democracy", 1980
• Duverger, M. 1954. Political parties. New York: john Wiley.
  • Written by Maurice Duverger, the Kaoru Okano circumstances with "the political party sociology present age organization of the political party activity" tide publishing company, 1970
• Katz, R. S. 1980. A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
• Katz, R. S. 1987. Party Government: European and American Experiences. Berlin: de Gruyter.
• Key, V. O. 1964. Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
• Lawson, K., ed. 1980. Political Parties and Linkage: A Comparative perspective. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
• Lipset, S. and Rokkan, S., eds. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments. New York: Free Press.
• Madison, J., Hamilton, A., Hamilton, J., and Jay, J., eds. The Federalist Papers. New York: New American Library.
  • Madison, Hamilton, written by Jay, Makoto Saito, Katsuro Nakano reason "the federalist" Iwanami library, 1999
• Maisel, L., and Cooper, J. eds. 1978. Political Parties: Development and Decay. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
• Panebianco, A. 1988. Political Party: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • パーネビアンコ work, Shinichiro Murakami reason "political party organization and power" Minerva Publishing, 2005
• Putnam, R. D. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
• Sartori, G. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • For monkey toe re-work, Norio Okazawa, Hideyuki Kawano reason "analysis framework of modern political party educational administration party system theory" Waseda University publishing division, 1,980 years, it is popular edition 2000
• Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
• Schumpeter, J. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. new York: Harper & Row.
  • Written by Shun Peter, Ichiro Nakayama, Seiichi Tohata reason "capitalism, socialism, democracy" Toyo Keizai Shinposha, 1995
• Tocqueville, A. de 1969. Democracy in America. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
  • Alexis de トクヴィル work, Reiji Matsumoto reason "democratic government Iwanami Shoten of the United States", 1987
• Weber, M. 1946. Politics as a vocation, in H. Gerth and C. W. Mills eds. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Written by Weber, Keihei Waki reason "politics Iwanami library as the occupation", 1980
• Weiner, M. 1967. Party Building in a New Nation: The Indian National Congress. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Allied item

There is the item of the political party in ウィクショナリー.

• List of political parties of Japanese political party / Japan
• The party leader／Party member／Party member／Independent／Supporters association／State of things ream
• Maintenance／Moderation／Innovation／The left wing／The right wing／The extreme left／The extreme right
• Political party system／Satellite political party／Hegemony political party system／One-party system／Alliance predominance political party system／The two-party system／Communion in the Diet／Faction／Association of political party
• National political party／Class-representative party／Comprehensive party／Religion political party／Local political party／Mini political party
• Executive political party / mass party
• Manifesto／Gerrymander／The numerical logic／The organized votes／Law of デュヴェルジェ／Fly-by-night candidate／Independents
• The executives／Central committee／Troika system

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