Holden Roberto
 Angolan politicianHoldenÁlvaro Roberto | |
|---|---|
 Holden Roberto (1973) | |
| The date of birth | 1923January 12 |
| Birthplace |  Portugal territory West Africa、Hmm, it is the van the Congo |
| Date of death | August 2, 2007 (84 years old death) |
| Death place | Angola, Luanda |
| Position political party | Angolan National Liberation Front (FNLA) |
Holden アルヴァロ Roberto (HoldenÁlvaro Roberto, January 12, 1923 – ) is an Angolan nationalist, politician on August 2, 2007. The founder, the leader of the Angolan national liberation front (FNLA). A Kongo native place. I become Alden アルヴァロ Roberto if I write it into the Portuguese that is an Angolan official language soon.
Table of contents
Breeding, early career
I am born in sun Salvador (current ンバンザ Congo / M'banza-Kongo) of Portugal territory Angola as a child of Garcia Deer wrinkle Roberto (Garci'a Diasiwa Roberto) and the ジョアナ LARA ネカカ (Joana Lala Nekaka) married couple on January 12, 1923. The birthplace is considered to be the whole families affecting the royal families of the former Congo kingdom [1]. The family of Roberto moved to Leo Poll Deville (current Kinshasa) of the Belgium territory Congo (the current Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1924. I learned at the mission school of the Baptist group for the age era for childhood and graduated from a mission school in 1940. After graduation, I worked in Ministry of Finance of Government General of Belgium territory Congo and worked in Leo Poll Deville, Bukavu, スタンリーヴィル. It is said that what I visit Angola in 1951 and did in one of eyes when a black old man is abused by a Portuguese was a chance to open politics, the national consciousness of Roberto. I came under an influence of a nationalist of Congo and north Angola afterward and raised political awareness.
In addition, I am said to have worked from 1949 through 1957 during this period in the trading company of Leo Poll Deville.
I it as a nationalist
バロス ネカカ founded north Angola race alliance (renamed to the Angolan Popular Alliance later) with Roberto on July 14, 1956. Roberto attended at all Africa ecclesia () (AAPC) held as the chairperson of the north Angola race alliance in Accra, Ghana in December, 1958 as representative Angola. Roberto meets Tom ムボヤ Tom Mboya which is Kenneth Kaunda that it is Patrice Lumumba becoming later Democratic Republic of Congo Prime Minister Hatsuyo and President Zambia, a Kenyan nationalist in this meeting. Roberto who acquired a Guinean passport visited the United Nations Headquarters more. Jonas Savimbi joined the Angolan Popular Alliance in February, 1961. The joining a political party of Savimbi becoming a leader of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) later received Kenyan ムボヤ and a strong request of Jomo Kenyatta, and Roberto appoints Savimbi as the Popular Alliance chief secretary.
The beginning of 1950s, the United States of America which planned that Angolan Communist Party prevented becoming it paid its attention to a movement for racial liberation in Angola. I gave 6,000 dollars every year, and the American National Security Council which examined support of Roberto was nominal, and it came to give intelligence for 10,000 dollars every year in this way from 1962. Roberto continues working on writing about the Angolan situation and attends at various international conferences related to Africa.
National liberation front organization in Angola
After United Nations visit, Roberto who visited Kinshasa has begun to organize a Congolese militiaman. I invaded Angola with 5,000 militiamen from 4000 on March 15, 1961. The militias of Roberto all slaughtered the thing which I met with and probably killed a further black with approximately 1,000 whites. Roberto gave a statement and, on the occasion of an invasion in Angola, stated, "the slave did not wither this time, and they slaughtered all".
I talk together with President American John F. Kennedy on April 25, 1961 and drew support, but support is withdrawn by the reason of help from the United States at this time from President Ghanaian クワメ ンクルマ later.
Roberto combined Angolan Popular Alliance and the Angolan Democratic Party in March, 1962 and formed Angolan National Liberation Front (FNLA). I established the overseas Angolan revolution government (GRAE) on March 27 and appointed you the savine biを Minister of Foreign Affairs. In addition, I divorced the wife and became the sister's husband of President Mobutu セセ Seko of Zaire to get support from Zaire. I visit Israel in the 1960s and receive help from 1963 through 1969 from the Israeli government.
Armed struggle, independent
Savimbi withdrew from an Angolan national liberation front (FNLA) in 1964, and it was an unwilling thing for Roberto to have established armed group National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). I planned a (the People's Republic of China) visit to China at the invitation of Chou Enlai these days, but it was said that Congolese returning home became impossible and gave up a visit to China from Shaba President Moyes チョンベ which aimed at independently separating it from Zaire. The pipe with China still followed and received help through the good offices of the Tanzanian Juri Usu ニエレレ President from 1972 through 1973 from China.
While three major power of the The Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) to lead FNLA of Roberto, UNITA, Agostino Neto of Savimbi was opposed, I developed the military dispute aiming at independence from Angolan Portugal. Zaire established a provisional government of the Roberto Prime Minister in Kinshasa and, against MPLA, deployed armored forces, paratroops in Angola. However, MPLA received the support of the Cuban military, and Roberto and the intention of Zaire were forced to a failure.
In such situation, the rule of Angola in Portugal entered a new aspect by the coup d'etat (carnation revolution) of the Portuguese own country. The Antonio デ スピノラ general who became the Prime Minister of the Portuguese military regime announced the statement to approve independence of Angola on July 27, 1974. スピノラ lost its position by the rivalry in the Portuguese military, but the Francisco ダ Costa Gomez government which attacked the back adopted an Angolan early independence policy, and it was decided that Portugal government and Angola liberation organization three groups let Angola become independent as a result of negotiations in アルヴォール in southern Portugal on November 11, the same year on January 15, 1975 (アルヴォール agreement).
Civil war in Angola
By アルヴォール agreement, the armed struggle for Angolan Portugal reached the end. Nito of MPLA took office as President Hatsuyo. However, the opposition of armed group three groups particularly FNLA and the opposition of MPLA intensified, and both groups started rivalry by a military collision of the end of March, 1976 as an opportunity. The large-scale military clash called "the battle of the street of the death" happened in July, and FNLA flighted to Zaire. UNITA where the armaments were weak bodies did not participate in the military struggle of both groups and decided an exercise policy in order to strengthen a political base in the country. However, because the Luanda secretariat of UNITA was attacked in August by MPLA, both groups collide, and it escalates the struggle of three groups to the whole land of Angola after all, and Angola civil war breaks out. Roberto adopted nationalism, anticommunism, pro-American position whereas Neto took pro-Soviet position. The civil war in Angola presented an aspect of the war by proxy of the cold war between the East and the West.
FNLA and MPLA agreed ビセセ agreement (Bicesse Accords) in 1991. Returning home in Angola was admitted, and Roberto ran for a presidential election in 1992, but simply got 2.1%. In the Volkskammer election held in the same year, FNLA won 5 seats, but refused to participate in the government.
I die for heart problem in Luanda on August 2, 2007. 84 years old [2] [3] [4]. I gave a statement, and, on the occasion of death of Roberto, President Jose Eduardo DOS Santos of MPLA praised it saying "Holden Roberto is one of the pioneers in the mother country liberation struggle" [5].
Footnote
- ^ Lamb, David (1987). The Africans. p. 178.
- ^ "FNLA's Historic Leader Dies". Angola Press (2007). November 18, 2007 reading.
- ^ France-Presse, Agence (August 4, 2007). "Holden Roberto Dies at 84, Fought to Free Angola From Portuguese Rule". New York Timel November 18, 2007 reading.
- ^ "Angolan independence leader Holden Roberto dies." CNN. (August 3, 2007)l November 18, 2007 reading.
- ^ "Angola: Head of State Condoles With Death of FNLA Historic Leader." allAfrica.com (2007). November 18, 2007 reading.
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Holden Roberto
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