Voluntarily (grammar)
Spontaneous (じはつ) in the Japanese grammar is the style of the verb, and a person does not perform an act, movement with an active will and is the expression that it is said like to nature or a phenomenon, action to realize automatically. It is performed by "れる" "られる" of the auxiliary verb.
With the verb of the active voice to usually express an act, movement, I express a person of cover movement in the transitive verb (object) in the accusative ("wo") in the nominative case (expressed in case particle "ga") in an agent (doer). However, spontaneous expression is used including the feeling "that it is natural, and even other people will do so" in order to avoid it because there is the feeling that a certain person performs with an active will as for this expression.
Table of contents
History
Spontaneous の auxiliary verb "yu" existed in the Nara period.
If receive it, besides 偲 しのはゆいづくより comes child 思 ほゆ chestnut gourd food if receive it; りしものぞまなかひにもとなかかりてやすいしなさぬ (in the Okura Yamanoueno "children one song of 思 ふ, again opening" Manyoshu tanka collection)
I am remembered all the more if I eat a gourd (when I want to feed you) if children eat a chestnut thought of. (as for the child) from where have it, and will be a thing (when is far), and is thoughtless, and come out in front, and cannot sleep slowly.
"Ru" "らる" which was the auxiliary verb of the archaic word became the basis of "れる" "られる" of the living language. Originally the spontaneous の auxiliary verb "ru" was derived from the end of a word of "(there is) which grew" of the archaic word. Because the stem of a word was a sound of a, I touched the "ra" that was a sound of the A column of the RA row for the KA row strange status utilization (Japanese grammar term O column) that a type of conjugation, upper conjugations of verbs (together Japanese grammar term I column) that Japanese grammar term was not A column, conjugation, verb conjugation, SA row strange status utilized the same "ru" (Japanese grammar term E column) and connected "らる" to the four conjugations of verbs that Japanese grammar term was A column, NA row strange status utilization, irregular conjugation of the r syllabary series. In living language, it depends on other utilization for a type of conjugations, SA row strange status utilization as follows "れる" to attach "られる" after Japanese grammar term whether a sound of the Japanese grammar term is A column, or it is not so. (when I strangely put サ of the living language, the inflection by the sound of the A column is accepted)
Spontaneous の auxiliary verb
The auxiliary verb method to add "れる to" (and others) is used for a verb to show a particularly subjective thought, sense in the Japanese grammar term of the verb. For example, I am seen → → regretted → remembered → felt → to see it to feel it to remember it to regret it that it seems to think. "れる" adds "られる" to other utilization after Japanese grammar term for a type of conjugations, SA row strange status utilization (understood that I soak "(r)areru" after the stem of a word). It often omits the agent (experienced person), but it is common to express in "ni" when I state it clearly. The object expresses it in "ga".
An example:
- As for me, the scene of that) day is remembered to →( me who remember the scene of that day
Other voluntary expression
The that "seeing it" "sounds" like
If "I hear it" "hears "seeing it"," it has the meaning that is voluntary in the form that touched old form "yu" of "れる" "to see" that it was said, "I obtain it ..." at the end of a word. Like the case of the spontaneous の auxiliary verb, I can express an experienced person in "ni". But I can use "seen" properly semantically now "to be asked".
An example:
- "I hear ting-a-ling" (concrete object)
- "The voice that operation has difficult is asked" (abstract object)
Spontaneous verb
For some transitive verbs, I may use an independent spontaneous verb. When the agent is not important (or I am missing) and wants to emphasize a person of cover movement than it, the thing which changes the utilization form, and did own verbalization (de-causativization) is used.
An example:
- It is built → to build it
- It takes it → to take it
- I can put it → to put it ("I cannot put mind")
- It is heated → to excite it ("a bath is heated")
In addition, there is it when form does not change like "opening" (""→" door that somebody opened the door opened") although being few (ergative case verb).
Passiveness is near, but cannot express an agent in "ni" unlike the case of the auxiliary verb of the spontaneous passiveness semantically (but "I am caught" is an exception). There is the following limitation in the transitive verb which can become such a de-employment about a meaning. [1][2]
- I mean the change of state of the object.
- I appoint a chisel as a result of movement without appointing a state state of the movement itself.
Auxiliary verb
I add "てある" of the auxiliary verb to a transitive verb and can do it with the spontaneous expression indicating the state that movement was made by an object. For example, "a picture is worn" or "a picture is taken" saying "a picture hangs"; an about the same meaning. The existence of the agent is more strongly suggested when I use "wo".
Of "(and others) れる" other use
Of "(and others) れる" a use includes spontaneous のほかに possibility, passiveness, respect, but it is thought that spontaneous から as the basic use was derived as for these. It is expression to deny will characteristics by the agent, and each these takes the vocabulary which spontaneous と resembled as follows. との distinction again spontaneous about possibility, the passiveness
- Possibility: I show a person of cover movement or a concrete act to "ha" "in "ga" (the "wo" is all right) in an agent.
- Passiveness: I express "ni", a person of cover movement in "ha" "ga" in an agent.
- Respect: I express an agent in "ha" "ga" (by the way of speaking that sat up straight "には").
The passiveness is called passive voice generally. Other resemblance uses may be treated as a kind of state (spontaneous state, possible state, respect state) each, too.
Allied item
- Verb - Intransitive verb - Transitive verb
- Auxiliary verb (Japanese grammar)
- Possible verb
- Honorific
- Passive voice
- Hokkaido dialect, a northeastern dialect: There is special spontaneous expression
- The voluntary expression in other languages:
Source
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Voluntarily (grammar)
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