The news
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I report on news, an event, a case, an accident, and the information (one how British: Report) is the act that I make an article, a program, a book, and publication transmits widely and is one of the speech activity. I call news media, a medium of the news the media in the reported main constituent. I work on a news posture, the news, and the journalism (British :Journalism) is a word with the meaning that generalized news media and the industry.
Table of contents
Summary
The news, the journalism has socially very big power and adds this "news media" to three power of the "legislation" "administration" "judiciary" and is called "the fourth power".
Coverage (しゅざい) in the news is an act to identify a fact for the news, and, as a general rule, the news media reports an article based on the coverage of the belonging reporter, but may report the event that occurred in the distant place including the foreign territory by the article that news agencies deliver. In this case credit begins the brain of the article in form such as New York combination on "○ day.
The cases that the national news depends on the delivery article of the news agency for are often found in a sports newspaper and the local paper, and the national news may receive the delivery of the news agency with the national newspaper in some cases, too. In this case, unlike an overseas article, the credit hardly enters ("absence reference of the credit notation in Japan").
Principle of the news
The news is supported by press freedom based on the freedom of expression and a right to know. On the other hand, it is said that the news must follow a principle of the objectivity news.
The news is managed on the relationship of mutual trust with the public receiving the news. Therefore, it is necessary for the news to have been based on a fact, and coverage to pursue a fact is indispensable. It becomes the cause that reliability is lost, and, as a result, the article based on a supposition and the guess will lose a relationship of mutual trust. It reports, and it takes proof, and it is a principle of the news to report a fact.
It is good, and a journalist may speak, "I convey the truth", but this is theoretically an error. A fact is a fact to the last unless I forge it. But a consignor of the information judges the truth, and, as for telling a guard of the information, the consignor side of the information may make the decision to some kind of for a fact at that point. However, the guard side of the information is because neutrality equity of the news theoretically collapses at this point in time what kind of decision the consignor side makes since I cannot know it. It is for this purpose to be said to be that "the news conveys a fact plainly" (I do not change a fact).
On the other hand, the definition of the objectivity news in Japan is vague, and the objectivity news itself has the opinion with the question, too. The definition of the objectivity news is multifarious by a person, and this is because there is not a decided agreement. Match it with the problems that press club has, and inclination news constitution of the Japanese news media is criticized well, and the opinion that the objectivity news is only imagination is seen. [1]
Principle of the news
For the phenomenon such as a case and the accident, value to report performs filtering, "there is not" "a certain", and the news media reports the phenomenon that I judged when there is value [2]. About a standard to judge according to Nikals Luhmann
- I possess the characteristics such as "surprise" "it is novel" "break" "non-continuations", and it is information to be worth reporting it widely. And things such as "(information value was born) which is reported now by one (there was not information value) of which was not reported in old days even if it is a similar case" are possible commonly to vary according to the situation of the criterion はそのときどきの society "to be surprising" [3].
A thought "in the first place to be wrong is born in what demand "the ideas which there should be" such as "justice" from the news" "a social responsibility" and "neutrality" for one of the indication for the news from here (roux man); [3]. The news draws a sharp line between information in a dimensional standard different from the models such as social responsibilities, and the system is such that I report the thing which many people buy. It means that it cannot function to be absorbed on the basis of a model there from the outside either [3].
Problems of the news
The news and neutrality
- The intentional editing that is hard to say with the fairness that I do not speak a fact plainly and I incorporate the subjectivity of the news companies and constitute it again and give priority to a political ideology of the self over is performed. I refer to the inclination news.
- Though 6,000-8,000 case a year, daily an average of 16 or more occurred about the vehicle fire accident by concealment of recall of Mitsubishi Motors, Mitsubishi Fuso in every whole country, the news that identified only the vehicle fire of the Mitsubishi car daringly was performed.
- It is said that I may be affected by the government and a politician, a sponsor, advertising agency, an entertainment office, other pressure groups.
- A fact and the mixture of the opinion have a problem.
- A caster anchorperson gives a personal opinion unlike straight news by news, the news program which became a variety show. Or I often let you speak in form to demand an opinion from the talent cultured people such as a commentator or the commentator who attended it (by the claim of the builder). For example, about this, I constitute it in the frame which is different from the straight news in the name of station definitely in the form of the discussion corners of toe Clive or the commentator individual when I use the subjective opinions such as commentators in CNN which is specialized in news.
- Putting it is a problem the news that is a stereotype, a negative label (I mention it later about the title news).
- For example, it is "Osaka (Kansai) person" "elderly person (aging) problem" "... system" "NEET" "losers" "dropout". Therefore, I let prejudice, sense of discrimination or antagonistic feelings arise among the nations, and the evil that may promote bullying is born.
In addition, a publishing company, the editorial department including numerousness of the quantity of the space material receiving convenience and an offer of the acquisition of information, the material, a good balance, the events such as advertisement person articles and the cosponsorship, support, the investment to various contents often shares the interest that is close to a coverage object and the industry doing it and, in the case of a hobby specialized magazine, is seen in particular. In this case it is difficult to keep a sense of distance, the feeling of strain with the industry and the person concerned that it is said that it is targeted for coverage as media, and, as a result, lantern articles for the advertising line up, and it is often impossible virtually to maintain neutrality, equitableness, self-subsistence of the news.
The news and accurate
There is a problem of a false report and make-believe, the false news. In addition, a taboo in self-imposed restraint and the news of the expression is a problem, too. Other than a reporter and a newscaster, there is the problem about the talent cultured people such as a commentator or the commentator, too. There is it in "I become a variety show" of the news program.
On the other hand, there is the criticism for the announcement news, too. Investigative reporting is recommended, but is apt to become the desegregation busing news.
The news and surplus-related
Despite neutrality and accuracy, overdoing is a problem.
- The news detailed excessively about the crime
- I bring about an imitation conviction. A new crime and chain reaction suicide may be caused by even a motive and a trick being reported in detail.
- Excessive report by the real name
- It is said that it leads to a breach of privacy and news damage, human rights violations. In addition, about the boy, I may be regulated like the Juvenile Act legally.
- Excessive coverage
- There is a problem of a coverage manner and morals, the MEDIAS clam. A paparazzo is the example.
- Excessive direction of the news program
- I may direct it more than required by adding BGM and sound effects or a calque telop and the narration to a coverage picture.
News media and responsibility
It is said that the Japanese news media is unsociable. There is the problem of the press club, too.
The news media insists on press freedom and freedom of expression eagerly, but there are a lot of negative cases about duty and the responsibility with it. Newspaper, the TV station are one private enterprise, and, as for the neutral news, there is the aspect that in the first place is not easy because there is company group becoming a sponsor.
The posture that is demanded on receiving the news
It is necessary to wear media literacy (I pay more attention only to the news, the tone that oneself likes and am not the thing which criticizes a thing against it, "I dig it and am an inclination, am a forgery").
Journalism
I collect news and perform choice, analysis, and the journalism is by a comment, a commentary in view of elements such as the public opinion formation or the periodicity in 継統的 and a process spreading regularly (sometimes one-time act).
A newspaper and the periodical literature include the features which were often written by a journalist. It is desirable for a journalist writing features to be a specialist of the field. However, it is necessary to do critical thinking whether the person who calls himself/herself journalists knowing a lot about ,"●● is really familiar with the field. Specifically, it is necessary not to swallow it whole whether the person who calls himself/herself "journalists knowing a lot about the issue of environmental problem and atomic energy" is familiar with the field where the quality including the atomic energy engineering of science and technology is really required.
World journalism
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When it sees world journalism, at first it is the news at the time of the Vietnam War to float. The American news media supported the Vietnam War at first. However, Anthony ルッソ hands pentagon paper to reporter Neil Sheehan of the New York Times with Daniel Ellsberg, and the U.S. public opinion greatly changes by the news of various pacifism. When the New York Times placed an article, President Richard Nixon at the time gave the Department of Justice an order and I demanded an embargo order and presented it to the federal district court. The trial rejects a suit at the first trial. The suit was accepted in the Washington United States Court of Appeals of the appeal court, but was rejected for a reason, "the government did not achieve proof responsibility" by the appeal hearing in the Supreme Court afterwards. In addition, in late years I shared information, and WikiLeaks cooperated with Guardian, New York Times, Spiegel, but there was the matter that the Japanese newspaper publisher was not trusted including the morning sun, and was not done to a partner either. When a reporter and the attendance at school student who left the famous universities such as Tokyo University are buried in the domestic case and study study without opening the eyes in the world journalism symbolized by these events, and they swallow the opinion of the celebrity in the net whole, it may be said that I cannot expect it for development of the Japanese journalism.
Footnote
- There is the similar book other than ISBN 4787706012 "some postwar journalism study and objectivity news debate" with "the objectivity news" Masaki out of ^ newly in spring Corporation, April, 2006, too.
- "Nikkei Business online" Nikkei BP where a social system of "all the members are guilty" (almost) operated ^ Toru Takeda, April 3, 2008 date delivery
- ^ a b c Toru Takeda or it "is fate of the mass media system to drive recklessly with an uneasy mode" "Nikkei Business online" Nikkei BP, April 17, 2008 date delivery
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