2016년 11월 28일 월요일

Japanese population statistics before modern times

Japanese population statistics before modern times

The Japanese population statistics before modern times settled a census of the Middle Ages of Japan and estimated population in the prehistoric age, the ancient times.

I refer each.

Table of contents

Summary

It is said that the first Japanese house-to-house census-making of families was carried out for Emperor Sujin Era before A.D. Family register "Kogo age family register" and "庚寅年籍" of the whole country were made in the seventh century and followed until the early period of Heian era.

When the Edo era began, a religious sect census book system was passed. However, it is Yoshimune Tokugawa Era of the 18th century that a full-scale national census began.

By the estimate of the modern history demography researcher, the population of Japan is 4,500,000-6,500,000 people in the eighth century. As for what surpassed 10 million people, it is thought after 15 centuries in the latter period in the Middle Ages at the earliest. I increased rapidly in the 17th century when was in the first half of the Edo era and was stabilized in approximately 30 million people from the 18th to the 19th century.

The population that was listed in ancient documents

The ancient population of Japan begins for "Wei will Japan hearsay", and it is listed in various miscellaneous notes.

According to "Wei will Japan hearsay," it is said that I counted more than 159,000 houses in total in queendom of Queen Himiko of the third century other seven countries. It is said that the first Japanese house-to-house census-making of families was carried out according to "the Chronicles of Japan" in (B.C. 86) for Emperor Sujin 12 years. In addition, it is said that the national family register "Kogo age family register" was made for (Christian era 670 years) for Emperor Tenji nine years, but I am considered to have remained in grasp of the number of houses from the study of the narrow strip of wood with message. When "庚寅年籍" was made for (690 years) for Emperor Jitou four years, after that "六年一造" which remade a family register every six years began. However, the piece of the family register and partly local population count reach it now because measures to cancel in 30 years had their made family register stolen. Family register, taxation register 48 points in the Heian era in total remain in the family register in the Nara era in the Asuka era including the family register of the Shimousa country Katsushika county Oshima (721 years) town for part village, 筑紫国嶋郡川辺里, family register of 豊前国仲津郡丁里, Yoro five years in 美濃国加毛郡半布里 of (702 years), county spring between the Mino country bee for Daiho two years for Daiho two years when the oldest family register to exist was saved as a document on the reverse side of the paper of Shoso-in, and the constitution of a family, the servant is listed [1].

改籍 was carried out until the early period of Heian era, but making of family register in itself by the whole country unit was not performed by retreat of the Law Code system and establishment of the manorialism by the influential noble. It is the family register of the county Nyuno existing last town in Sanuki National University where the ancient family register book was made in (1004) in the generosity first year. Although I can judge from the existence of the rule in the family register in the Code of the Trial, through the Kamakura era, the Muromachi era, historical materials do not remain in a thing of the family register resemblance having been made in a provincial government land and the manor inside at all. When it is the age of civil strife, some war-torn country daimyos come to carry out a census of the within the territory from a purpose of agrarian soldier mobilization and the money levy grasp, and, for example, "the taking the census out of the court noble's domain" of Mr. back north article is known. Or Hideyoshi Toyotomi took out 人掃令 (1591) in (1592) in the Bunroku first year for Tensho era 19 years and gave it an order for a national-scale census for the purpose of number of the mobilization grasp for the Korea dispatch of troops. It is unknown, but it is thought that the house-to-house census-making of families that "人畜改" carried out in Hosokawa feudal clan territory (Ogura feudal clan, Kumamoto feudal clan) "棟付改" carried out in Tokushima feudal clan receives a life of Hideyoshi, and was carried out continued how much house-to-house census-making of families of this time was carried out. It is in the first half of the Edo era, and a certificating of conversion to Buddhism system and "a religious sect census" are established, and countries number of people investigation by Yoshimune Tokugawa will be carried out after (1721) for Kyoho six years by purposes of the Christian control.

As for the population of the Middle Ages, the total population of some generations is listed in the book of the Buddhist temple person concerned from the ancient times, but, not a number to be all worth trust, sex ratio is abnormal. Yoshikiyo Yokoyama (1879) thought that such a sex ratio was caused by having reported 課丁逃 れのために man in the disguise of a woman. [2]. On the other hand, a number of 49 and 8 million mentioned frequently is a number related to Buddhist Scriptures and, in Sawada I one (1927), points out that it is not real number that I raised from family registers [3].

Total population [4] to come up for documents of Japan
The generation, the name of an era The Christian era The total number Man Woman The source
Emperor Sushun two years 589 years 3,931,152 910,420 3,017,033 Prince Shotoku biography ("大日本国古来人口考" quotation)
Prince Shotoku 574–622 year 5,030,950 1,914,020 3,116,930 太子伝抄 ("searching the old summary" quotation)
4,988,842 1,994,008 2,994,834 Crown Prince biography ("它山石初編" quotation)
5,031,050 1,914,120 3,116,930 太子伝抄 ("它山石初編" quotation)
In Prince Shotoku regency 593–622 year 4,969,890 Note of 折焚柴, classified collection in book form popular thought
Emperor Suiko period 593–628 year 4,969,000 Merchant bottom of the bag payment
4,990,000 両域人数考, 十玄遺稿 ("它山石初編" quotation)
4,969,899 皇風大意
Yoro five years 721 years 4,584,893 1,904,082 2,590,811 Description of line basis God of War behavior
Emperor Shomu period 724-748 years 5 million Line basis rules of poetry ("play Kyoto desultory essay" quotation)
4,276,800 1,954,800 2,322,000 Figure of Japanese Kuniyuki
4,899,648 1,994,828 2,904,820 Figure of Fuso Kuniyuki
11,099,648 9,094,828 2,004,820 南贍部州大日本国正統図 ("運歩色葉集" quotation)
4,588,842 1,994,008 2,594,834 南贍部州大日本国正統図 ("運歩色葉集" quotation)
4,899,620 1,994,800 2,904,820 Figure of line basis Bodhisattva ("collection of characters quotation for common customs")
8,631,074 Note of 折焚柴, classified collection in book form popular thought
4,508,951 Classified collection in book form popular thought
8 million 十玄遺稿 ("它山石初編" quotation), 両域人数考
8,631,000 Merchant bottom of the bag payment
8,631,770 皇風大意
Koan two years 1279 4,989,658 1,994,828 2,994,830 Forefather literary remains record
4,994,828 Forefather literary remains record
Koan three years 1280 4,989,658 1,994,828 2,994,830 Forefather literary remains record
Koan four years 1281 4,589,659 Forefather literary remains record
4,994,828 Forefather literary remains record
4,589,658 Forefather literary remains record
The Koan year 1278-1287 years 4,994,828 1,994,828 2,994,830 Classified collection in book form popular thought
Is it the Kamakura era? 4,861,659 1,924,828 2,936,831 Japanese sketchy description
Taiei era eight years 1528 4,918,652 権少僧都俊貞雑記集 ("chestnut village teacher miscellanea" quotation)
Eiroku era five years 1562 4,994,800 1,994,828 2,994,830 Katori document

A population prediction and grounds by the researcher

The estimate of the population before modern times of Japan began to astronomers such as Dochi Nishi or Hakuseki Arai, a Confucianism person, a scholar of ancient Japanese thought and culture, and Hidenori Inou, Yoshikiyo Yokoyama, garfish let droppers, Togo Yoshida calculated it as a test the Meiji period later. I gathered up estimated population of the Law Code era with Sawada I one of the mathematician running by the minute consideration of ancient documents in the Heian era from the Nara era early in the Showa era. There are Eijiro Honjo, Bonsen Takahashi, the study of Naotaro Sekiyama and others, and there is the study of Akira Hayami and Hiroshi Kito and others recently afterwards about William Wayne F squirrel (William Wayne Farris), the Edo era about Genichi Kamata, Kamakura, the Muromachi era about Shuzo Koyama, the Law Code era about the prehistoric age.

As for these estimated population, it was calculated a model based on the number of houses, county volost number, the number of the field products, section even number ("律書残篇" "和名類聚抄" "拾芥抄" "history of Soong day main biography" land ledger), a fief (land survey conducted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi total fief of "sky Masaki" "description of current master of a home" mention), the number of the loaning rice (Konin type, Engi era-style fixed national tax book) or the number of remains. I settle the estimated population by the recent researcher of Japan as follows. As for population of Japan having surpassed 10 million people according to this, it is thought after 15 centuries in the latter period in the Middle Ages at the earliest.

Estimated population [5] before 1721 by plural researchers of Japan [6] [7] [8] [9]
The Christian era Institute For Social Engineering

(1974)


 McEvedy &

Jones (1978)

 Hiroshi Kito
(1996)
 Biraben
(1993
2005)

 Farris
(2006
2009)
B.C. 6100 20,100
B.C. 3200 105,500
B.C. 2300 261,300
B.C. 1300 160,300
B.C. 900 75,800
B.C. 400 30,000 100,000
B.C. 300 150,000
B.C. 200 100,000 200,000
The Akimoto first year 300,000 300,000
200 years 700,000 594,900 500,000
300 years 600,000
400 years 1,500,000 1,500,000
500 years 2 million
600 years 3 million 4 million
700 years 5,230,000 5 million
725 years 4,512,200
730 years 5,800,000–
6,400,000
750 years 5,600,000
800 years 4 million 5,506,200 6 million
900 years 5,999,900 6,441,400 7 million
950 years 7,450,000 4,400,000–
5,600,000
1,000 years 4,500,000 7 million
1100 6,963,700 5,750,000 7 million
1150 6,836,900 7 million 5,500,000–
6,300,000
1200 7,500,000 6 million
1250 6 million
1280 5,700,000–
6,200,000
1300 8,180,000 9,750,000 7 million
1340 7 million
1400 8,907,400 12,500,000 8 million
1450 8,500,000 9,600,000–
10,500,000
1480 8 million
1500 9,530,000 17 million 8 million
1550 10,290,100
1570 12 million
1600 12,273,000 22 million 12,273,000 12 million 15 million–
17 million
1650 17,497,900 25 million 17,497,900
1700 28,287,200 29 million 28,287,200 28 million
1721 31,277,900 31,278,500 30,496,900 31,300,000
1750 31,005,900 29 million 31,010,800 30,323,900
Grounds of the population estimate
The whole
It is still written Takahiko Furuta, Mimura by Hitoshi Sakai, Tadashi Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Kito, Hiroshi Haga and others, and, among upper tables, the estimated population of Institute For Social Engineering (1974) causes the revised edition of Hiroshi Kito (1996).
The estimated population of handbill Ben (Jean-Noël Biraben) (1993) depends on Jean = Noel in Akira Hayami (1987) [10] and Francine Herail (Francine Hérail) (1990) [11] and follows Sawada I one (1927), Institute For Social Engineering (1974), the study of Akira Hayami and others.
One Colin マッケヴェディ (the estimated population of) depends on) [12] in Irene toy bar (Irene B. Taeuber) (1958 in Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (Richard Jones) (1978, but I interpolate estimate population [13] [2] by) substantially in Yoshikiyo Yokoyama (1879 and estimate population, and a study of) is not reflected in Sawada I best (1927.
Estimated population [2] of Heian era - Kamakura era by Yoshikiyo Yokoyama (1879)
The Christian era Estimated population Grounds
823 years 3,694,331 Dazaifu pipe Tsumoru Uchida (65,677) X of "classified collection in book form Itaru Sandai" mention
"和名類聚抄" mention volost number ratio (3762/506) *7.5 [14]
859 through 922 3,762,000 "和名類聚抄" mention towns number (3762) *1,000 [14] of the whole country
947 through 1003 4,416,650 *5 section even number (883,329) of "history of Soong day main biography" mention
1185 through 1333 9,750,000 "拾芥抄" *750 mention town number (more than 13,000)
Mainly on the estimated population of Hiroshi Kito (1996) and the F squirrel (2006,2009 year), I enumerate the grounds of the estimate as follows.
The Old Stone Age・Jomon period・Yayoi period
The estimated population of Hiroshi Kito depends on Shuzo Koyama (1978,1983 year) [15]. In other words, I am gathered up like a "national remains map" table to show to the estimate population according to the area when I divide the number of the remains according to the metropolis and districts of mention in two [16] according to an area, the generation. During the period when each time occupied it, it was estimated with around 1,000 years except an early stage in Jomon period for 2,000 years. In addition, the estimated accommodation population ratio per remains in the Kanto district was calculated with 0.1-0.26 (mean about 1/7) for remains 1 which produced unglazed earthenware used until the third to the thirteenth century after the middle in 0.2-0.43 (mean about 1/3), Jomon period in Yayoi period and supposed the remains scale in the early stage with 1/10 in Jomon period. 24, a period are double, and the estimate population in Yayoi period is calculated with 20,100, 105,500, 261,300, 160,300, 75,800, 594,900 to the number of the remains to the number of the remains than the ratio of estimated a population of 943,300 people [3] and number of the remains producing the unglazed earthenware in the Kanto district (5,549 places) of the Kanto district of the Nara era to depend on Sawada I one each in the close in the latter period at the middle in the first half year in an early stage in Jomon period about 56, the Jomon period after the middle about the Yayoi period by doing the value that multiplied 8 by the number of the remains about the early stage in Jomon period to cross it with the estimate population in each time.
On the other hand, in the remains of the Old Stone Age when the periodization becomes clear, in 125 places of remains for the microlith period, as for the number of the remains for the blade period, 317 places, the remains of the Old point earthenware vessel are 28 places for 2,530 places of early remains in Jomon. Because 10 times length continued in an early stage in Jomon period in the Old Stone Age of the blade period, Shuzo Ogawa (1989) estimated population of the Old Stone Age of the blade period with 2,600 (2000-3000). [17]
The early period of Nara era - Heian era
The estimated population of 725 years of Hiroshi Kito depends on Genichi Kamata (1984) [18]. In other words, I do the value that multiplied number of the "和名類聚抄" mention towns (4041) by estimated good citizens a population of 1,052 people per 1 volost with government grasp population (4,251,100) and add lowly people population (4.4% of good citizens population, 187,050) and estimate population (74,000) of Heijokyo by Toshio Kishi [19] and calculate it with 4,512,200. The calculation method of Naoko is a thing proposed by Yoshikiyo Yokoyama (1879) [14], but, in Sawada I one (1927), I doubt number of the "和名類聚抄" mention towns (4041) and pay my attention to 3772 "main biography mention towns 414 Station on a history of Soong day" and calculate estimated a population of 5,770,000 in the Nara era for 200,000 with 1,399, estimate population of Heijokyo with half town equivalency, the estimate population per 1 town at 1 Station [3].
The estimated population of 730 years of the F squirrel depends on similar technique of Sawada I one and Genichi Kamata (1984). I multiply estimated a population of 1250-1400 people per 1 volost by "律書残篇" mention town number (4012) and calculate 5,800,000-6,400,000 people as city a population of 150,000 people (Heijokyo, Namba, the total of the Dazaifu), outside a population of 100,000 people in total.
The estimated population of 800 years of Hiroshi Kito depends on Sawada I one [3]. Sawada I one multiplied the ratio (27.07 /1000 Konin loaning bunches or 21.98 /1000 Engi era loaning bunches) with the section even number (34,790) of Konin of the Michinoku by "Konin type" [20], the number of the loaning rice of "Engi era type" [21] and estimated the section even number of each former country and estimated the section even number population ratio (section even number 18.7 / a population of 100 people) in the late eighth century when I demanded it than a family register, taxation register fragmentary documents. In addition, in area near Kyoto, I supposed a rate of 課丁 to be half about Yamashiro, Yamato, Kawachi, Settsu (section even number 18.7 / a population of 200 people) and calculated all-out a population of 5,599,200 (Konin type) or 5,573,100 (Engi era type) by adding Tsushima, 多禰, Shima, estimate a population of 7,000 of Heijokyo, 3,700, 6,500, 200,000 and thought about 5,600,000 people who were the average of both with estimate good citizens population in the Nara era. Furthermore, I estimated 賤民 and omission population at 1 million people and estimated total population of the Nara era to be approximately 6,000,000-7,000,000 people.
I point out that Motokazu Kamada should consider the Sawada I's best estimate population to be the thing in the peace early days [18], and Sawada I's best estimate population is treated as a thing for 800 years with the estimate population of Hiroshi Kito by the lacquered paper script which I wrote down the low-caste people population (224,000-244,000 people who added estimated a population of 32,000-53,000 people of the God seal door to 191,660 people, this the estimated total family register population of the Hitachi country) of the Hitachi country of (795 years) for Enryaku era four years excavated from the remains of fawn C of Ishioka-shi, Ibaraki excavated from 1979 through 1982. But I calculate Engi era-type mean estimate a population of 5,506,200 [22], the Konin era by assuming population of Heiankyo estimated a population of 120,000 people by Mitsuro Inoue.
The Heian era
The estimated population of 900 years of Hiroshi Kito calculates 16% of population, estimate population of Heiankyo for 120,000 6 years old or older with 1.6tans (0.16), under 6 years old population at a distribution area about number of the field products (but I revise the number of the field products about Owari, Shima, the sun and assume it approximately 871,916 in the whole country) [23] of "和名類聚抄" mention per person.
The estimated population of 950 years of the F squirrel revised technique of Hiroshi Kito (1996). In other words, estimated a population of 4,800,000 are calculated for 150,000 (100,000 Heiankyo) with 16% of population, city population 6 years old or older with a thing of the mid-tenth century and population less than 2.17tans, 6 years old per thought at a distribution area with the number of the field products of "和名類聚抄" mention [23]. In addition, the real cultivated land is only 75% of mention levels and estimate a population of 5,600,000 are calculated when I suppose that approximately 0.4 times of the population to be found was fed by other agriculture, hunting and do this with the upper limit estimate population of the F squirrel from the field product. On the other hand, the lower limit estimate population of the F squirrel depends on estimated population of (947 through 1003) in Tenryaku, the Choho year by Yoshikiyo Yokoyama (1879) [2].
The estimated population of 1150 of Hiroshi Kito calculates 16% of population, estimate population of Heiankyo for 120,000 6 years old or older with 1.6tans, under 6 years old population at a distribution area about number of the field products (two steps of 926,466 towns) [23] of "拾芥抄" mention per person.
The lower limit estimate population of 1150 of the F squirrel revised technique of Hiroshi Kito (1996). In other words, about the number of all estimated field products including the fields which are not listed in "拾芥抄" (956,558), estimated a population of 5,800,000 (5,500,000-6,100,000) are calculated for 200,000 (100,000 Heiankyo) with 16% of population, city population 6 years old or older with 1.975tans, under 6 years old population at a distribution area per person. On the other hand, it is only 75% of mention levels, and the upper limit estimate population of Farris calculates the real cultivated land with 6,100,000 (5,900,000-6,300,000) by supposing that approximately 0.4 times of the population to be found from the field product was fed by other agriculture, hunting.
Kamakura era - Muromachi era
The estimated population of 1280 of the F squirrel depends on six Kyushu (Buzen, Hizen, Bungo, sun, Osumi, Satsuma), West Japan five (Wakasa, Tango, Tajima, Iwami, Awaji), Noto of "land ledger" mention, comparison of the number of the field products and the number of of Hitachi the field products according to the former country of "拾芥抄" mention. In other words, I calculate estimate population in 1280 with 5,700,000-6,200,000 that decreased slightly than upper limit estimate population (5,900,000-6,300,000) in 1150 by supposing that approximately 0.4 times of the population to be found from 200,000 (100,000 Heiankyo, 6, Kamakura all people), the field product with 16% of population, city population 6 years old or older with population less than 1.81tans, 6 years old at a distribution area per person was fed by other agriculture, hunting.
The lower limit estimate population of 1450 of the F squirrel depends on a comparison of the soldier population. According to the description of "the finished associate Empress diary" of the finished, the feudal lords forces such as Sozen Yamana, Yoshitoo Hatakeyama have 325 horse men, the armed forces of 2,500 soldiers on foot on the average, and Ashikaga family to inherit the shogunate has the armed forces equivalent to 10 daimyos, and the total number of the soldier is calculated with 132,775-197,750 in the Japan whole land when I do the total number of the feudal lord with 37-60. The local estimated population becomes 9,200,000 people (7,400,000-11,000,000) than the soldier population ratio (alone a soldier in 56 people) of the Law Code era, and 9,600,000 are calculated by supposing a city population rate with 4% (400,000). 一方ファリスの上限推定人口1050万人は、長期に渡る一定の人口増加率(0.4%/年)の維持を仮定する斎藤修の未公表の研究(2000年)の引用による。 [24]
安土桃山時代～江戸時代前期
吉田東伍は1人1石という仮定に基づいて1598年の慶長石高から1600年の推定人口を1850万人と見積もった[25]。これに対し速水融(1966年)は元和2年(1622年)の小倉藩の人畜改帳を元に1石0.28～0.44人と石/人比を訂正し、1600年の推定人口を622万～980万人と推定した。[26]
後に速水融(1973年)は太閤検地石高による推定人口を破棄し、江戸時代中期以降の幕府掌握人口から逆算して1600年の推定人口を求めた。即ち諏訪郡の人別改帳の研究などから150年で人口が3倍になる成長パターンを導き、1600年の推定人口を1230万人へ改訂した。[27]鬼頭宏の1600年から1750年までの推定人口は、速水融の学説をまとめたもので、江戸時代前半の人口成長パターンが150年間で3倍になるロジスティック関数によると仮定し(50年後に1.41倍、100年後に2.67倍、150年後に3倍)、寛延3年(1750年)の推定人口(江戸幕府調査人口に20%上乗せしたもの)から遡って計算している。その際全国を先進国(山城、大和、摂津、河内、和泉)、中進国(尾張、美濃、伊賀、伊勢、近江、丹波、播磨)、後進国(その他)に分類し、人口成長の開始期をそれぞれ1500年、1550年、1600年と仮定する。[5]
但し最近になって鬼頭宏(2000年)は速水融推計を過小とし、17世紀の人口増加率を0.58～0.65%/年に下方修正して1600年の推定人口を1432万～1547万人と上方修正している。また斎藤修(2000年)は1450～1600年以前の人口増加率を0.3%/年、1600～1721年の人口増加率を0.51%と仮定して、1600年の推定人口を1700万人と算出した。[24]ファリスの1600年の推定人口(1500万～1700万人)は、鬼頭宏(2000年)と斎藤修(2000年)の研究の折衷である。また藤野正三郎(2008年)は17世紀前半の大藩の人口増加率(0.4%)から1600年の推定人口を1940万人、1650年の人口を2365万人、1700年の人口を1700万人と算出した。[28]

地域別推定人口

小山修三(1978年,1984年)によって推定された縄文・弥生時代の地域別推定人口を、その推定の元となる遺跡数とともに以下の表にまとめる。

縄文・弥生時代の日本の地域別遺跡数と推定人口(小山修三, 1978,1984年)[15][29]
地域 縄文早期
(8100年前)
 縄文前期
(5200年前)
 縄文中期
(4300年前)
 縄文後期
(3300年前)
 縄文晩期
(2900年前)
 Yayoi period
(1800年前)
遺跡数 Estimated population 遺跡数 Estimated population 遺跡数 Estimated population 遺跡数 Estimated population 遺跡数 Estimated population 遺跡数 Estimated population
東北[29] 249 2,000 801 19,200 1,945 46,700 1,824 43,800 1,645 39,500 597 33,400
関東[29] 1,213 9,700 1,782 42,800 3,977 95,400 2,148 51,600 321 7,700 1,768 99,000
北陸[29] 52 400 175 4,200 1,026 24,600 654 15,700 214 5,140 370 20,700
中部[29] 377 3,000 1,055 25,300 2,995 71,900 918 22,000 250 6,000 1,503 84,200
東海[29] 278 2,200 209 5,000 550 13,200 317 7,600 275 6,600 987 55,300
近畿[29] 35 300 72 1,700 118 2,800 183 4,400 88 2,100 1,934 108,300
中国[29] 53 400 54 1,300 51 1,200 98 2,400 84 2,000 1,050 58,800
四国[29] 30 200 18 400 10 200 111 2,700 21 500 538 30,100
九州[29] 243 1,900 233 5,600 221 5,300 419 10,100 261 6,300 1,877 105,100
全国合計
(北海道・沖縄を除く)
 2,530 20,100 4,399 105,500 10,893 261,300 6,672 160,300 3,159 75,800 10,624 594,900

澤田吾一(1927年)と鬼頭宏(1996年)によって推定された古代・中世の旧国別人口を、その推定の元となる出挙稲数、郷数、田積数、石高などとともに以下の表にまとめる。澤田吾一の奈良時代の推定良民人口に関しては、『弘仁式』、『延喜式』双方の出挙稲数から推定された良民人口を掲載するが、『弘仁式』出挙稲数が欠落しているものに関しては『延喜式』の出挙稲数から推定された良民人口をイタリックで示す。この他、表に記載の出挙稲数、郷数、田積数のみから直接算出したものではない推定人口についてもイタリックで示す。本表では人口推定に慶長3年(1598年)の検地石高を用いていないが、参考までに記載する。鬼頭宏による1600年の推定人口の根拠となる寛延3年(1750年)の幕府の調査人口については本項の江戸時代の全国国別人口表を参照。旧国名は江戸時代以前の一般的な五畿七道の順に従い並べてあるが、各年次をクリックすることにより、人口順に並べ替えることができる。

古代・中世の全国国別推定人口 (澤田吾一, 1927年; 鬼頭宏, 1996年)[3][7]
旧国 『弘仁式』
出挙稲数
(束)

 『延喜式』
出挙稲数
(束)

 『和名抄』
郷数
 『和名抄』
田積数
(町・歩)

 "拾芥抄"
田積数
(町)

 慶長3年
石高
(石)

 725 years
Estimated population
(鬼頭宏)

 The Nara era
推定良民人口
(弘仁式)
(澤田吾一)


 The Nara era
推定良民人口
(延喜式)
(澤田吾一)


 800 years
Estimated population
(鬼頭宏)

 900 years
Estimated population
(鬼頭宏)

 1150
Estimated population
(鬼頭宏)

 1600
Estimated population
(鬼頭宏)
畿内 n.a. 2,087,126 349 55,300.90085 52,383.7 1,413,895.10 457,300 463,600 463,600 583,600 520,900 499,800 2,284,600
   山城 n.a. 424,070 78 8,961.70290 8,961.0 225,262.00 85,700 99,600 99,600 219,600 185,000 185,000 558,000
   大和 n.a. 554,600 89 17,905.90180 17,005.7 448,945.50 171,700 330,300 330,300 130,300 129,800 123,300 399,400
   河内 n.a. 400,954 80 11,338.40160 10,977.0 242,105.80 87,900 94,200 94,200 94,200 82,200 79,600 247,000
   和泉 n.a. 227,500 24 4,569.60357 4,126.0 141,512.70 26,400 26,700 26,700 26,700 33,100 29,900 222,100
   摂津 n.a. 480,000 78 12,525.00178 11,314.0 356,069.10 85,700 112,800 112,800 112,800 90,800 82,000 858,100
東海道 n.a. 10,640,176 1,009 213,501.20237 247,693.0 4,458,650.45 1,108,200 1,256,400 1,256,400 1,256,400 1,592,200 1,795,800 2,832,200
   伊賀 n.a. 317,000 18 4,051.10041 4,055.0 100,000.00 19,800 37,300 37,300 37,300 29,400 29,400 51,600
   伊勢 n.a. 926,000 94 18,130.60245 19,024.0 567,105.14 103,200 108,800 108,800 108,800 131,400 137,900 295,000
   志摩 n.a. 1,700 14 124.00094 4,917.0 17,854.91 154,000 6,500 6,500 6,500 8,100 35,600 13,600
   尾張 n.a. 472,000 69 6,820.70310 11,930.0 571,737.40 75,800 55,400 55,400 55,400 86,600 86,500 312,000
   三河 n.a. 477,000 69 6,820.70310 7,054.0 290,715.00 75,800 56,000 56,000 56,000 49,500 51,100 167,700
   遠江 n.a. 772,260 96 13,611.30035 12,967.0 255,160.00 105,400 90,800 90,800 90,800 98,700 94,000 133,500
   駿河 n.a. 642,534 59 9,063.20165 9,797.0 150,000.00 64,800 75,500 75,500 75,500 65,700 71,000 125,500
   甲斐 n.a. 584,800 31 12,249.90258 10,043.0 227,616.00 34,000 68,700 68,700 68,700 88,800 72,800 124,500
   伊豆 n.a. 179,000 21 2,110.40112 2,814.0 69,832.00 23,100 21,000 21,000 21,000 15,300 20,400 42,000
   相模 n.a. 868,120 67 11,236.10091 11,486.0 194,304.00 73,600 102,000 102,000 102,000 81,500 83,300 124,300
   武蔵 n.a. 1,113,754 119 35,574.70096 51,540.0 667,126.00 130,700 130,900 130,900 130,900 257,900 373,700 708,500
   安房 n.a. 342,000 32 4,335.80059 4,362.0 45,045.00 35,100 40,200 40,200 40,200 31,400 31,600 63,400
   上総 n.a. 1,071,000 76 22,846.90235 22,666.0 378,892.00 83,500 125,800 125,800 125,800 165,600 164,300 181,400
   下総 n.a. 1,027,000 91 26,432.60234 33,000.0 393,255.00 99,900 120,600 120,600 120,600 191,600 239,300 227,000
   常陸 n.a. 1,846,000 153 40,092.60112 42,038.0 530,008.00 168,000 216,900 216,900 216,900 290,700 304,800 262,200
東山道 5,248,532 7,305,418 735 224,392.50331 223,248.5 4,623,098.80 807,200 888,400 858,400 873,400 1,626,800 1,618,500 2,460,700
   近江 90,676 1,207,376 93 33,402.50184 33,450.0 775,379.00 102,100 141,900 141,900 141,900 242,200 242,500 324,400
   美濃 877,000 880,000 131 14,823.10065 15,304.0 540,000.00 143,900 126,900 103,400 115,200 107,500 111,000 300,600
   飛騨 105,000 106,000 13 6,615.70004 4,356.0 38,000.00 14,300 15,200 12,500 13,900 48,000 31,600 28,900
   信濃 680,000 895,000 67 30,908.80140 30,520.0 408,358.00 73,600 98,400 105,100 101,800 224,100 221,300 274,700
   上野 1,140,000 886,935 102 30,937.00144 28,453.0 496,377.00 112,000 165,000 104,200 134,600 224,300 206,300 230,400
   下野 670,000 874,000 70 30,155.80004 27,460.0 374,083.80 76,900 97,000 102,700 99,900 218,600 199,100 221,700
   陸奥 1,285,200 1,582,715 188 51,440.30099 45,077.0 1,672,806.00 206,500 186,000 186,000 186,000 372,900 326,800 734,400
   出羽 400,656 873,392 71 26,109.20051 38,628.5 318,095.00 78,000 58,000 102,600 80,300 189,300 280,100 338,500
   蝦夷・松前 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7,100
北陸道 2,978,450 4,186,388 230 73,983.50135 97,737.0 1,938,079.28 252,600 431,000 491,800 461,400 536,400 708,600 864,200
   若狭 200,000 241,000 21 3,077.40048 3,139.0 85,000.00 23,100 28,900 28,300 28,600 22,300 22,800 31,200
   越前 1,095,000 1,028,000 55 12,066.00000 23,576.0 499,411.00 60,400 158,400 120,800 107,900 87,500 170,900 139,200
   加賀[30] 686,000 30 13,766.70334 12,536.0 355,570.00 32,900 80,600 72,000 99,800 90,900 81,000
   能登 430,000 386,000 26 8,205.80236 8,479.0 210,000.00 28,600 62,200 45,300 53,800 59,500 61,500 63,100
   越中 455,000 840,433 42 17,909.50030 21,399.0 380,298.28 46,100 65,900 98,700 82,300 129,800 155,100 125,400
   越後 668,450 833,455 34 14,997.50207 23,738.0 390,770.00 37,300 96,800 97,900 97,400 108,700 172,100 388,100
   佐渡 130,000 171,500 22 3,960.40000 4,870.0 17,030.00 24,200 18,800 20,200 19,500 28,700 35,300 36,200
山陰道 3,973,585 4,357,678 387 53,960.40307 56,457.0 981,753.00 425,000 575,100 512,100 543,600 391,200 409,300 567,900
   丹波 668,585 664,000 68 10,666.00262 10,855.0 263,887.00 74,700 96,800 78,000 87,400 77,300 78,700 155,800
   丹後 340,000 431,800 35 4,756.00155 5,537.0 110,784.00 38,400 49,200 50,700 50,000 34,500 40,100 53,800
   但馬 720,000 740,000 59 7,555.80005 7,743.0 114,235.00 64,800 104,200 87,000 95,600 54,800 56,100 62,600
   因幡 730,000 710,878 50 7,914.80208 8,016.0 88,500.00 54,900 105,600 83,600 94,600 57,400 58,100 50,000
   伯耆 540,000 655,000 48 8,161.60088 8,842.0 100,947.00 52,700 78,200 77,000 77,600 59,200 64,100 56,300
   出雲 570,000 695,000 78 9,435.80285 9,968.0 186,650.00 85,700 82,500 81,700 82,100 68,400 72,300 94,000
   石見 340,000 391,000 37 4,884.90042 4,872.0 111,770.00 40,600 49,200 45,900 47,600 35,400 35,300 87,800
   隠岐 65,000 70,000 12 585.20342 624.0 4,980.00 13,200 9,400 8,200 8,800 4,200 4,500 7,600
山陽道 4,723,300 5,869,640 498 84,946.10089 86,149.0 1,624,023.70 546,900 683,600 689,600 686,600 615,800 624,600 1,126,200
   播磨 1,000,000 1,248,000 98 21,414.30036 21,236.0 358,534.00 107,600 144,700 146,600 145,700 155,300 154,000 311,000
   美作 740,000 764,000 64 11,021.30256 11,616.0 186,018.70 70,300 107,100 89,800 98,500 79,900 84,200 70,100
   備前 803,300 956,640 51 13,185.70032 13,206.0 223,762.00 56,000 116,300 112,400 114,400 95,600 95,700 129,200
   備中 640,000 743,000 72 10,227.80252 10,883.0 176,929.00 79,100 92,600 87,300 90,000 74,200 78,900 127,800
   備後 500,000 625,000 65 9,301.20046 9,298.0 186,150.00 71,400 72,400 73,400 72,900 67,400 67,400 122,700
   安芸 410,000 612,000 63 7,357.80047 7,484.0 194,150.00 69,200 59,300 71,900 65,600 53,300 54,300 158,800
   周防 360,000 560,000 45 7,834.30269 7,657.0 167,820.00 49,400 52,100 65,800 59,000 56,800 55,500 115,800
   長門 270,000 361,000 40 4,603.40231 4,769.0 130,660.00 43,900 39,100 42,400 40,800 33,400 34,600 90,800
南海道 2,879,000 3,327,304 324 51,863.90235 54,175.0 1,079,754.00 355,800 416,600 390,800 403,700 376,000 392,800 871,100
   紀伊 380,000 470,816 56 7,198.50100 7,119.0 243,550.00 61,500 55,000 55,300 55,200 52,200 51,600 203,300
   淡路 85,000 126,800 17 2,650.90160 2,870.0 62,104.00 18,700 12,300 14,900 13,600 19,200 20,800 42,800
   阿波 514,000 506,500 46 3,414.50055 5,245.0 183,500.00 50,500 74,400 59,500 67,000 24,800 38,000 134,800
   讃岐 750,000 884,500 90 18,647.50266 17,943.0 126,200.00 98,800 108,500 103,900 106,200 135,200 130,100 142,900
   伊予 740,000 810,000 72 13,501.40006 14,825.0 366,200.00 79,100 107,100 95,100 101,100 97,900 107,500 200,000
   土佐 410,000 528,688 43 6,451.00008 6,173.0 98,200.00 47,200 59,300 62,100 60,700 46,800 44,800 147,300
西海道 4,621,000 5,990,581 509 104,848.00000 108,623.0 2,389,789.41 559,000 684,500 710,400 697,500 781,900 787,500 1,266,100
   筑前 550,000 790,063 102 18,500.00000 19,765.0 335,695.00 112,000 85,400 92,900 89,200 134,100 143,300 122,800
   筑後 520,000 623,581 54 12,800.00000 11,377.0 265,998.00 59,300 75,300 73,300 74,300 92,800 82,500 104,400
   豊前 520,000 609,828 44 13,200.00000 13,221.0 140,000.00 47,200 75,300 71,600 73,500 95,700 95,900 97,100
   豊後 570,000 743,842 99 7,500.00000 7,570.0 418,313.00 51,600 82,500 87,400 85,000 54,400 54,900 204,800
   肥前 590,000 692,589 43 13,900.00000 13,462.0 309,935.00 48,300 85,400 81,400 83,400 100,800 97,600 253,200
   肥後 1,230,000 1,579,117 47 23,500.00000 23,462.0 341,220.00 108,700 178,000 185,500 181,800 170,400 170,100 248,100
   日向 330,000 373,101 28 4,800.00000 8,298.0 120,088.44 30,800 47,700 43,800 45,800 56,600 60,200 90,200
   大隅 120,000 242,040 37 4,800.00000 4,707.0 175,057.23 40,600 17,400 28,400 24,800 34,800 34,100 52,600
   薩摩 120,000 242,500 35 4,800.00000 5,521.0 283,482.74 38,400 17,400 28,500 23,000 34,800 40,000 77,700
   壱岐 65,000 90,000 11 620.00000 620.0 0.00 12,100 9,400 10,600 10,000 4,500 4,500 9,300
   対馬 3,920 3,920 9 428.00000 620.0 0.00 9,900 7,000 7,000 7,000 3,100 4,500 5,900
   多禰[30] 2,080 3,700
全国合計
(琉球を除く)
 24,423,867 43,764,311 4,041 862,796.80339 926,466.2 18,509,043.74 4,512,200 5,599,200 5,573,100 5,506,200 6,441,400 6,836,900 12,273,000

鬼頭宏(1996年)による1600年以前の国別推定人口を地域別にまとめると以下の通りである[7]。

1600年以前の地域別推定人口 (鬼頭宏, 1996年)[7][31]
地域 紀元前
6100年
 紀元前
3200年
 紀元前
2300年
 紀元前
1300
 紀元前
900 years
 200 years 725 years 800 years 900 years 1150 1600
北海道(蝦夷) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7,100
東奥羽(陸奥) 1,700 14,300 32,400 36,100 27,500 28,700 206,500 186,000 372,900 326,800 734,400
西奥羽(出羽) 300 4,900 14,300 7,700 12,000 4,700 78,000 80,300 189,300 280,100 338,500
北関東[31] 2,500 12,600 23,900 16,800 3,900 39,300 356,900 451,400 733,600 710,100 714,300
南関東[31] 7,200 30,200 71,500 34,800 3,800 59,700 422,800 519,500 728,100 892,100 1,304,600
北陸[31] 400 4,200 24,600 15,700 5,100 20,700 252,600 461,400 536,400 708,600 864,200
東山[31] 3,100 25,500 72,300 22,200 6,200 85,100 121,900 184,300 360,900 325,700 428,100
東海[31] 2,100 4,800 12,800 7,400 6,400 54,400 488,700 413,900 423,200 434,000 1,081,300
畿内[31] 100 400 400 1,100 800 30,200 457,300 583,600 520,900 499,800 2,284,600
畿内周辺[31] 200 1,300 2,300 3,100 1,200 70,300 503,000 596,300 715,100 750,600 1,397,500
山陰[31] 100 500 500 900 1,100 17,700 350,400 456,200 313,900 330,600 412,100
山陽[31] 300 900 700 1,700 1,000 48,900 439,300 541,000 460,600 470,600 815,200
四国[31] 200 400 200 2,700 500 30,100 275,700 335,000 304,600 320,300 625,000
北九州[31] 800 1,400 1,400 2,400 3,000 40,500 340,500 422,300 485,400 483,100 797,500
南九州[31] 1,100 4,200 3,900 7,700 3,300 64,600 218,600 275,200 296,500 304,400 468,600
全国合計
(蝦夷・琉球を除く)
 20,100 105,500 261,300 160,300 75,800 594,900 4,512,200 5,506,200 6,441,400 6,836,900 12,265,900

平均寿命

正倉院文書として残る飛鳥時代の古代籍帳に対して生命表の西モデルを適用することで、ファリス(1985年)は大宝2年(702年)の出生時平均余命(平均寿命)を28年～33年と推定している。[32]

大宝二年籍による702年の諸動態統計の推計 (Farris, 1985年)[32]
地域 人数 性別 出生率, ‰ 死亡率, ‰ 出生時
平均余命, 年
 乳幼児(5歳未満)
死亡率, ‰
 満5歳時
平均余命, 年
美濃国 (味蜂間郡春部里,
   本簀郡栗栖太里, 肩縣郡肩々里,
   各牟郡中里, 山方郡三井田里,
   加毛郡半布里, 未詳3戸)


 2,127 男女 51 40 27.8 534 36.6
美濃国加毛郡半布里 543 女子 50 36 28.8 555 35.6
537 男子 57 35 32.5 617 33.9
北部九州 (筑前国嶋郡川辺里,
   豊前国上三毛郡塔里,
   豊前国上三毛郡加自久也里,
   豊前国仲津郡丁里, 豊後国未詳1戸)


 321 男子 54 37 30.5 592 35.0
361 女子 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

ファリスは奈良時代の養老5年(721年)の下総国の諸戸籍、神亀3年(726年)と天平4年(732年)の山城国の計帳に対しても同様の生命表モデル計算を実施したが、有意の数字が得られていない。また平安時代以降は脱税目的のための男女比異常が見られるなど(例えば延喜8年(908年)の周防国玖珂郡玖珂郷の戸籍断簡によると、戸主秦人広本の家族構成は男8人女39人)、戸籍の内容の信頼性が落ちていく。[32]

このように16世紀以前の戸籍はほとんど史料が残っていないが、各地から出土した人骨の古人類学に基づく推定死亡年齢から平均余命を出す研究もなされている。例えば小林和正は、日本各地から出土した満15歳以上の人骨(推定満15歳未満の人骨は誤差が多いので除去)の平均死亡年齢を以下のように推定している。[33]

日本各所の墓地から出土した
満15歳以上人骨平均死亡年齢 (小林和正, 1967年)[33]
時代 満15歳以上人骨
平均死亡年齢, 歳
 個体数
男子 女子 男子 女子
Jomon period 31.1 31.3 133 102
Yayoi period 30.0 29.2 8 3
古墳時代 30.6 34.5 21 5
室町時代 (頭骨のみ) 33.1 32.8 23 26
室町時代 (人骨) 35.8 36.7 12 9

但し骨年齢推定法の改訂により、縄文時代の15歳時平均余命を男女平均16.2年から31.5年へ大幅に上方修正する長岡朋人らの研究もあり、正確な平均余命の推定は困難である[34]。

小林和正の研究による人骨の平均死亡年齢分布に対してワイスのモデル生命表を15歳未満に適応することにより、菱沼従尹は縄文時代、室町時代の出生時平均余命(平均寿命)を推定している。[35]他の研究者による推定平均寿命を含め、以下列挙する。

縄文時代～中世日本の出生時, 各歳時平均余命の推計[36]
時代 出土場所 出生時
平均余命, 年
 満1歳時
平均余命, 年
 満5歳時
平均余命, 年
 満6歳時
平均余命, 年
 満10歳時
平均余命, 年
 満12歳時
平均余命, 年
 満15歳時
平均余命, 年
 満20歳時
平均余命, 年
 個体数 The source
男子 女子 男子 女子 男子 女子 男子 女子 男子 女子 男子 女子 男子 女子 男子 女子
Jomon period 日本各地 14.6 14.6 21.9 22.0 20.5 20.7 16.1 16.3 12.6 13.1 235 菱沼従尹 (1978年)[35]
Yayoi period 北部九州 (金隈, 藤崎,
   門田, 西平塚, 永岡,
   栗山, 道場山, 原,
   諸岡, 横隈狐塚, 隈)


 23.1 22.6 32.0 31.8 33.4 31.8 29.1 27.4 23.3 21.9 684 中橋孝博, 永井昌文 (1989年)[37]
金隈 18.3 27.9 31.0 27.4 22.8 131
横隈狐塚 28.3 36.3 36.6 31.9 25.7 115
The Kamakura era 由比ヶ浜南 24.0 15.6 18.0 12.7 14.6 260 長岡朋人, 平田和明,
大平里沙, 松浦秀治 (2006年)[36]
鎌倉・室町時代 吉母浜 20.6 107 中橋孝博, 永井昌文 (1989年)[37]
The Muromachi era
   (太田道灌治世)
 東京駅前広場 15.2 23.1 22.2 17.7 15.9 70 菱沼従尹 (1978年)[35]

脚注

  1. ^ 岸俊男, 『日本古代籍帳の研究』, 塙書房, 1973.
  2. ^ a b c d 横山由清, 『本朝古来戸口考』, 1879.
  3. ^ a b c d e 澤田吾一, 『奈良朝時代民政経済の数的研究』, 冨山房, 1927.
  4. ^ 男女の人口の合計が総人口と合わない場合があるが、原文儘を優先した。
  5. ^ a b 社会工学研究所編, 『日本列島における人口分布の長期時系列的分析：時系列推計と要因分析』, 社会工学研究所, 1974.
  6. ^ Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, "Atlas of World Population History," Facts on File, New York, 1978.
  7. ^ a b c d (a) 鬼頭宏, 「明治以前日本の地域人口」『上智経済論集』41巻 (1-2号), pp. 65–79 (1996). (b) 鬼頭宏, 『人口から読む日本の歴史』, 講談社, 2000.
  8. ^ (a) Jean-Noël Biraben, "Le Point sur l'Histoire de la Population du Japon," Population Vol. 48 (no. 2), pp. 443-472 (1993). (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, "The History of the Human Population From the First Beginnings to the Present" in "Demography: Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population" (Eds: Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, Guillaume J. Wunsch) Vol 3, Chapter 66, pp 5–18, Academic Press, San Diego, 2005.
  9. ^ (a) William Wayne Farris, "Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age," University of Hawaii's Press, Honolulu, 2006.(b) William Wayne Farris, "Daily life and demographics in ancient Japan", Michigan monograph series in Japanese studies no. 63, Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2009.
  10. ^ A. Hayami, "Population trends in Tokugawa Japan: 1600-1868", IIS, 46e Session, Tokyo, 1987, p. 17.
  11. ^ Francine Hérail, "Histoire du Japon", Horvath, Le Coteau, 1990.
  12. ^ (a) Irene B. Taeuber, "The population of Japan", Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958. (b) アイリーン・B・トイバー, 毎日新聞社人口問題調査会訳, 『日本の人口』, 毎日新聞社人口問題調査会, 1964
  13. ^ Ryoichi Ishii (石井了一), "Population Pressure and Economic Life in Japan", P. S. King & Son, 1937.
  14. ^ a b c 弘仁14年(823年)旧暦2月21日の太政官奏によると、大宰府管内口分田積は6万5677町とある。これに1町の口分田を支給されている戸口の平均人数7.5人と『和名類聚抄』記載の郷数比を乗じることで、西暦823年の全国人口を推定しているが、後述するように『和名類聚抄』記載の全国郷数は4041, 西海道の郷数は509であり、横山由清は計算間違いをしている。
  15. ^ a b (a) Shuzo Koyama, "Jomon Subsistence and Population", Senri Ethnological Studies no. 2, 1–65 (1978). (b) 小山修三, 『縄文時代』, 中央公論社, 1983. なお『縄文時代』では遺跡数に乗じる係数を、弥生時代57人、縄文時代中期以降24人、縄文時代早期8.5人と紹介しているが、実際の数値計算に合わせ、本文のように修正した。
  16. ^ 文化財保護委員会, 『全国遺跡地図: 史跡・名勝・天然記念物および埋蔵文化財包蔵地所在地地図』, 文化財保護委員会, 1965.
  17. ^ 小川修三, 「日本旧石器時代の食糧と人口」, 『民博通信』, 45号, pp.19–30 (1989).
  18. ^ a b 鎌田元一, 「日本古代の人口について」『木簡研究』, 第7号 (1984).
  19. ^ 岸俊男, 『古代宮都の探求』, 校倉書房, 1984.
  20. ^ 九条家本『延喜式』の紙背文書として残った『弘仁式』巻25(主税上)による。畿内・東海道諸国に関しては出挙稲数が、近江国に関しては主税・公廨が欠落しているため、澤田吾一は人口推定に用いていない。また筑前国に関しては国分寺料が不明であり、4万束と仮定して人口推定に用いている。
  21. ^ 『延喜式』巻26(主税上)による。なお写本によって出挙稲数が異なり、九条家本における出挙稲数の合計は、伊勢国72万6000束、出羽国97万3392束、播磨国122万1000束、安芸国63万2000束である。なお本表では束より下の桁(把、分)を省略するため、表の値を合算しても合計値より少なくなる場合がある。
  22. ^ 井上満郎, 『古代の三都を歩く 平安京の風景』, 文英堂, 1994.
  23. ^ a b c 彌永貞三, 「『拾芥抄』及び『海東諸国紀』にあらわれた諸国の田積史料に関する覚え書   ―中村栄考「海東諸国紀の撰修と印刷」の脚注として―」, 『日本古代社会経済史研究』, 岩波書店, pp. 351–387 (1980). なお鬼頭宏は尾張国の田積として『掌和歴』記載の1万1940町を採用し、志摩国と日向国の田積にはそれぞれ1000町、3000町を加算する操作を加えている。 また『拾芥抄』記載の田積の内、美濃国4万5304町は『色葉字類抄』により1万5304町に、信濃国4656石は前田本校訂により3万0520石に改訂するが、出羽国3万8628町5段については前田本校訂5万6088町に改訂しない。
  24. ^ a b ファリス(2006年)によると、(2000年)は日本の人口を1000年に600万人、1250年に650万人、1450年に1050万人、1600年に1700万人と推定している。
  25. ^ 吉田東伍, 『維新史八講』, 冨山房, 1910.
  26. ^ (a) 速水融, 「小倉藩人畜改帳の分析と徳川初期全国人口推計の試み」『三田學會雑誌』59巻 (3号), pp. 221–256 (1966). (b) 速水融, 『日本経済史への視角』, 東洋経済新報社, 1968.
  27. ^ (a) 速水融, 「近世信州諏訪地方の人口趨勢」『三田學會雑誌』61巻 (2号), pp. 111–137 (1968). (b) 速水融, 『近世農村の歴史人口学的研究』, 東洋経済新報社, 1973.
  28. ^ 藤野正三郎, 『日本の経済成長と景気循環』, 勁草書房, 2008.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 地域区分は以下の通り。
  30. ^ a b 『弘仁式』が編纂された頃は、加賀国は越前国の一部であり、多禰国は大隅国から分離していた。
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 地域区分は以下の通り。
    • 北海道: 蝦夷。
    • 東奥羽: 陸奥。
    • 西奥羽: 出羽。
    • 北関東: 上野、下野、常陸の合計。
    • 南関東: 武蔵、相模、上総、下総、安房の合計。
    • 北陸: 佐渡、越後、越中、能登、加賀、越前、若狭の合計。
    • 東山: 甲斐、信濃、飛騨の合計。
    • 東海: 伊豆、駿河、遠江、三河、尾張、美濃の合計。
    • 畿内: 山城、大和、河内、和泉、摂津の合計。
    • 畿内周辺: 近江、伊賀、伊勢、志摩、紀伊、淡路、播磨、丹波の合計。
    • 山陰: 丹後、但馬、因幡、伯耆、隠岐、出雲、石見の合計。
    • 山陽: 美作、備前、備中、備後、安芸、周防、長門の合計。
    • 四国: 阿波、讃岐、伊予、土佐の合計。
    • 北九州: 筑前、筑後、肥前、壱岐、対馬、豊前、豊後の合計。
    • 南九州: 肥後、日向、大隅、薩摩の合計。
  32. ^ a b c William Wayne Farris, "Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645-900,", Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series no. 24, Harverd University Press, Cambridge, 1985.
  33. ^ a b Kazumasa Kobayashi, "Trend in the length of life based on human skeleton from prehistoric to modern times in Japan," Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo Sect. 5, Anthropology (東京大學理學部紀要 第5類, 人類學) Vol. 3 (no. 2), pp. 107–162 (1967).
  34. ^ Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada and Kazuaki Hirata, "Did the Jomon people have a short lifespan? Evidence from the adult age-at-death estimation based on the auricular surface of the ilium," Anthropological Science Vol. 116 (no. 2), pp. 161-169, 2008.
  35. ^ a b c 菱沼従尹, 『寿命の限界をさぐる』, 東洋経済新報社, 1978.
  36. ^ a b Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata, Emi Yokota and Shuji Matsu'ura, "Paleodemography of a Medieval Population in Japan: Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains from the Yuigahama-minami Site," American Journal of Physical Anthropology Vol. 131 (no. 1), pp. 1-14, 2006.
  37. ^ a b (a) 中橋孝博, 永井昌文, 「人骨」 『吉母浜遺跡』, pp. 154–225, 下関市教育委員会, 1985. (b) 中橋孝博, 永井昌文, 「寿命」 『弥生文化の研究 第1巻 弥生人とその環境』 (永井昌文, 那須孝悌, 金関恕, 佐原眞編), pp. 76–95, 雄山閣出版, 1989.

参考文献

  • 澤田吾一、『奈良朝時代民政経済の数的研究』、冨山房、1927年。
  • 高橋梵仙、『日本人口史之研究』、三友社、1941年。
  • 高橋梵仙、『日本人口史之研究』、日本学術振興会、1955年
  • 関山直太郎、『近世日本人口の研究』、龍吟社、1948年。
  • 関山直太郎、『近世日本の人口構造』、吉川弘文館、1958年。
  • 社会工学研究所編、『日本列島における人口分布の長期時系列的分析：時系列推計と要因分析』、社会工学研究所、1974年。
  • 菱沼従尹、『寿命の限界をさぐる』、東洋経済新報社、1978年。
  • 彌永貞三著、『日本古代社会経済史研究』、岩波書店、1980年。
  • 小山修三、『縄文時代: コンピュータ考古学による復元』、中央公論社、1984年。
  • 速水融監修、『国勢調査以前日本人口統計集成』、原書房、1992年。
  • 鬼頭宏、『人口から読む日本の歴史』、講談社、2000年。
  • 鬼頭宏、『図説 人口で見る日本史―縄文時代から近未来社会まで』、PHP研究所、2007年。
  • 鎌田元一、『律令公民制の研究』、塙書房、2001年。
  • William Wayne Farris, Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii's Press, 2006.
  • William Wayne Farris, Daily life and demographics in ancient Japan: Michigan monograph series in Japanese studies no. 63, Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2009.
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