Astronomical calendar

The astronomical calendar (てんたいれき, ephemeris) is the information that wrote the forecast that performed estimation of a service position, the orbit of the heavenly bodies (the sun, a month, a satellite, a planet, a fixed star and the artificial heavenly bodies) and an astronomical phenomenon (solar eclipse, eclipse of the moon, haunting of the heavenly bodies) from top to bottom. I say calendar (れき), the orbit calendar. In addition, there is an ephemeris by words like an astronomical calendar, but is different.

I consider it to be a basic calendar (fundamental ephemeris) and can divide the astronomical calendar into an astronomical calendar (apparent ephemeris) now. I treat the geometric position of the heavenly bodies which the basic calendar integrates a movement of heavenly bodies equation, and are provided and sell the apparent places of the heavenly bodies which see it, and the astronomical calendar does coordinate transformation or the revision of the planet angle of aberration based on a basic calendar, and are provided.

Table of contents

Calculation

The astronomical calendar is built based on various observation data of the position of the heavenly bodies in the solar system as if a dynamic theory prediction adapting to it. Thus, the astronomical calendar decides various astronomy fixed number such as the size of mass and the au of the planet becoming the theoretical parameter as well as the position prediction of the heavenly bodies at the same time, and it is with those sources of information. The precision of the astronomical calendar becomes more and more minute by the development of the modern technique including the range-finding of the planet with the radar and the use of the communication data with the planetary probe in the present age.

It was mainstream to use an analytic method based on a perturbation theory for the dynamic calculation of the astronomical calendar for a long time. The French VSOP (fr:Variations Séculaires des Orbites Planétaires) is made for such a thought now.

On the other hand, in late years the development of the computer allows a large-scale calculation by the numerical value integral calculus, and a numerical astronomical calendar becomes mainstream. There was was necessary for the use of the planetary probe in particular, saving it, and, as for such numerical calendar, a precision thing came to be made in the United States and Russia. DE (Development Ephemeris) of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and EPM (Ephemerides of Planets and the Moon) of the Russian scientific academy application astronomy research institute (Институтприкладнойастрономии, Institute of Applied Astoronomy) are representative as such a numerical astronomical calendar [¹]. In Japan, annual from the Coast Guard Hydrographic & Oceanographic Department until 2009; saw it, and an astronomical calendar "ephemeris" was published [²].

GPS satellite

The astronomical calendar that performed prior or subsequent estimation of the orbit of the artificial heavenly bodies, man-made satellite (including the GPS satellite) is calculated by Specialized Agencies.

GPS satellite oneself broadcasts the information of the astronomical calendar of the prior estimation to be necessary on a transmission signal in a pinpointing calculation, too. In addition, as an astronomical calendar of the prior estimation, I broadcast it including a thing of applicable (but outline precision) more for a long term and this is a specification of the GPS and I call it and distinguish it from all MANAC (almanack, "almanac").

The source, explanatory note

1. ^ 荒木田英禎 (2007). "The aus increase for many years; of the solar system heavenly bodies is a new problem from positioning precisely?". An "astronomy meeting for the study of the 21st century when I greeted the times of the highly precise アストロメトリ observation." JASMINE homepage. November 10, 2010 reading.
   Folkner, William M., James G. Williams, and Dale H. Boggs (2009). "The Planetary and Lunar Ephemeris DE 421" (PDF). It is C. http://tmo.jpl.nasa.gov/progress_report/42-178/178C.pdf. Interplanetary Network Progress Report 42-178 
   
   Pitjeva, E. V (2005). "High-precision ephemerides of planets-EPM and determination of some astronomical constants" (PDF). Solar System Research 39 (3): 176–186. http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/EPM2004.pdf.  (trans. fromАстрономическийвестник39 (3): 202–213).
   
2. The ^ "publication guidance of various astronomical calendars." Coast Guard Hydrographic & Oceanographic Department land surveying, astronomy, an observatory. November 11, 2010 reading.

Outside link

• "Ephemerides". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. November 10, 2010 reading.
• "It is (Ephemerides) International Astronomical Union Commission 4". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. November 10, 2010 reading.
• "National Astronomical Observatory astronomy information center calendar calculation room". A National Astronomical Observatory astronomy information center calendar calculation room. January 19, 2013 reading.

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This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Astronomical calendar

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