Washington across the Delaware
| English: Washington Crossing the Delaware | |
 | |
| Author | Emanuel ロイツェ |
|---|---|
| The production year | 1851 |
| Kind | Oil painting |
| Dimensions | 378.5 cm *647.7cm (149.0 in *255.0 in) |
| Possession | Metropolitan Museum of Art、New YorkCity |
"Washington (Delaware がわをわたる Washington British: Washington Crossing the Delaware) across the Delaware" is the oil painting image which German American painter Emanuel ロイツェ drew in 1851. The subject memorializes that George Washington crossed the Delaware with the large army on December 25, 1776 during American War of Independence. The large army raided a German free company by the Battle of Trenton in Trenton of New Jersey by this fording.
As of 2004, it becomes the eternal store product of Metropolitan Museum of Art. A much copying product exists, and one of those is displayed in the West Wing reception desk place of the White House.
Table of contents
History
Emanuel ロイツェ (1816 –1868 age) born in Germany grew up in the United States and I became an adult and came back to Germany and hit on the concept of this picture between revolutions in 1848. I expected that I did it about independence of the United States and encouraged European innovative reformers and used an American tourist and the beautiful student for a model and an assistant and completed the first picture in 1850. I was damaged by the fire of the atelier right after it was completed, and I was restored afterwards, and I was purchased by the Bremen art museum. In 1942 during World War II, this picture was destroyed by an air raid by the Royal Air Force (this attack was connected in the deep-rooted joke that was the last revenge for the independence in the United States of the U.K.).
Production was begun in 1850, and 2 items that was the full-scale copy of first work were displayed in New York in October, 1851. More than 50000 people came for admiration. Marshal O Roberts purchased this picture for 10,000 dollars (the value special for those days) at first. The owner changed several times and was finally donated to Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1897. It is displayed there even today.
In January, 2003, former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard stuck the photograph of the synchronized terrorist attacks case in the United States on this picture, and the surface was spoiled, but it was not for a lasting wound [1].
Constitution
This picture is famous by the artistic constitution. I am emphasized with a bright empty color so that General George Washington is unnatural, and the face arrests the sun rising before long. The overall color is a thing letting it is dark and suggest the daybreak, but I repeat it, and red is used for the whole picture and rises. It is described in contracted perspective, and a far-off ship gives depth to a picture, and the ship which Washington gets on is emphasized.
The people in a boat show the section of the American colony, and the sexless rowers who wore a red shirt meaning that it is the man who put on a Scottish hat, the African descendant, bow which sit down on the front, and turned to the rear side by side and a rifle archer of the western part to be aft, two farmers (the one binds a head with a bandage) putting on a hat of the room inside an open veranda soon backward and the woman who probably wore the clothes for the man are described, and there is the person who seems to be an Indian behind the ship.
It is First Lieutenant James Monroe I stand behind Washington, and to have a flag and is the later President.
Historic inaccuracy
It is said to be it that there is not the historic inaccuracy that is often discussed to this picture namely a flag in the times.
A national flag ("the Star-Spangled Banner") of the original United States of America was drawn on this flag, but the design did not exist when Washington crossed the Delaware. This design was prescribed in a national flag resolution of the second Continental Congress on June 14, 1777 and is raised for the first time on September 3 and is considerably a later thing from the end of 1776 that there was of the historical fact of Washington. It should have been on the grand union flag which Washington raised as the regimental colors of the large army and the first national flag formally in Cambridge of Massachusetts on January 2, 1776 if I made this flag a right one historically.
Deviation from, in addition, historic (and physical) accuracy was said by artistic interest. For example, (the wrong form) the ship is too small and carries all the people of embarkation and does not seem to be floated, but emphasizes the hard fight of soldiers of the rower. It rises, and there is fantastic light near the forthcoming morning sun and appears behind a face and the surface of the water of the front rower, but this gives you depth. The fording itself was performed at the midnight, and there could not be light of nature, but was different at all if just described it; will be to have been attractive. The river makes the Rhine a model, and it is to a lump of ice that ice was rugged so that it is described in this picture there, but is not a wide sheet thing to usually have in the Delaware (there is the person thinking that but I froze so that the Delaware is described in a painting in those days for the small glacial epoch when it took place). In addition, the place that Washington crossed and the said Delaware are much smaller than they are described in a painting. It rained during fording. Furthermore, soldiers did not carry a horse by ship. Finally, as for the posture of Washington, there is the intention that I described in a clearly heroic IC card, but it is not thought that I can maintain it in an intense storm fording it. The person who found fault with the historic accuracy of this picture said that Washington would sit down traditionally. However, David Halkett Fischer of the historian insisted that every person should have stood in order to avoid water such as the ice in the bottom of the ship (the real ship had high some edges of a boat). I advance to the other side with the historic aim when I see it geographically. The last fault of this picture is really that a woman was not in the fording corps of Washington, and the woman of red clothes described in a picture is like a considerable wedding having entered ロイツェ in classifying it into more that I was in the real fording corps.
Associated work of art
- "Washington across the Delaware" became the title of the sonnet by the David scull man of 1936. This sonnet mentions a scene described in a painting, and 14 lines of end rhyme poetry becomes the logogriph of the title in all lines.
- William H Powell received an artistic benefit in a work of ロイツェ and described a state to move conduct from vessels having one Admiral Oliver hazard Perry to the next vessels in a war in a lake of Lake Erie of the U.S. and British war. The original picture was raised in the Ohio capitol now, but Powell described the thing of a more greatly bright color in the same subject later and was raised in the United States United States Congress assembly hall of Washington D.C. With both works of Powell, Perry stands up on the small boat that several people who came row a uniform. A line is the left with the picture of Washington from the right, but is suitable for objection with the picture of Perry. However, two pictures are similar in constitution surprisingly. The thing that both pictures bound a head with a bandage gets on a one ship.
- "Washington encouraging a military unit in Monma's" by ロイツェ is sisters work of "Washington across the Delaware" and is raised in the dough library Hanes (the east) athenaeum of the University of California, Berkeley [2].
- The rally reverse of the American pop artist draws one's own "Washington across the Delaware" in 1953 and is put in New York Museum of Modern Art of New York City now [3].
- Painter Grant Wood used the picture of direct ロイツェ for work "daughters of the revolution". This picture observed the thing which elitism and Wood without the grounds of "daughters of the American War of Independence" interpreted and thrust it at this organization.
Censorship
I rearranged this symbolic picture in a copy and was argued at least 3 degrees again in the 20th century without the pocket for the watch of Washington being described to the crotch of pants too soon, and an American elementary school manager liking it recently in 2002 because probably I resembled male genitals to change a textbook. For example, it was handwritten, and, in Georgia of 1999, Mr. teacher of the Muskogee county described a clock in 2,300 copies of copying and put it. Completely cut the page with this picture which hurt feelings in the same way again in the lump county of Georgia [4]; [5].
Footnote
References
- David Hackett Fischer, Washington's Crossing. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517034-2. A detailed military history of George Washington's attack on Trenton; the introduction offers a close look at Leutze's painting.
Outside link
- Introduction to Washington's Crossing by David Hackett Fischer at the Oxford University Press blog.
- Errors in the painting from ushistory.org
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Washington across the Delaware
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