Tough ring

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Diamond Head tough ring (American Hawaii Oahu)

Here head tough corn (the right) of Oahu and Hana horse gulf tough ring (the left) or tough corn. It is said that the Hana horse gulf may cause it in which for middle height according to Yukio Hayakawa of the vulcanologist [¹].

Fort Locke (English version), the tough ring which was eroded in the USA Oregon lake county. Height is exaggerated by the erosion by the sea that I received when there was a lake once [²].

After looking at Fort Locke from the ground

In the case of the eruption of the volcano, a tough ring (British: tuff ring^[3]) or the tough corn (British: tuff cone^[3], tufa hill ^[4]) is the crater where it occurred because of explosive eruption [⁵].

When the lava route that is a way of the magma is open in the place where water of small depth area and groundwater are abundant, I am heated to magma there, and water boils intensely, and the explosive eruption called the phreatomagmatic explosion becomes easy to get up. It is to be concrete in the place that was rich to groundwater such as an area along the shore, a marsh, the surfaces of the water of boggy places or the damp ground in a lake what kind of place it is easy to get up at. When crater bottom is higher than a water table and is dry, it is often said among the things that I do not have much height of the crater relationship for the diameter of crater with the thing which does not have a hill of the remarkable sediment around by an approximately circular outline in Asadokoro with a tough ring [⁶]. The tough corn is merely only only the thing which became high of the tough ring [⁷]. When water collects, I say marl.

Footnote

1. The ^ source: - Gunma University Yukio Hayakawa who reads, and deciphers the history written in at scenery, October, 2016 reading
2. The ^ source: Field vulcanology tough ring - Gunma University Yukio Hayakawa, October, 2016 reading
3. For ^ ^{a b} Geological Society of Japan "geology vocabulary - Japanese and English, English and Japanese" Kyoritsu publication, 2,004 years, it is page 133. ISBN 4-320-04643-9。
4. For ^ Ministry of Education "academic vocabulary earth science" Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1,984 years, it is page 382. ISBN 4-8181-8401-2。
5. ^ "tough" (tufa) is the sedimentary rock made of descent articles of pyroclastic material such as volcanic ashes or the pumice.
6. ^ Yukio Hayakawa (January, 2004). "Marl and the tough ring -4.3 marl which field vulcanology 4 - serge forms". March 8, 2012 reading.
7. ^ Lyn Topinka (August 28, 2006). "CVO Website - Maars and Tuff Cones" (English). USGS. March 7, 2012 reading.

Allied item

• The crater
• Marl (volcano)
• 火砕丘

Outside link

• Field vulcanology tough ring - Gunma University Yukio Hayakawa

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