The Latvian history
In the history (appear and come and do Latvia) in Latvia, I describe one of three Baltic countries, the Latvian history.
Table of contents
Prehistory
It is said to be about B.C. 2000 that the Lettish (Barthes family of languages) of the India Europe family of languages has begun to emigrate to the present ground of Latvia. I emigrated near Gulf of Riga that Reeve person (Uralic) came in great mass in the about first century B.C., and faced the Baltic Sea from the north Siberia and settled down. [the source required] in this area being called the place of residence of the Reeve person for a long time called リヴォニア [1].
It is thought that the people living in Barthes area and Finland were ruled over in the early third century by the Goth. When the fourth century begins, this goat King of Men country will be destroyed by the Huns where I invaded [2]. Furthermore, a Latvian and the Lithuanian whom there was near the Dnieper came to cannot but move to the Barthes area because the Slav person invaded it from the east [3].
After the end of eighth century, Sweden of the opposite bank, pirates, the trucker from the ゴットランド island came over to the Baltic Sea coast in a body. This group is the Sweden Viking considered to have gone from North Europe to the east for the purpose of plunder or trade (ヴァリャーグ), but it is Kool Lunt area, and [4], the trade route of the リヴォニア area are supposed when a majority left for the Black Sea via Daugava river. [the source required] it is thought that an expedition for trade by people of Scandinavia origin was performed again in the Baltic Sea coastal area before Vikings Era at this time archeologically [3]; [explanatory note 1].
The people of Barthes can divide it into the west Balt who spoke west Barthes word becoming the dead language (included Old Prussian) and east Balt speaking a language of east Barthes who is the origin of current Lithuanian and Latvian in the present age [6]. Of these, the ラトガルィ group which was a school of the east Balt lived in the area called Latvian ラトガレ later, but the name of a country of "Latvia" was derived from their name [7].
Colonial rule by the Teutonic Knight
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For a long time called "Latvian Shinto" based on the nature worship kept faith [the source required], but when the Christianization that was thorough by east colonization of the Teutonic Knight who merged リヴォニア Zone sword Knights Hospitalers of the thirteenth century and it was promoted, テッラ Mariana Islands was founded, and capital Riga of current Latvia was built at this time, too. It remained in Latvia, and Germans who came over after this with リヴォニア Zone sword Knights Hospitalers formed Barthes German of the minority by the 20th century and controlled it effectively. The Reeve person decreases sharply for Knights Hospitalers; of the ground afterward this a Latvian main; racial. The Reformation of German Martin Luther came to extend to Latvia when it became in the middle of the 16th century.
I am governed by Lithuania, Poland, the Sweden Barthes empire over hegemony of the Baltic Sea in the 16th century. Latvia is divided to northern リヴォニア and southern cool Lunt in this process, and, in the northern part, the southern part is affected by Poland followed by Russian Empire in Sweden.
Poland Republic of Lithuania Era
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In September, 1557, the association of Poland Lithuania (the のちの Poland Republic of Lithuania) concluded a security treaty with federation of リヴォニア. The Ivan thunder emperor of the Russia czar country considered this to be a hostile act to Russia by リヴォニア and started リヴォニア invasion, and リヴォニア war began here, but the federation of リヴォニア and the Poland Lithuania alliance repulsed invaders in this war to cross for 20 years. In 1561 of the period, the リヴォニア Zone sword Knights Hospitalers were dissolved, and it was in リヴォニア dukedom () which was a secular nation and joined the Lithuania grand duke country which was a constitution country of the Poland Lithuania alliance. As for last president Gothardt Keturah of リヴォニア Zone sword Knights Hospitalers, it was the duke of the lower nation Kool Lunt ゼムガレン dukedom formed in the southern whole area of the リヴォニア dukedom. リヴォニア which joined this Poland Lithuania greets the golden age.
リヴォニア war (1558-1583)
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リヴォニア dukedom (1570-1578)
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Cool Lunt semi-Gaul dukedom (1562-1795)
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I Poland territory リヴォニア (インフランティ prefecture) (1629-1772)
The リヴォニア war associated with the fight for hegemony of the Baltic Sea deeply. When power of Russia is restrained because the Ivan fourth died in 1584, the fight for next hegemony will be performed in the Kingdom of Sweden and the Poland Republic of Lithuania. Of the appearance in リヴォニア which became "the vacuum zone of the power" local [8]. The republic was robbed of its most of リヴォニア by the Swedish King Gustav second in war with Sweden, but it was republican シュラフタ and, by a fight around ラトガレ (インフランティ) where Alexander Colvin ゴシェフスキ which participated in a fight of kill Holm in 1605 remained, won in battles such as リクスナ, クシシュボルク from 1621 through 1628, Dinah Buruk and prevented conquest of the リヴォニア whole land by Sweden. It became the インフランティ prefecture () in 1621, and インフランティ prefecture and Sweden territory リヴォニア were divided formally by a truce agreement of 1629, and, in the インフランティ prefecture, it was in a republican direct rule bottom. This area was governed by an administrative Lithuanian and Pole, and the opposition Reformation for the Reformation was carried out, and it was Catholicism, and the inhabitants in this area made the noble Poland. This state continued until the 18th century, but it was admitted into Russian Empire by the first Poland division of 1772 [9].
The relations with Sweden were settled by Oliver treaty () with Sweden of 1660. After that the connection with Sweden territory リヴォニア will be completely quitted, and republic in itself will close a curtain for the golden age by "the deluge times" from 1648 through 1667. As a result, the participation in northern alliance by the personal ambition by the republican monarch August second became meaningless and was over in 1699 as I injured republican prestige deeply. In the Stockholm treaty of 1720 in the great north war, it stopped for only for the update of the Oliver treaty of 1660.
I it (1629-1721) for the Sweden territory リヴォニア era
Sweden went into リヴォニア in the middle of リヴォニア war, but I entrusted rule to the republic which was the ally which was already incorporating this area in the rule domain at the time and withdrew. The two countries became the antagonism over the issue of demise afterwards. It was Sweden where power declined, but, after リヴォニア war, invaded and attacked in リヴォニア in 1605 in order to assume the foundation of the modern nation and the Baltic Sea an inland sea. This was a fight of the Sweden Poland war to begin in 1598 of the wide sense, but the Sweden forces suffered a crushing defeat by a fight of kill Holm in front of the Kyowa national military overwhelming militarily. Sweden where the difference of the overwhelming armaments with the republic was given a vivid description of carried out the government, military affairs reform in the Gustav second that it was Swedish King in 1611 in the first on the list. And I inspect each place of Holy Roman Empire in 1620 [10] and start the first Sweden Poland war to become the Riga capture war in 1621. The Swedish military of the Gustav second captured Riga that was not able to let you fall in 1605 in several weeks. At this stage, リヴォニア had been already divided, but the Gustav second still schemed conquest of the whole リヴォニア. However, they gave priority to diplomacy in the Thirty Years' War that happened in Germany, and the full-fledged two countries stopped fighting. The war was reopened in 1625 and overthrew the Kyowa national military by a fight of ヴァルホフ of early 1626 and succeeded in conquering most of リヴォニア [11], but the capture of ラトガレ of the southernmost part of リヴォニア region was smashed afterwards by the all Kyowa national military. Great hard fight and laying upon by the mainland war in Poland, the military defeat of Sweden were inevitable, but clipped it out, and an alto mark truce agreement was bound together in 1629 by the intervention of the France kingdom and political ability of the Gustav second. This agreement was a truce agreement to the last, but リヴォニア did not become with the problem in the agreement of reconciliation of ストゥムスドルフ of 1635 ([12] that リヴォニア was incorporated into the Sweden territory formally on the Swedish side at a stage of 1635). The republic was 1660, and, in acknowledgment of Sweden territory リヴォニア (), Swedish sovereignty was settled, but the war terminated virtually, and リヴォニア was divided formally at this time by an agreement in 1629 [13].
Most リヴォニア which became Sweden territory リヴォニア after this agreement will be placed under the rule of Sweden. And the noble of リヴォニア wins authority and the special privilege of the local assembly like the Estonian dukedom (only in the nobles of the Barthes German, it was not really a noble of all リヴォニア). Furthermore, the church reform is carried out, too, and it is had Protestantism (mainly a Luther group) this area. The governor-general was dispatched from Sweden, and the influence of Sweden increased after conquest year by year, but the virtual ruler in this area was Barthes German. Furthermore, リヴォニア's greatest city Riga becomes the important seaport of the Baltic Sea east bank and develops as the second city next to Stockholm in the Sweden Barthes empire. However, such a benefit is not received, and an Estonian and the Latvian will be employed in the position of the serf in contrast [14].
The Swedish King curl eleventh who started government reform in 1680 did リヴォニア by absolute Imperial rule with a direct rule bottom while receiving the strong repulsion of the Barthes German [15]. It was noble Johan line Hald phone パトクル of Barthes to have protested the special privilege deprivation of the Barthes German then. Bestial wickedness was sentenced to, and パトクル escaped to the foreign country, but I rallied the countries against Sweden from 1698 through 1699, and a northern alliance was formed. Great northern war was started for 1700 through 20, the following day. [the source required] the early period of war, the Swedish military of the Swedish King curl twelfth struck Estonia, and overthrew the Russia forces (the Battle of Narva); [16]. The Swedish military forded the Dvina river forcingly, and, for Paulhan Dodgers which surrounded Riga, beat Paulhan Dodgers, and, in 1701, rescued Riga (fight of the Dvina river); [17]. その後、スウェーデン軍は南下し、スウェーデンが共和国との戦争に掛かり切りとなっている間に、ロシアは戦力を立て直してバルト地方へ侵攻し、1710年にエストニアと共にリヴォニアを占領した。 スウェーデンは1709年のロシアとのポルタヴァの戦いで大敗を喫しており、すでに戦争の帰趨は決していた。 そして1721年にスウェーデンとロシアとの間にニスタット条約が締結され、スウェーデンのバルト海支配は終焉を迎えた。 同年にロシアは帝政となり、北東欧最強の国家として君臨することとなる。 なお、ロシアのピョートル1世は、廃止された地方議会と特権を復活させた。 これは、バルト・ドイツ人がリヴォニアの事実上の支配者であることを、初期のロシア帝国が認識していたからであった[18]。
ロシア帝国の支配
18世紀になると、大北方戦争やポーランド分割などのあおりを受けて、ラトビアはロシア帝国の支配下に置かれた。旧リヴォニアはリフリャント県、旧ラトガレはヴィチェプスク県となったが、その東部は現在のベラルーシ北部とまたがっていた[19]。この時代のリヴォニアの農民は、農奴化していたが、1820年代に東ヨーロッパ全域に拡大した農業危機は、バルト地方にも及び、抜本的な農業改革を迫られることとなった[20]。
しかし19世紀にはロシアより早く農奴解放を行ったため(1819年)[21]、順調に資本主義経済と市民社会の形成がなされた。それが、ラトビア人の知識人や民族主義者を生む背景となった。また、バルト三国ともにバルト・ドイツ人による主要民族に対する啓蒙運動が興り、ロシアからの自立を望むきっかけが創られた。しかしそれでもなお、バルト・ドイツ人は、都市や地方で権力を掌握し続けていた[22]。その間、ロシア化政策は緩やかであったが、19世紀後半、アレクサンドル3世の治世においてロシア化は一層強められた[23]。バルト・ドイツ人の権力が衰退する中で、逆にバルト三国は民族覚醒が起きるのである。ラトビアでは、19世紀後半に「ラトビア人」として自認し始めた。そしてラトビア語の文語化が進められ、ラトビア文化が開花した。そして民族主義運動と平行して、社会主義運動も活発化することとなった。1881年に始まる厳しいロシア化政策は、ラトビア人の独立心をさらに高めて行くこととなる[24]。
独立期
20世紀にはラトビア独立の気運が高まり、ロシア革命において、エストニア人と共にボリシェヴィキと戦い、さらにバルト連合公国の創設を目指したバルト防衛軍とも戦い、勝利を収めた(ラトビア独立戦争)。この勝利は、バルト・ドイツ人に対する700年間の被支配からの脱却を意味した[25]。第一次世界大戦後の1919年に民族自決の原理に従って独立を勝ち取るが、その後カールリス・ウルマニスを中心とする右派政府と赤軍の内戦を経て、1920年8月、ソヴィエト・ロシアと和平条約を締結、民主主義体制での独立を確立した。その上で帝政ロシア時代のクールリャント県(クールラント)も獲得した。一方で旧リヴォニアはその中央部でエストニアと分割することとなった。国内では、1922年から1934年までに39もの政党が乱立して議会(サエイマ)を構成していた。少数派とは言え、ロシア人やユダヤ人、バルト・ドイツ人の政党がひしめき合い、政権は度々交代し、議会での立案も数千に渡るなど、国内政治の基盤は常に不安定であった[26]。しかし世界大恐慌からの経済立て直しのために1934年にウルマニス独裁政権が成立、ソビエト連邦やナチス・ドイツと不可侵条約を締結し、政治的安定を図った[27]。
第二次世界大戦とソ連の支配
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第二次世界大戦がはじまると1940年にソビエト連邦とナチス・ドイツの間で交わされた独ソ不可侵条約の秘密議定書によりソ連に併合され、ラトビア・ソビエト社会主義共和国が誕生。翌年ドイツ軍が侵攻してきたが、ラトビア人はこれを「解放軍」として歓迎した。しかしナチスによりリガ・ゲットーが創設され、多くのユダヤ人が虐殺と飢餓と病気による絶滅政策の憂き目に遭った。そしてゲットーの人口は急速に減少して行き、1943年に自主消滅した。しかもナチスに協力してユダヤ人を迫害するラトビア人もおり、その後1944年にソ連に再征服された時には、リガ・ユダヤ人は150人だけであった。
独立回復
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1980年代、バルト三国の中で、もっとも早くソ連からの独立運動が展開されたのはラトビアであった。1988年にはラトビア独立戦線が結成され独立運動が展開され、1991年1月のリトアニアのテレビ塔の流血事件(血の日曜日事件)と同じく、ラトビアでもソ連内務省特殊部隊の襲撃事件を起こす。その後のソ連のクーデター失敗後、ラトビアは独立を宣言した。
その後ラトビア含めたバルト三国は、北欧資本の受け入れなどが積極的に行われ、ラトビアはバルト三国でも立ち後れている感があるともいえるが、経済は比較的安定している。また、国際関係では、1991年に北欧理事会の情報事務所がバルト三国ともに開設、1992年にバルト海諸国理事会、2004年に北大西洋条約機構(NATO)と欧州連合(EU)に加盟している。しかし国内に多数を占めるロシア系住民との潜在的な対立は、ロシアとの外交的問題でもあり、ラトビアの政治に影を落としている。
脚注
注釈
出典
- ^ 伊東, p. 42.
- ^ ロロp. 40.
- ^ a b ロロ, p. 41.
- ^ 熊野, p. 26。
- ^ 熊野, p. 34。
- ^ 伊東, p. 40.
- ^ 伊東, p. 41.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 58-59.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 66.
- ^ ブレジンスキー, p. 9. この視察の目的は、ナッサウ=ジーゲン伯ヨハンなどのドイツ・オランダの軍事体系の構築と実践だった。[要出典]
- ^ ブレジンスキー, p. 6.
- ^ ブレジンスキー, p. 7.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 68.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 69-75.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 70, 74. スウェーデン王による農民の地位改善の試みや、学校の設置など、この時代は「幸福なスウェーデン時代」として記憶されることとなった。[要出典]
- ^ 箕作, pp. 87-95.
- ^ 箕作, pp. 102-108.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 79-84.
- ^ 志摩, p. 111.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 108-112.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 98-100.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 88-93.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 94-98.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 120, 125-126.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 152-156.
- ^ 志摩, pp. 161-162.
- ^ 志摩, p. 175.
参考文献
- 伊東一郎 「第1章 歴史の起源」『ポーランド・ウクライナ・バルト史』 伊東孝之、井内敏夫、中井和夫編、山川出版社〈新版世界各国史 20〉、1998年12月。ISBN 978-4-634-41500-3。
- 熊野聰 「第2章 ヴァイキング時代」『北欧史』 百瀬宏、熊野聰、村井誠人編、山川出版社〈新版世界各国史 21〉、1998年8月。ISBN 978-4-634-41510-2。
- 志摩園子 『物語 バルト三国の歴史 - エストニア・ラトヴィア・リトアニア』 中央公論新社〈中公新書 1758〉、2004年7月。ISBN 978-4-12-101758-1。
- ブレジンスキー, リチャード 『グスタヴ・アドルフの歩兵 - 北方の獅子と三十年戦争』 小林純子訳、新紀元社〈オスプレイ・メンアットアームズ・シリーズ〉、2001年6月。ISBN 978-4-88317-881-0。
- 箕作元八 『北方の流星王』 博文館〈西洋史新話 第8冊〉、1915年11月。NCID BN12532206、全国書誌番号:43014252、NDLJP:945721。
- ロロ, パスカル 『バルト三国』 白水社〈文庫クセジュ 724〉、1991年11月。ISBN 978-4-560-05724-7。
関連項目
外部リンク
- バルト三国とロシアの関係-歴史と国境問題 (PDF) (京都大学地域研究統合情報センター助教 小森宏美)
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