2016년 12월 5일 월요일

Soma sacred kitchen

Soma sacred kitchen

One of the oblation type manors of the Middle Ages when there was the Soma sacred kitchen (そうまみくりや) in current Toride-shi, Ibaraki, Moriya-shi, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Nagareyama-shi, one of Abiko-shi. "The sacred kitchen" (see a chestnut) means the Imperial Family and Ise Grand Shrine, a territory of lower Kamogami Corporation. The Soma sacred kitchen is a manor of Ise Grand Shrine.

Table of contents

General statement

In the established Soma sacred kitchen, it was cost a pittance in Ise Grand Shrine by Tsuneshige Chiba, but I am threatened by authority of Fujiwara parent and Yoshitomo Minamotono. Tsunetane Chiba restores this and costs a pittance again in Ise Grand Shrine, but I am snatched by the Tadashi Satake sect when it is in the Heike government. Tsunetane Chiba used Yoritomo Minamoto to recapture this. The offense and defense around the Soma sacred kitchen became one of the driving forces of the revolt of the Jisho era, the Juei era.

The Soma sacred kitchen having been opposed to a provincial governor and an assistant governor intensely in the process when a living-in-agency public servant changed into a staying in the locale feudal lord. Having performed oblation to follow the position where the class of staying in the locale feudal lords was weak. Protection by the oblation has a limit and is taken up as an illustration of having led to establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate well.

Establishment of the Soma sacred kitchen

As for Tsuneshige Chiba (father of Chiba), Soma-gun was left to June (1124) in the Tenji first year by the normal fine weather that was the present head of a household of Mr. Kazusa, and it was Soma Gunshi in October. And oblation does "Fuse, Soma-gun six years later town" (roughly Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki) where oneself acts as post of landowner as for Tsuneshige (1130) on June 11 for Oharu five years in Ise Grand Shrine, and it is post of petty official. The contents of the oblation,

  • I pay (one step of field (high rate considerable because of anti-) in 1 to 5 sho, field one step for 5 sho, those days) and "thing (I pull 100 pheasants, salt a salmon 100 shaku) of the souvenir" to Ise Grand Shrine for "the top of products from the earth"
  • An origin of one Shinto priest parent (equivalent to the head family) takes Shinto priest (equivalent to Ryoke), Arakida deferred light がとり, half with a mouth with half under the name of votive offering charges
  • I assume 散位源友定 which served as a position of the intermediation in a staying in the locale "a checkroom"
  • As for Tsuneshige, a right to take "the additional land tax of the farm" as "a landowner" is recognized at the same time to become the post of petty official, and, as for the post of petty official and the right of Tsuneshige, it is done devolution by a descendant

というもの. This sacred kitchen was accepted formally in August of the year by 庁宣 of 下総守 (authority of Fujiwara parent).

Interruption of 下総守藤原親通

The case that an authority of Fujiwara parent of 下総守 arrests Tsuneshige Chiba (1136) on July 15 for Hoen era two years and imprisons happens. When probably I meet you with the thing that the government property from a national rice field of Soma-gun was not delivered to the Treasury for several years retroactively to the past, the reason is said to be it. I blame the new ticket (deed) of contents presenting to oneself to take place of government property, and the authority of Fujiwara parent takes both Soma volost, Tachibana volost towns from Tsuneshige Chiba and puts it away as a fief. Of "其後国司藤原朝臣親通在任之時, 号有公田官物未進, July 15, 2 召籠常重身経旬月之後, perception minus number associate white cloth 720 land step two length five shaku 5 sun, 以庁目代散位紀朝臣季経, November 13, the same year 押書相馬立花両郷之新券恣責取署判, 妄企牢籠之刻" in the note of donation of later Tsunetane Chiba a descent is equivalent to this.

Intervention of Yoshitomo Minamotono

Furthermore, it was Yoshitomo Minamotono to have intervened in (1143) for Koji two years (father of Yoritomo). Yoshitomo Minamotono was in the place of 上総常澄 of the Kazusa country in these days. 上総常澄 was a son of the normal fine weather, but compromise was bad with father. Therefore Tsuneshige Chiba became an adopted child, and Soma-gun was handed over. I blame you, and the justice dynasty takes the papers written by force of Soma-gun (or volost) out of Tsuneshige Chiba using "a groundless rumor" of 上総常澄. And oblation does the Soma volost in the form submitting it to of the dismissal letter (さがりじょう) (1145) in Ise Naiku Geku in justice morning in March for Tenyo era two years of the next year of "濫妨 of the Ohba sacred kitchen".

With the opinion which interests of the authorities of Fujiwara parent were not identified as Yoshitomo Minamotono well, but controlled using authority of father of the nobility, Tadazane Fujiwara because there was an authority of Fujiwara parent at the position that was subordinate to the regency family [1].

Counterattack of Tsunetane Chiba

Child, Tsunetane Chiba of Tsuneshige confronts it desperately.

At first Tsunetane Chiba put "上品八丈絹参拾疋, 下品七拾疋, sewing clothes 12 territory, gold dust 32, 藍摺布上品参拾段, average 50 steps, 上馬弐疋, 鞍置駄参拾疋" about a thing considered to be government property arrears of taxes from the Shimousa land which a provincial governor rules over (1146) in April for Kyuan era two years. I restore a result, "其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務" and post of Soma Gunshi. I regained Soma volost in "且被裁免畢". However, the Tachibana volost did not return. There is the Tachibana volost on the remote Pacific side from Soma volost and Chiba Zhuang distantly to the east.

Change the paternal blood that it is usual which restored position and Soma Soma Gunshi town on August 10; and Soma-gun (volost?) I cost a pittance in を Ise Grand Shrine [2]. There was already a pittance by Yoshitomo Minamotono (1145) in March for Tenyo era two years, but Tsunetane Chiba put votive offering charges in feudal lord, the Arakida Shinto priest plus wealth (Ise Naiku Shinto priesthood) according to "親父常重契状" and conformed to the new ticket of post of additional land tax, petty official being performed devolution of by a descendant of Tsunetane Chiba to Ise Grand Shrine.

Kitasoma and Minamisoma

In the Soma sacred kitchen where Yoshitomo Minamotono and Tsunetane Chiba cost a pittance, there is the opinion which "I mediate" a dispute in justice morning and did to vary in a place.

The border (four solstices) of the Soma sacred kitchen has the trace that only the south (in Ono to the main thoroughfare) greatly spread through than Tsuneshige Chiba and Yoshitomo Minamotono (about the same). The former oblation place was the Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki neighborhood, but spread through the Minamisoma, Chiba county side; for East-West 7km, north and south 20km (estimate) is very large; local. The paternal blood whole families that it was the way it goes might develop Nanbu desperately after (1136) for Hoen era two years. On the other hand, Kitasoma might be left management to child, Tsunekiyo Soma of 上総常澄 in a share of Mr. Kazusa by Yoshitomo Minamotono.

However, Tsunetane Chiba seemed to feel Yoshitomo Minamotono with one of the invaders. It is in a note of donation of Tsunetane Chiba with "源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言, own Shigeyuki hand, 康治二年雖責取圧状之文 where it is the way it goes". In addition, with the opinion which Yoshitomo Minamotono was not the leader at the stage, and was going to take a territory at the same level [3]. Since Yoshitomo Minamotono performs oblation of Soma sacred kitchen, and it did a contract by local tax collection, this is because it is thought that there was not only the thing on simple documents but also the virtual rule. On the other hand, what Yoshitomo Minamotono blames you from Tsuneshige Chiba and took attracts attention of being said with "the papers written by force" whereas it is "a written oath" that I receive the intention of the authority of Fujiwara parent in this note of donation and pass for a season for a period and blame you from が Tsuneshige Chiba, and took. Both the written oath and the papers written by force were contract documents to force a creator to forced observance of a contract, but, as for the papers written by force, the creator could insist on negation of the effect as an illegal document whereas the written oath had the character as the legal contract document, and the paternal blood that it was the way it goes put a debt (for government property arrears of taxes) that a land which a provincial governor rules over insisted on in the Treasury (warehouse of the land which a provincial governor rules over) later, and the papers written by force and the weight of the evidence of the done document were denied in the suit at the time. When justice dynasty performed oblation for fear of Takeshi God later in Ise Grand Shrine, the major shrine side considered a document of the Tsuneshige making that the oblation in justice morning was going to be grounded on to be the illegal papers written by force and refused oblation to God who assumed 同状 grounds. As a result, the justice dynasty that the right for the Soma sacred kitchen was not accepted by Ise Grand Shrine is considered to have but submit a dismissal letter abandoning a right claim of the self [4].

In a soldier of Kanto that it is unknown, but Yoshitomo Minamotono leads as for Tsunetane Chiba in the revolt of Hogen afterwards what kind of end saw among Tsunetane Chiba and Yoshitomo Minamotono, wide a child of 上総常澄; if it is usual, the name is seen together. From this, the viewpoint that Tsunetane Chiba planned the maintenance of the territory by Tsunetane Chiba being affiliated with Yoshitomo Minamotono is possible.

Seizure by the Tadashi Satake sect

An oblation case doing gets up (1161) in Soma sacred kitchen Tadashi Satake sect (second eldest brother of Takayoshi Satake) for New Year holidays Eiryaku two years under the Heike government.

Tadashi Satake sect obtained a new ticket (deed) which 前下総守藤原親通 had from the height of second son, parent of the authority of parent and snatched it. It is in the note of donation of the Tadashi Satake sect with "自国人平常晴今常澄父也, 手譲平常重并嫡男常胤, 依官物負累, 譲国司藤原親通朝臣, height of he court noble Joji male parent court noble, 而依匝瑳北条之由緒, 以当御厨公験, 所譲給義宗也, 然者父常晴長譲渡他人畢所也".

Tsunetane Chiba who knew this showed intention of the oblation to Ise Grand Shrine again in February, the following day. In the first place the new ticket (deed) which she obtained by transfer from height of Fujiwara parent should have become invalid long ago, but the daughter of the height of Fujiwara parent was a concubine of Shigemori Tairano.

I did not take sides with the paternal blood that Ise Grand Shrine was the way it goes. Opposition of 禰宜度会彦章 where it was Shinto priest Arakida Meisei (the whole families of the original wealth) and a feudal lord on the justice sect side who became a feudal lord on the paternal blood side that it was the way it goes produced a beginning. However, it was judged that Tadashi Satake sect bore votive offering charges in Ise Grand Shrine and fulfiled the promise of the note of donation, and 是 and the senior court lady who did it were given the pittance of the Tadashi Satake sect to in (1163) in the Chokan era first year. Arakida Meisei on the paternal blood side that it was the way it goes submitted 契状 indicating accepting a claim of 度会彦章 to 度会彦章, and, on Eiman June 18, 2, an out-of-court settlement form was made on Ninan June 14, 2 [5].

The establishment of the out-of-court settlement was decisive. The out-of-court settlement referred to the transfers of the right such as feudal tenure shop place jobs based on the agreement in those days, and, as for the move of the right based on the out-of-court settlement, there were ("法曹至要抄") which did not recognize 悔返 and a principle of law to say. The winning the case of the Tadashi Satake sect which 度会彦章 and he assumed a petty official by this out-of-court settlement is settled. The way of the legal struggle using authority of Ise Grand Shrine was shut.

The Tadashi Satake sect ruled the whole Soma sacred kitchen forcibly later. In contrast, Chiba and Kazusa he rebelled very much. It is in "a source justice sect note of donation" in "常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉, 是背法令, great non-Tsuneyuki with 大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等凡不可在王土者也".

On the other hand, because Kazusa he was not the person concerned of the suit, the right about the Soma sacred kitchen was not completely denied, but I am really rolled up in a fight with upper Sosuke Tadakiyo Fujiwara dispatched in internal trouble and the Kazusa own country in the whole families by Heike, and a hand is considered not to have turned around until movement of the Soma sacred kitchen recapture.

Counterattack of Chiba

When Yoritomo Minamoto defeated by a fight of the Mt. Ishibashi (1180) for Jisho era four years escaped in Boso, I put an end to rule of Boso Fujiwara by having killed [6], the grandchild direct Imperial government of the authority of Fujiwara parent by advice of 東胤頼 [7], and wait-and-see top all-out wide も three groups that it was usual that I did did it. And I broke 上総氏当主印東常茂 where I participated in as Heike and a flat lady of the house by the Battle of Fujikawa afterwards and let I threw it, and Satake flight by Satake battle.

『Agatsuma mirror』 Then it is explained that it was followers of Genji of many generations that Chiba took part in Yoritomo. However, for Tsunetane Chiba, Genji is not the other party which is alone, and feels "favor" of the invader. For invasion of Boso Fujiwara allied with Heike and Satake of Hitachi, I pushed it back by carrying Yoritomo on the shoulder and was a bet of the revival to revive in was snatched, own, possessing it. There is Satake battle itself even in the opinion that Satake was set up by Chiba who aimed at exclusion and Kazusa him who became the wide が present head of a household that it is the way it goes [8].

Tsunekiyo Soma and the child routine are older brothers of Tsunekiyo without the fight of Chiba and Mr. in Boso Heike clan around the Soma sacred kitchen Kazusa solving it after Satake battle; upper; was more likely to hold a sacred kitchen with the all-out wide usual armaments as a background. In addition, the trace that oneself that it is the way it goes wide was going to go into Shimousa, the Hitachi country is seen [9]. But the wide はその armaments that it was the way it goes were defeated by Yoritomo Minamoto who was cautious of and the whole families lost feudal tenure and were subordinate to Yoritomo and Tsunetane Chiba. 上総氏の没落後、相馬御厨の支配権も千葉氏が掌握して、後に千葉常胤の次男相馬師常に譲られ、子孫は相馬氏として存続したと通常は解釈されているが、実際にはもう1つの問題を抱えていた。 伊勢神宮が佐竹合戦後も仁安の和与状を有効と見做して、佐竹氏（義宗）を正当な給主という立場を鎌倉幕府成立後も変えていなかったことである[10]。 そのため、千葉氏は千葉常重が有していた御厨の前身である布施郷の地主職の立場を利用することになる。 地主（職）は奈良時代から存在した概念であるが、土地開発のために国司が特定人物を地主職に任じて公領開発を行わせた職であり、その任免権限は下総国の国司・国衙にあったため、先の訴訟および和与とは無関係であった[11]。 建久10年3月24日に相馬御厨から伊勢神宮への年貢の上分送状[12]には、在庁官人と推定される「田所伴」「案主散位橘」とともに「地主平」の署判がみられ、相馬御厨の官物沙汰に「地主平」＝平姓千葉氏が関与していたことが判明する。 相馬御厨の地頭設置が確認されるのは、嘉禄3年（1227年）のことで当時の地頭は義胤（師常の子）と推定される「相馬五郎」である。 相馬御厨における地頭設置時期は不明であるが、千葉常胤－（相馬）師胤－義胤のいずれかが相馬御厨の地頭に任ぜられたと考えられ、これによって千葉氏－相馬氏は相馬御厨の支配権を名実ともに回復したと考えられている[13]。

その後、相馬氏が御厨内の所領を継承していったが、一部は婚姻などを通じて岩松氏や島津氏などにも渡った。なお、伊勢神宮の雑掌が御厨に関わっていたことが、室町時代の応永32年（1425年）まで確認されていることから、その頃まで御厨は存在していたと考えられている[14]。

開発領主の位置

この事件は、当時における在庁官人＝開発領主の変貌と、国司＝目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。まず、開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という、役職において国衙から保証されたものだということ。しかし、それが、郡司、郷司という、役職において保証されたものである限り、国司側はその任を解く権限を持っており、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。更にその周囲には、他の開発領主が、隙あらばと狙っている。

最初の段階では同族の上総常澄、そして源義朝である。そして後には平家の権力を背景に、佐竹氏がその争奪戦に加わった。安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。それは、根本私領だけでなく、郡司としての自分の支配、取り分を固定化しようとする行為と考えると解しやすい。

しかしその荘園寄進も、それだけで確実なものではないことは、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中からも見てとれる。相馬御厨も大庭御厨も、本所の伊勢神宮は必ずしも下司となった寄進主（開発領主）を保護しきれなかった、自分の取り分が確保され、更には増えるのなら、下司職が、源義朝でも、千葉常胤でも構わなかったということである。

脚注

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 元木泰雄の説
  2. ^ その寄進状は現存する（櫟木文書所収:『平安遺文』2586号）。
  3. ^ 野口実編『千葉氏の研究』の黒田紘一郎「古代末期の東国における開発領主の位置」
  4. ^ 井原今朝男の説（井原、2011年、P321-323）。
  5. ^ 『檪木文書』「仁安二年六月十四日付皇太神宮権祢宜荒木田明盛和与状」（『平安遺文』第7巻3425号所収）
  6. ^ 『吾妻鏡』治承4年9月13日条に「安房国を出て、上総国に赴かしめ給う。所從の精兵三百餘騎に及ぶ。而るに廣常、軍士等を聚めるの間、猶遅参すと。今日、千葉介常胤子息親類を相具し、源家に參らんと欲す。爰に東六郎大夫胤頼父に談りて云く、當國目代は平家の方人なり。吾等一族悉く境を出て源家に參らば、定めて凶害を插むべし。先ずこれを誅すべきかと。」とある。
  7. ^ 『吾妻鏡』治承4年9月14日条に「下総国千田荘領家判官代親政は、刑部卿忠盛朝臣の聟なり。平相国禪閤に其の志を通ずるの間、目代誅せらるの由を聞き、軍兵を率い常胤を襲わんと欲す。之に依って、常胤孫子小太郎成胤相戰う。遂に親政を生虜らん。」とある。
  8. ^ 岡田清一の説
  9. ^ 鹿島神宮文書所収「仁治元年十二月某日付摂政近衛兼経家政所下文」（『鎌倉遺文』5723号）。同文書には訴訟当事者がかつての「天下兵乱騒動」の際に相手方の父親が上総広常と図って鹿島郡にある所領を押領しようとしたと主張していたことが記されている。
  10. ^ 「建久三年八月日付太神宮神領注文」（『鎌倉遺文』614号）
  11. ^ 「地主職」の解説については山本、2012、P48-50を参照。
  12. ^ 櫟木文書「建久十年三月二四日相馬御厨上分送状」（『鎌倉遺文』1045号）
  13. ^ 山本、2012年、P100-102
  14. ^ 『国史大辞典』第8巻（吉川弘文館）「相馬御厨」（p591・執筆者:田代脩）より

参考文献

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