2016년 12월 24일 토요일

Review

Review

Fujiwara shrine trace exhumation narrow strip of wood with message (reproduction)
The notation of "the upper 捄 country Awa review pine village" is seen. The museum display attached to the Nara Prefectural Kashihara archeology research institute.

The unit of the governorate in Korea ancient with the review (ice, hail) and ancient Japan.

"The Chronicles of Japan" writes that "a county" was established at the time of "Taika Reformation", but there is that the term "county" is used after a Taiho Codes establishment, and a document (narrow strips of wood with message) which I used "the review" for before it is found [1].

Table of contents

Summary

Because the words [3] called "Nanba dynasty sky wearing for the first time review" were to "皇太神宮儀式帳" [2] written in the Heian era and were written down when the system called "a review" was introduced in the times of the Emperor Kotoku just after the Taika Reformation, and there was the thing which used "the review" for found carving, such fact was known for a long time.

However, I was transcribed into "a county" in "the Chronicles of Japan" throughout. It advocated the opinion which was "a review" that Mitsusada Inoue was introduced by Taika Reformation about this in (1951) in 1951, and Taro Sakamoto denied this by the name that "a county" to write it down of the Chronicles of Japan was official for this saying that "the review" was only 異字体. The debate by both affected it with ornamentation theories at the time of the reliability and "Chronicles of Japan" editing of the article of the Imperial mandate, edict or decree of the renovation (opinion to include the part which rewrote the expression of original historical materials in expression at the time of the editing) and has been argued for a long time.

However, all the expression of the narrow strip of wood with message written before a Taiho Codes establishment by the excavation such as Fujiwara shrines was written down with "a review", and it became clear that a thing of the "county" notation did not exist adversely. Therefore, it is thought that "a review" and an expressed local administration organization existed before the Taiho Codes establishment today.

"The review" will be changed in "a county" by the establishment of Taiho Codes, but not only merely name changed, but also it is thought afterwards even if reorganization such as unification, the division was performed on this occasion.

But there are few historical materials, and various opinions are divided about the actual situation. At first or it is regarded "立評" as (653 years) (649 years) (setting of the review) for white pheasant four years for leading others with a limitless virtue five years about the time by the opinion of "the Hitachi country topographical record", but an opinion is divided whether it is a simultaneous nationwide performed thing whether there was an area difference. The description that 水依評 was installed in for "Ifuku region genealogy" reaching Mr. powerful family Ifuku part of the Inaba country for the first time for (646 years) for leading others with a limitless virtue two years exists.

In addition, an opinion is divided whether conventional 国造 was introduced for the Imperial Court rule places that does not belong to rule such as 国造 because it was shifted to the abolition or the same review.

Furthermore, I put 助督 (じょとく, the ice be not crowded) in 評督 (the hail ice to dissolve chew), vice-ministers in the Director Generals of the review from a narrow strip of wood with message or carving, and the business thoughts that an official was such as the history of review (time, こおりのふひと) are influential in the bottom, but the name called 評造 (only a hail elephant, ice arrive) appears to "the Hitachi country topographical records" separately from this, too. There are an opinion (a forerunner theory and generic name theory, governorship theory of the small review that it is not put 助督) which connects this with 評督, 助督 and an opinion (a reincarnation theory or influential powerful family theory of 国造以外 giving 評督) to connect with existing 国造, and the opinion that I unified is not given.

In addition, as for the Hakuseki Arai [4], Norinaga Motoori [5], Kurakichi Shiratori [6] and others, the name character and "こほり" (ice) "review" advocated an opinion to come from Korean in the ancient times because it was written down in Kokuryo to Chinese Masashi that a local administration organization "琢評" ("a beam book") was in "private estimation, outside review" ("north history "・" Sui handwriting"), Silla, and the place name "back review" (せこおり) appeared in 任那 in an article (530 years) for "Chronicles of Japan" Emperor Keitai 24 years. In addition, Shozaburo Kanazawa thinks that Korean is similar to Japanese and advocates an opinion called Japanese in "ice" in the ancient times of the meaning "big village" [7].

It is certain, but it is in "a county" throughout, and it is not written down about "a review" in "Chronicles of Japan" and "Manyoshu tanka collection" at all by an excavation result that "a review" and an expressed local administration organization existed. It was revealed that "a review" is replaced with "a county" intentionally in "Chronicles of Japan" and "Manyoshu tanka collection", but does not understand the purpose and reason.

Enforcement of the review system

"The review" is supposed while dividing a country of 国造, and reorganizing it when carried out in (645-654 age) nationwide in leading others with a limitless virtue, the white pheasant year. 国造 and a prefecture were important, and, among the local powerful families which managed privately-owned people and the estate under the direct control of the Imperial Court, an influential person built a critic (only ice is burnt), and it was the public servant (評造, 評督, 助督) of the review till then.

  • After (538 years), Iwa Otomono rescued 任那 in babies of Kanamura Otomono for Emperor Senka three years; in 甲斐国山梨評山前邑 a post ("an ancient powerful family genealogy dictionary").
  • Because will Maro and others of the son honor 事績 of 那須直葦提 appointed 評督 in 永昌元年 (689 years), 那須国造, I build a monument and exist as 国宝那須国造碑.
  • A narrow strip of wood with message acquired as "上毛野国車評桃井里大贄鮎" and a tag written down by Kyo Fujiwara (694-710 years) is found [8].
  • A review system was enforced in Kyushu. As for "Chikuzen country Kasuya review" はのちの Kasuya-gun (かすやぐん, Fumitake two years Kyoto Myoshin-ji Temple inscription on a hanging bell), "the clothes review," later county and review names of later Koyu (こゆぐん, Kyo Fujiwara trace exhumation narrow strip of wood with message) to be connected are known to later Satsuma country Eego county (えいぐん, "day biography of an emperor Fumitake 4 年六月庚辰条 sequel to") or "Kusu review" はのちの Bungo country Kusu-gun (くすぐん, Dazaifu administrative office trace exhumation narrow strip of wood with message), "日向国久湯評". The thing which the administrative unit of the county level that historical materials after "Yamabe review" "rich review" (remains of Ijiri, Fukuoka-shi B exhumation tile) do not show was written down is found.
  • The oldest historical materials about the review are inscriptions of the Horyu-ji Temple old storehouse Kongo Goddess of Mercy image. In the inscription, it is written down that I did 造像 for shade review you Oofuru (651 years) in Shingai year.
  • The 15th investigation was carried out in Asuka-mura, Nara Ishigami remains in (2002) in 2002. The narrow strip of wood with message was excavated with other remains from pond-formed remains of an ancient structure of the late seventh century and East-West Omizo, too. In the narrow strip of wood with message, there was the thing indicating the local administration composition of -50 country - reviews (as for 50 houses "さと" and a reading, a meaning same as "a village") having been spread out in the whole country for (sky intellect four years .665 years) in the second Year of the Ox.
  • According to the narrow strip of wood with message of the Fujiwara shrine trace and Izumo country agency trace exhumation, the existence such as Izumo review, shield sewing review, the Ohara review is known. It is in "Chronicles of Japan" 斉明五年 (659 years) with "於友郡" (I chase it), but, about 於友評 as the forerunner of 意宇郡, understands that a review system was put for an early stage of the mid-seventh century.
  • By the excavation around the six place Shinto shrine in Okusacho, Matsue-shi estimated to be an Izumo country country agency trace, "Ohara review □ Yasushi Isobe □" and a narrow strip of wood with message written down excavate it with a lot of remains of an ancient structure, remains.
  • "It was written down to the excavated narrow strip of wood with message with 吉備道中国加夜評 / 葦守里俵六 □" by the remains of Asuka Pond of Asuka-mura, Nara. This narrow strip of wood with message does not have an age, but is supposed remains from the same site to be a thing of the end of seventh century. "加毛評柞原里" and a narrow strip of wood with message written down are excavated from the remains. The art detailed district understands that a review village system was enforced, too.
  • About the review of the Oki country, the narrow strips of wood with message such as a review, town, village name, a person of burden name, the article name which I attached to the marine products sent to Asuka and Fujiwara, Heijokyo are discovered abundantly. Clothes place (えち) review was put the next (plow) review after 知夫利 (ちぶり) review, sea review, an island in front of an island.
    • When I take 知夫利評 (county) for an example,
      • In the review system (... 701 years) 50 知夫利評 - reason Luo, Mita village,
      • In the county village system (701-717 years) 知夫利郡 - Yura village,
      • In the county home town system (717-740 years) intellect husband county - Ura volost - white Hamasato, Yura volost, beautiful many volost - Mine village, volost - in front of country village, cheap Yoshizato constipated very much,
      • In the county volost system (740 ... years) the Ura volost, Yura volost, beauty many; volost, Ooi volost,
      • "和名抄" Then it is Ura volost, Yura volost, Mita volost
It was のような formation [9].
  • "加毛評柞原里" (かもひょうみはらのり) and a narrow strip of wood with message written down are excavated from the remains of Asuka, Nara Pond and understand that a review system and a village system were enforced in the art detailed district. I was late for this review village system a little, and Aki country and the Bingo country were born at the end of seventh century, too.
  • A lot of narrow strips of wood with message which I added to 貢進時 of 調 with Fujiwara, Heijo both shrines trace are excavated. "Kumage review" of Yamaguchi and a narrow strip of wood with message written down are found in that [10].
  • It was written down to hot water review ("a person from hot water review Italy Hata Katsuragi part bird"), Kume review, the Fujiwara shrine exhumation narrow strip of wood with message of the Iyo country with Uwa reviews ("Uwa review small □ charges, carefully") to the exhumation narrow strip of wood with message from the remains of Asuka Pond [11].
  • The narrow strips of wood with message such as "Hata person country reviews" excavate it other than a signature narrow strip of wood with message from Namba shrine trace (1999) in a round of the twelve horary years of (648 years) in "the fifth Monkey year" in the Chuo-ku, Osaka-shi first half year in November in 1999. It is thought that a review was begun to build at this time [12].
  • The case that (Fumitake three years), 衣評督 (えのこおりのかみ) clothes you prefecture and others were accompanied by southern Japanese race (ひひと, people of the islands part of West Kyushu) for 699 years, and 剽却 (hail today) performed of 覓国使 (errand from the Imperial Court to push forward ancient ordinance country setting and the reclamation of the southern island way in another comb, South Kyushu) happened. From this, I understand that the review called the clothes review is set in South Kyushu at the end of seventh century [13].
  • There is an article that I divided Ibo-gun and 穴禾郡 into money of the Namba long shaft Buzen Emperor (the Emperor Kotoku) in an article of "Harima country topographical record" "穴禾郡比治里" (しそうぐんひじのさと). It is "a review" not "a county". In addition, it is written in Kogo age (670 years) of the Emperor Tenji and 庚寅年 (690 years) of the Emperor Jitou that a family register and a village were maintained. I understand that the system of the country review village was gradually maintained. "A grain review" and a narrow strip of wood with message writing down are found in the remains of Asuka Pond or the Fujiwara shrine trace "in front of God review" "a hole chestnut review" "your many reviews" in Ibo in Kanzaki in a hole chestnut county "志加麻評" in Shikama of the Harima country in Taki-gun of the Tanba country [14].

Footnote

  1. In "the 捄 country Awa review pine village □"( oneself Year of the Boar) and a written narrow strip of wood with message were dug (1967) for 699 years in the Christian era in October in the oneself Year of the Boar in December ^ 1967 by a room to the north moat of Kyo Fujiwara. It was brought a fight for previous county criticism to an end, and it became in this way clear that the document of the Imperial mandate, edict or decree of the renovation was renewed in the Nara era when I edited "the Chronicles of Japan". 64 pages of written by Masashi Kinoshita "Kyo Fujiwara" Chuo Koron new company 2003 that "a narrow strip of wood with message of the Kyo Fujiwara exhumation lets a fight for county criticism settle"
  2. Maintenance, the administration person in charge of ^ Ise Grand Shrine was Oga, Ise chief priest, and the forerunner as the public employee was called "God hemorrhoids" (get irritated). It is said that it was changed to "sacred kitchen" (I see a chestnut) in the times of the Emperor Kotoku. I called the facilities of the base of the Kangoori administration a sacred kitchen. The book which I wrote down the origin, an organization, religious service of 伊勢皇太神宮 (Naiku). It is 撰 (804 years) for Enryaku era 23 years. From a Keiji Nagahara supervision Hidekazu Ishigami et al. edition "Iwanami Japan history dictionary" Iwanami Shoten 1999 clause
  3. When "a review was put up in the world (in this area), at first the Namba Imperial Court (Takanori dynasty) divides 10 volost, and ^ tells Yamadahara of Watarai by enforcement of nationwide 立評 in the Takanori morning at the same time as "I stand in an estate under the direct control of the Imperial Court and similarly stand in Takemura in "an estate under the direct control of the Imperial Court" each with 督領 and 助督 and 10 towns to have done it, and to remain again in Shinge ream Aku many (にいのみのむらじあくた) and 磯連牟良 (いそのむらじむろ), and the article hand (いそべのまやて) をじょとくにつけた states 督領 by circumstances of the foundation of both Watarai, many divergences reviews with a hemp consecutive wide back (おえのむらじひろせ) sequel to at Isobe truth night.". It is 42 pages in Toshiji Komada "Ise, Iga, Shima Noriaki Inamoto of the ancient times", Toshiji Komada, Seiji Katsuyama, Ryoichi Iida, Hideharu Ueno, Hiroshi Nishikawa "history Yamakawa publishing company 2000 of Mie"
  4. ^ Hakuseki Arai 『The east is elegant", 1717. Winding 3. county "a county it is soup stock in 言 of co-Hori といひしは Korea.at the moment Korean sl., a county and a prefecture 并 コホル といふは immediately corrupt word of coHori."
  5. ^ Norinaga Motoori 『Description of folk history biography", 1798. "Wealth law of nature and 云 Old more there is it I do it the name non-ず.新井氏云 く when "I appear than こほりは Korean" 云 り."Korean in now districts and prefectures をこほると 云" and 云 り.this theory there should be it evidently.winding of the Chronicles of Japan succession to the throne the Korean place name bear detailed oneself Fusato there are back review and 云 again.the review the dialect of he country a county 云.late coHori and 訓 り.history of Chinese classics beam "Silla sl., 其邑在内曰啄評" and 云 ることあり."
  6. ^ Kurakichi Shiratori "朝鮮古代諸国名称考," it is "historical study magazine" 第 6.7, 1895.
  7. It is 95-102 pages under the ^ Shozaburo Kanazawa "etymology of Koorimura" for "study same content building of national language", 1,910 years.
  8. 34 pages of ^ Takeshi Matsuda, Koichi Sekiguchi "birth Seiji Nishigaki of the Kokubunji のいらか 1 Ueno country", Takashi Yamamoto, Yukio Ushiki edition "history Yamakawa publishing company November, 2003 of Gunma"
  9. It is the table in 87 pages in ^ Katsumi Ohinata "development and Izumo, Iwami, Oki three Hisashi Matsuo of the ancient nation", Yoshiaki Tanaka, Sadayuki Watanabe, Katsumi Ohinata, Hiroshi Inoue, Mitsuo Takenaga "history 2005 of Shimane"
  10. 66 pages of ^ Yasuhiko Kurazumi "ancient Bocho district" Kuniharu Ogawa edition "history Yamakawa publishing company 1998 of Yamaguchi"
  11. ^ Hiroshi Terauchi "ancient nation and Iyo country" Kusuo Uchida, Hiroshi Terauchi, Tsutomu Kawaoka, Tatsuo Yano "history Yamakawa publishing company 2003 42 pages of Ehime"
  12. ^ Takehiko Yoshimura "times Susumu Ishii of the ancient Boso 3 Law Code system nation", 37 pages of Shunichi Uno "history Yamakawa publishing company July, 2000 of Chiba"
  13. ^ Shuichi Nagayama "2 legal codes nation and Hayato, southern island Izumi Haraguchi, Shuichi Nagayama, Masamori Hinokuma, Chitose Nagao, Takeichi Minamura "history February, 2002 42-43 pages of Hayato and the southern island of the world" of Kagoshima"
  14. ^ 福島好和『大和王権の進出と展開』3「内なる国と外なる国」　今井修平・小林基伸・鈴木正幸・野田泰三・福島好和・三浦俊明・元木泰雄『兵庫県の歴史』山川出版社　2004年8月65ページ

参考資料

  • 木下正史 著 『藤原京』 中央公論新社、2003年、ISBN 4-12-101681-5
  • 永原慶二 監修 『岩波日本史辞典』 岩波書店、1999年、ISBN 4-00-080093-0
  • 稲本紀昭 他著 『三重県の歴史』 山川出版社、2000年、ISBN 4-634-32240-4
  • 西垣晴次 他著 『群馬県の歴史』 山川出版社、1997年、ISBN 4-634-32100-9
  • 松尾寿 他著 『島根県の歴史』 山川出版社、2005年、ISBN 4-634-32320-6
  • 小川国治 編 『山口県の歴史』 山川出版社、1998年、ISBN 4-634-32350-8
  • 内田九州男 他著 『愛媛県の歴史』 山川出版社、2003年、ISBN 4-634-32380-X
  • 石井進 他編 『千葉県の歴史』 山川出版社、2000年、ISBN 4-634-32120-3
  • 原口泉 他著 『鹿児島県の歴史』 山川出版社、1999年、ISBN 4-634-32460-1
  • 今井修平 他編 『兵庫県の歴史』 山川出版社、2004年、ISBN 4-634-32280-3

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