Poppy
| Poppy (クロンキスト system) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Poppy (ソムニフェルム class) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Papaver somniferum L. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japanese name | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poppy (mustard) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fame | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opium poppy |
The plant of the annual plant that the poppy (mustard, poppy seed, Opium poppy, scientific name Papaver somniferum) belongs to the poppy department poppy genus.
I am considered that the Japanese poppy is synonymous with English poppy [inspection required – Speaking of merely poppy, ] grows wild in English in British each place and points to redweed Corn poppy which is cultivated as a garden variety flourishingly. On the other hand, I point to this kind exclusively when case, it such as merely poppy include kind designation in Japanese. I call this seed Opium poppy in English and distinguish it from poppy definitely. I may call in particular this seed with an opium poppy (opiate poppy) and call it with a ソムニフェルム class using specific epithet in the societies to distinguish even Japanese from a poppy genus plant for other gardening.
The notation called the mustard is originally a word to hint at a mustard, but it is said that it is in the middle of the Muromachi era and is misused and settled because mustard seed resembles the seed of the poppy closely.
Without the Opium-producing plant including Opium poppy being appointed in Japan by the kind that cultivation is prohibited by the opium method in principle, and getting the permission of the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare; must not cultivate it. Opium is opium, the meaning of the drug.
Table of contents
Distribution
I am said to be originally from the Mediterranean Sea district or Eastern Europe, but there is not the conclusive evidence because an ancestor under the nature is not detected. The country where I can export the opium to under an international treaty is limited to India, China, Japan, North Korean four countries, but it may be said that India is the greatest estate of this kind under the international treaty now because it is only India now that continue export.
In addition, because inhabitants get cash income quickly in the area where a dispute is taking place globally, I ignore the international treaty and often cultivate this kind, and it is in a center of the illegality cultivation that Central Asia of the former Soviet Union or Afghanistan, Cambodia, Central America where an internal disturbance continued for many years are new. It is an area sitting astride the border of Myanmar Thailand Laos where it is known by that it was very famous as so-called Golden Triangle (Golden Triangle) in the 20th century, but, in this case, makes it a low standard because the dispute in the area calms it in after 2002, and the change of crops to other cash crops came to be recommended by the government which was able to finally find the control of the ground. In the illegal poppy maximum producer of ignoring it, 70% of whole world amount of production become from the country a treaty in Afghanistan as of 2014, and it is the important source of funds of the country anti-government organization including Taliban after the 21st century begins [1]; [2]. The planted area of the poppy that the world of 2013 is illegal in the announcement of the United Nations drug crime office for approximately 297,000 hectares [2].
Form
The height of a rice plant is 1-2m meter degree, and the form of the leaf becomes small as a leaf in in long oval - long ovoid.
About a leaf with other poppy genus,
- There is not a leafstalk and holds a stem. Other poppy genus has a leafstalk.
- A cut is shallow, and a relationship waves. There are many things which other poppy genus runs deeply, and are split finely.
- A color is green gray covered in low. Other poppy genus has many things that green is clear.
- The table is back most hairlessness, too. Not only a leaf, this seed is almost hairlessness.
I can distinguish it at a といった point, but there is a considerable difference in these characteristics by a kind.
I flower after dissemination for half a year. It is usually from April to June in anthesis because I disseminate in autumn of the last year. Only one gains the flowers on the tip of the stem and it is downward and turns to the zenith with flowering at the age of a bud. In addition, I fall off with two pieces of あるがくは flowering. It is a flower and is scattered all day long on the next day. The size is bigger than 10-15cm and height of a rice plant and has a bad odor. One fold of petal is four pieces in the kind of the coming out, and the color is deep red as a basic color, and there are white, purple, and there are not blue and the yellow. There are many monochrome kinds, but the garden variety shows various changes including the diaphragm which these middle and these were mixed in. But it is impossible to make a much yellow and oranges pro-flower in other poppy because Opium poppy lacks in yellow in a basic color. There is the thing that the border of the petal does 細裂 in the kind of the blooming in double. In addition, kind all improved Opium poppy is one fold of coming out for opiate collection.
A flower dies and lets the fruit of the chicken egg - clenched fist size of the unique form called the crown ponytail grow when I do it for a few days. The form of this crown ponytail changes with a sphere and the oval sphere that are almost a truth globe by a kind variously, too. The garden varieties such as the blooming in double bear fruit, too, but the real size and morphine content are far behind a kind for the opiate collection. Of white - light red containing morphine which is a drug ingredient when damage it which is slight on the surface of 未熟果 as for all kinds emulsion leachs out, and show viscosity in a few minutes, and make it black. I scrape this up with a spatula, and a dry thing is straight opium. When fruit becomes ripe, the plant body withers and dies, and there is a hole at the zenith of the ripe fruit, and a minute seed less than diameter 0.5mm jumps out (this comes from that I express very small quality with "... such as the puppy seed"). The seed is kidney form, and the surface has a halftone plate design, but is hard to confirm it by the naked eye. The color changes from white to black by a kind, but, as for the thing which is edible, and is sold, there are many ivory-white and black [3].
Subspecies and kind
As it is cultivated very for a long time, there are many subspecies and kinds. Part of follows [4].
Subspecies of the opiate collection purpose
There are the following basic six models to the climate of all parts of the world. There are various kinds in each subspecies.
- Subtropical climatic type
- P. somuniferm ssp. indicum
- I say the Indian system class. The kind for the opiate collection makes the flower that most are white bloom, but this kind makes a red flower bloom. The fruit is small, and an oval sphere or a wide oval is spherical.
- Asia Minor climatic type
- P. somuniferm ssp. anatolicum
- I say both the Turkish system class and the Bosnian seed. The flower is tinged with white or violet. Or, as for the fruit, greatly egg-shaped spheroid form.
- Central Asian climatic type
- P. somuniferm ssp. centra-asiaticum
- I say an Iranian system seed, the Iranian seed. It is called Persian White in English. Small spherical as for the fruit or egg-shaped.
- Amayama climatic type
- P. somuniferm ssp. tianshanicum
- I let the big fruit of the wide oval sphere grow.
- Northern climatic type
- P. somniferm ssp. eurasiaticum
- The fruit is greatly egg-shaped or spherical.
- Mongolia climatic type
- P. somuniferm ssp. mongolicum
- Greatly spherical as for the fruit or egg-shaped. I run in Japan at the beginning of the Showa era from the Taisho era, and the kind improved consistency classes are classified here, too.
Opium-producing kind of the admiration purpose
- ボタンゲシ
- P. somniferum var. paeoniflorum
- P. somniferum var. laciniatum
- In a kind of the blooming in double, I make a gorgeous flower bloom for the emergency similar to the button. I came in Japan for a poppy and the same period for the opiate collection and was drawn on the ukiyoe prints willingly.
- A form is different from var. paeoniflorum in var. laciniatum, and a petal is split in the latter like a thread thin, but does not seem to distinguish it in the Japanese name because cultivation is prohibited in Japan by the opium method, and the existence as the garden variety has died out.
- Because there is the place to sell somniferum of the specific epithet for short out of Japan, I purchase a seed without knowing it by in the case of overseas travel or a mail order by the Internet and am the kind that there is much what is disclosed for opium method violation after cultivation (pick it, and is ordered destruction by fire disposal by the police officer whom I discovered).
- デニッシュフラッグ Danish Flag
- In the kind that it is made selective breeding out of Japan, and was developed, I make a flower of the unlined kimono which I devoted myself to which the relationship of the petal with the white cross design is split in to Akachi thin bloom. Because the aspect is similar to a Danish national flag, I seem to be the thing with this kind name. But I cannot cultivate it in Japan because it is P. somniferum.
with the human being of relationships
I it as pharmaceutical products and drug raw materials
Heroin which opium changed morphine and morphine which purified 穫 れ, it into chemically is appointed to a drug by the emulsion which comes out when I damage 未熟果 of this seed. However, medicine is pharmaceutically important to morphine as a painkilling sedative and, aside from heroin which is a complete drug, rarely falls into a dependency if it relieves in particular the acute pain of the cancer patient and is based on the appropriate use that is indispensable for treatment in the pain clinic. In addition, as for the details about opium and morphine, see the item concerned.
Cultivation method
Because the poppy cannot port it, you must make direct planting. I make it to ridge 50cm in width and, in the end of September, surround a seed in the ratio of 180 ml per 10a. In in the following spring, I thin it out and assume it approximately 10cm between the stock. When flowering, a petal drop for the middle in May, and an ovary grew enough after a few days, it is shallow and cuts it along ovarian 立隆線 and damages it and gathers opium.
History of cultivation in the world
The history as cultivated plants is old, and the seed of this seed is discovered in remains thought to be about B.C. 5000 of Switzerland (how it was used ignorance). It is said that it has been already cultivated as a medicinal herb when four major civilization came into existence, and there is the cultivation record of this seed to a cuneiform character board of Sumerian. It was thought that the medical use of this seed came to Greece from there via Egypt and spread out in the European whole land via the Roman Empire. Meanwhile, I projected the corruption of the empire, and the usage accomplished a change to drug use, too and spread out in all parts of the world as opiate raw materials after the Age of Geographical Discovery. The U.K. in particular performed the large-scale cultivation of this kind in India which was a colony and I exported produced opium to China (清) and gave vast profit.
Present conditions of the cultivation in the world
There are many countries which I do not regulate about the poppy cultivation as the gardening use while many countries submit some kind of regulation to poppy cultivation. The seminal sale is free, and the cultivation of the poppy including the kind to become the morphine raw materials in the United States is cheap, and it can purchase a seed by a net mail order. In Europe including the U.K., a poppy field in full glory in one side becomes the spring pastime that gives poetic charm.
In addition, I collect morphine by a method to dip the plant body of this dried seed into the organic solvent in the developed country, and to percolate alkaloids ingredient effectively. A recovery of morphine may be non-efficiency and is an opium export possibility country needing it producing opium as form, or the collection to stop by is performed only under illegality production to rake a primitive spatula.
History of cultivation in Japan
With the tradition that the kind of the poppy was brought in the Tsugaru district (current Aomori) from India in Japan in the Muromachi era by Western trade, and became the common name of the poppy called "ツガル" it [5]. Production されがいずれも was small amount, and a small quantity was expensive in current Yamanashi, Wakayama, the neighborhood of Osaka, and the use was limited for medical care afterwards, too.
明治の半ば、大阪府の農民二反長音蔵がケシ栽培を政府に建白、地元の大阪府三島郡で大規模生産に乗り出すとともに、品種改良に尽力し、モルヒネ含有量が既存種の数倍に達する一貫種と呼ばれる優良品種を作出した。日本は台湾統治開始後、台湾においてアヘンの製造と消費が一大産業になっていることを知った。台湾総督府衛生顧問だった後藤新平は台湾のケシ栽培を課税対象とし、段階的に課税を厳格化することで、40年をかけ台湾のケシ生産を消滅させた一方で内地では二反長音蔵のケシ栽培を積極的に後援し、日本国内のアヘンの生産と台湾への輸出・販売を台湾総督府の専売制とし、莫大な利益を得た。1935年頃には全国作付けが100haに達し、5月の開花期には広大なケシ畑に雪白の花が広がり、非常な壮観を呈した。当時のアヘン年間生産量は15tに達し、全国産額の50%は和歌山県有田郡で、40%が大阪府三島郡がそれぞれ占めた。
昭和に入ると日本は戦前朝鮮や満洲の一部（熱河省。現在の河北省、遼寧省、内モンゴル自治区の一部）でケシ栽培を奨励し、第二次大戦中は満洲国、蒙古聯合自治政府、南京国民政府などで大規模栽培を行い、生成されたアヘンに高額の税をかけ戦費を調達した[6]。
終戦後の1946年、GHQがケシ栽培を禁止し、国内生産は途絶した。1954年あへん法が制定され、翌1955年から栽培が再開された。しかし戦前のような大規模栽培は復活することなく、現在の栽培量は実験室レベルに留まっている。
日本における栽培の現状
日本でもあへん法によってアヘンやモルヒネに対する規制がかけられているが、同法は戦前の満州や朝鮮で大規模に行われた戦費調達のためのアヘン生産の反省に基づき、国内での大規模栽培を例外なく禁止する意図の元に策定されている。ゆえにその内容は他国に比較して非常に厳しい。
現在日本においてあへん法に基づく栽培許可を受けるには、栽培地の周囲に二重の金網を張り巡らせ門扉には施錠する、といった非常に厳しい条件をクリアしなければならない。ゆえに実際に許可を得て栽培しているのは国や地方自治体の研究機関や、薬科大学、大学薬学部の薬草園、および北海道に国の研究機関から委託されて栽培している数軒の農家があるだけで、国内のアヘン生産量は実験室レベルに留まっている。これではとても国内需要をまかなえないため、日本は国際条約下で数少ないアヘン輸出可能国にもかかわらず、他国からアヘンを輸入している。
なお、2008年には茨城県下妻市にある小貝川ふれあい公園で行われるフラワーフェスティバルの会場では、ポピー畑に誤って栽培禁止種であるアツミゲシが種子の時点でポピーの種子に混入したために数十万本植えられていることが判明し、撤去・焼却処分した事例もある。
食用として
種子は煎ると香ばしく、あんパンやケーキに振り掛けたり、七味唐辛子に混ぜるなどして使われる。和菓子の松風には必須の材料である。中央ヨーロッパから東ヨーロッパではポピーシードで作った餡状のペーストをシュトゥルーデル、シュトレン、パイ、ハマンタッシェンなどの菓子のフィリングとしてよく用いる。モルヒネの含まれていない品種は特にポーランドのパンやケーキに大量に用いられることが広く知られている。東インドでは、種子をすりつぶして煮込み料理に加える他、ケシの実のチャツネも作られる。
栽培品種にもよるが、種子にはモルヒネが含まれていないか、含まれていてもごく微量である。長年にわたって食用に供されてきた歴史があるため、普通どの国においてもポピーシードは規制対象となっていない。日本においても『あへん法』では種子は取り締りの対象から外されており、ゆえに所持していても法的には問題にならない。しかし発芽すると法に触れるので、日本で販売されているケシの種子は加熱による発芽防止処理が施されている。
例外としてシンガポールのように微量であってもモルヒネが含まれていることを問題視し、ポピーシードの使用そのものを禁止している国もある。またアメリカには、ポピーシードを材料に用いた菓子を食べて尿検査で陽性反応が出てしょっぴかれた、といった類の笑い話がある。
また種子には多量の油分が含まれているため、これを絞ったけし油（ポピーシードオイル）も食用や石鹸の製造、油彩画の絵の具を溶く描画油に使われる。けし油は植物油としてはかなり高価な部類に入るので、一般的には食用よりはむしろ描画油として使用される。
あへん法等により他に栽培が禁止されている仲間
ソムニフェルム種の他にはアツミゲシなどのセティゲルム種が規制対象。
アツミゲシ Papaver setigerum
- アフリカ原産。ケシの亜種と考えられていたが、染色体を調べた結果別種と判明。ケシよりは小型。1960年代に渥美半島で初めて帰化が確認されたことから命名された。今では日本全国に広がっている。花は薄紫色で、基部は濃紫色。本種からアヘンが生成された記録はなかったが、世界における栽培の現状で述べられている有機溶媒を使用した化学的手法によって本種からもアルカロイドの抽出が可能である。
ハカマオニゲシ Papaver bracteatum
- ペルシャ原産。花びらの下にハカマとよばれる小葉が付く。花は深紅で、基部に黒い斑点がある。麻薬類似成分であるテバインを含むため、麻薬及び向精神薬取締法により麻薬原料植物に定義されており、栽培が禁止されている。
オニゲシ (P. orientale) によく似ているが、オニゲシに深紅の花の種類はないなどの点で区別できる。
なお、これ以外のヒナゲシなどの観賞用のケシは、麻薬成分を含まないので栽培しても問題は無い。
ケシをモチーフとした作品
脚注・参考文献
- ^ AFPニュース. "ケシ栽培から脱却できないアフガニスタンの農民". 2011年5月3日閲覧。
- ^ a b "世界のケシ栽培面積、過去最大に 国連報告、アフガンも増加". 共同通信. 47NEWS. (2014年6月26日) 2014年6月26日閲覧。
- ^ ただし、英名では blue poppy seed と呼ばれ、色は青ということになっている。
- ^ 朝日新聞社編 「植物の世界」 朝日新聞社 1997年9月 第8,14巻 ISBN 4-02-380010-4
- ^ 伊澤一男『薬草カラー図鑑』「ケシ」。
- ^ NHKスペシャル. "調査報告 日本軍と阿片". 2008年8月17日閲覧。
関連項目
- 新聞記者を振り出しに、関東軍と結託し第二次大戦中に中国大陸におけるアヘン流通ルートを開拓し、その後日中両国にまたがるアヘンの一大シンジケートを差配した。戦後は表社会から身を退いたものの、そのとき成した財を用いて政官財を操る首領として裏社会に君臨する。彼もまた阿片王の名で呼ばれる。
- 児童文学者で二反長音蔵の息子。「戦争と日本阿片史」という著作がある。
- 星製薬創業者。二反長音蔵と組みアヘンの日本国内生産に尽力する。
外部リンク
- 大麻・けしの見分け方 - 厚生労働省
- ケシ（ソムニフェルム種）（植えてはいけないケシ） - 東大阪市役所
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