He 177 (plane)
Heinkel He 177 グライフ
- A use: Tactical bomber
- A manufacturer: Heinkel
- An operation person:
German country (Luftwaffe) - Maiden flight: November, 1939
- The number of the production: 1,184 planes
- An operational start: 1942
- Military retirement: 1945
- The operational situation: Military retirement
He 177 is produced in German Heinkel and is the bomber of four engines used in Luftwaffe during World War II. This was the first strategic bomber-like body put to practical use in Germany.
"グライフ" (Greif: a griffon) and an official name were attached from an A-5 type. The initial model had many problems, but was improved later. However, at that time, I was not able to produce it by situation aggravation by the war in large quantities.
Table of contents
Design
As for He 177, designed Heinkel project (P.1041) causes it along A bomber plan suggested on June 3, 1936 by German Air Ministry (RLM). This was the demand that was much severer than Do 19 of Dornier Corporation designed based on an Ural bomber plan (is equipped with a bomb of 1,000 kg of (2,200 pounds), and even a minimum needs 6,695km (4,160 miles) flying ranges more than it), a thing of Ju 89 of Junkers.
Because it was said that it was substratospheric altitude, and the maximum speed of approximately 540km/h (340mph) was necessary for a body, and the ability for dive-bombing (I switch to 緩降下 of 60 degrees later) was required in a plan again, reinforcement of the body structure was necessary. In addition, a gun tower of evaporation cooling mechanism and the remote control of the body surface, many new technologies including the connection engine were cast into a design.
Engine
Characteristics of this body include that they used two engines to turn one propeller.
Siegfried Gunther of the main designer of Heinkel Corporation chose the Daimler-Benz DB 606 engine to reduce air resistance. These engines line up in the form that tipped two Daimler-Benz DB 601 engines 30 degrees each and fix it to Nasser and let you connect two crankshafts to one gearbox and drive one propeller shaft gear. It was judged that the reliability for the twins engine was secured by development of He 119 this engine layout and was adopted
When the last inspection of the model of the actual size of Heinkel P.1041 was carried out, and Ernst ウーデット which was Ernst Heinkel and an official of OKL talked with it about the future of the design of this body on November 5, 1937 when Heinkel P.1041 was authorized as He 177 formally by RLM, the ability for dive-bombing was required for the first time. Heinkel tells that dive-bombing is an impossible demand then in ウーデット. The heavy bomber only for two propellers largely decreased air resistance and was able to get improvement of the remarkable drivenness. The mass production type had speed and drivenness equal to 重戦闘機 at the time in the first prototype and first half year of He 177.
As for the DB606 engine put on He 177, type A and type B were produced in difference in rotatory direction of the engine while driving. As for the prototype of He 177 V1 - V3, an engine of the type A to turn counterclockwise was equipped with in right and left. Type A and the type B of the DB 606 engine were equipped with from V4, and type B to turn clockwise was equipped with in type A, the left-winger who turned counterclockwise in the right wing and came to deny the turn torque of the propeller. The max power of DB 606 was 2,700hp. There is the body changed for DB 610 engine (2,910hp) of the high output later.
The prototype of first eight and the A-0 mass production trial manufacture model run wide 4 of the unusual width, and の propeller was adopted, but is not adopted with the mass production type of He 177A. The DB 606 engine was equipped with in a beginning by the prototype of the He 119 reconnaissance bomber of one propeller, and it was confirmed that air resistance decreased. However, I became a cause of many troubles such as a fire or the overheat from an engine that the cowling of He 177 was very tight because it was designed.
The DB 606 engine became the structure that displayed two V-twelve engines in parallel, and the exhaust pipe for 12 (*2 unilateral six cylinders of the engine) concentrated on a central part. Therefore, oil and grease were abnormally heated and became easy to catch fire from the lower part of the engine cowl. In addition, when a pilot returned an engine throttle, an injection pump of the fueling tended to supply fuel to an engine excessively, and, in addition, fuel often leaked from the joint of the injection pump. However, fuel and the oil which leaked hung to the engine frequently because the fire wall was not set up for the weight saving of the body as for He 177. Furthermore, air bubbles tended to occur to the oil because of the malfunction of the design of the oil pump in the substratospheric altitude, and lubricity of the engine oil in this way decreased remarkably. As a result, the joint of a bearing and the crankshaft was damaged and would break the crankcase of the engine connected to the oil tank, and oil might fall on the convergence department of the exhaust pipe which became high heat. Besides, is hard to also maintain engine structure complicatedly; because was designed, it became difficult in the front to do enough maintenance, and easily boiled over by fire while DB 606 flew it. I had a big problem to an engine, and He 177 became the problem in particular in the initial production model in this way.
A report that the difficulty of a trouble and the maintenance of the engine of He 177 was caused by DB 606 engine with connection structure was submitted in August, 1942. DB 610 where I connected two new Daimler-Benz DB 605 engines with came to be carried by a latter term model of He 177A-3. The DB 610 engine extends the change of the position of the tank of the engine oil, the position of the engine mount 20cm and limits the review of the exhaust layout, addition and the engine output of the 消炎 damper for the night battle. By these improvement, I was able to get big reliability. In 1943, the DB 610 engine was able to overcome problems such as air bubbles or the vibration to occur to the oil by the introduction of the new oil centrifuge, but the problem of two gear cases to tie an engine to was remaining.
Surface cooling
Originally, as for He 177, a surface cooling method was adopted for the cooling of the engine for reduction of the radiator weight and reduction of the air resistance. However, even if repeated improvement was carried out, the surface cooling method still had many problems, and the surface cooling method was canceled in 1939.
On the other hand, I will attach an annular radiator behind a propeller. I did similar form that Ju 88A-4 bomber was equipped with this radiator, and it followed that weight and the air resistance of the body increased by the addition of this radiator.
Defense armed
Epoch-making things include a rotary emplacement for the defense remote-controled by body Pitt in a design of HE 177. This system created in a plan of Ju 288 was able to largely reduce air resistance than a manned rotary emplacement.
Most of produced He 177A became the specifications of MG 131 machine gun *1 of 13mm to MG 131 machine gun *2 of 13mm, a manned emplacement to an emplacement of the remote control in the place offset a little on the right side after the cabin area.
MG 81 machine gun of 7.92mm was equipped the right upper part of the canopy of the front part of body with.
A gondola of the size same as body width was installed in the nose undersurface, and 20mm MG FF cannons were usually equipped with forward in He 177A-1 and equipped it with MG 81Z multi-launching machine gun of 7.92mm backward and were changed MG 151/20 cannon of 20mm to MG 131 machine gun of 13mm with the type backward forward in the latter period.
I equipped a tailpiece emplacement with MG 131 machine gun *1 of 13mm. However, as for the emplacement designed in a simple streamline, glass of the top surface was designed in the form that swelled out for an archer again because it was tight. The shape of the tail assembly is changed for securing of clearance with this, too. This change was carried out from Skywarrior. In addition, the things which changed the MG 131 machine gun of 13mm to the MG 151/20 cannon of 20mm were seen a lot.
Deployment weapon examination
He 177 tested the guided weapon such as various torpedoes and Hs 293 anti-ship missiles.
It is regarded as He 177A-1/U2 by a plan mounted with these weapons first that it was performed. I was equipped with MK 101 cannon *2 of 30mm the gondola of the new design ahead and was used for the ground-attacks such as the attacks to a train and an anti-ship attack. I remodeled He 177A-1/U2 12 and was made. It is remodeled afterwards so that a few He 177 puts a 50mm cannon on a gondola for the destruction of the antiaircraft gun of Stalingrad in winter of 1942. This change is unofficial, but is called Stalingrad model. It was planned that the few A-3/R5 types were produced to put a BK 7.5 gun of 75mm (the thing which remodeled 7.5cm PaK 40) on the abdomen.
In January, 1944, I was equipped with five rocket tubes (30 of them are final first 33) that He 177A-3 was derived from ネーベルヴェルファー experimentally diagonally. This was based on He 177, and this was because it made "重戦闘機" for the purpose of destruction or dismantling it in crowd formation of the defense serious consideration called "the combat box" which the strategic bomber of the Army of the United States flying corps which came flying in the German sky performed. These bodies remove bomb bay and an auxiliary fuel tank to be equipped with a rocket of 21cm and the launching device.
One rocket was able to choose two times of three discharge patterns of all bullet discharge or 15 and 18. I left a good result on the test with a balloon as a mark, and it was restrictive, but it was authorized what I applied, but enough results were not provided because of the escort fighter of the Allied Forces and the deep anti-aircraft fire as a result that Erprobungskommando(EKdo) (experiment battalion of Luftwaffe) examined the actual fighting.
Body structure
He 177 had to largely strengthen body structure by a demand of the ability for dive-bombing. This contributed to raise body weight and fell into a vicious circle that it was approached by need to nominate body strength for more. An airspeed, a flying range, deployment capacity will be greatly in this way reduced.
It became clear that aerodynamic load suffered from the outside panel of the wing by 20 times of flights that a test of the dive-bombing was carried out using the 40th production of A-1 machine, and a test of September, 1942 received serious damage. Large reinforcement of the body structure was necessary to solve this problem. Because it was made the increase (in A-1 in 30,300 kg, A-5 32,000 kg) of the burden of the bomb, I was not able to meet a demand of the dive-bombing. Therefore I was produced without dive brakes by a Skywarrior type.
The main gear placement of the landing gear of He 177 was elaborate idly; was designed. The main gear was comprised of four big wheels and four props and I did a bottom of engine Nasser of the main wing on the fulcrum and I went up it and, at the time of the flight, was received outward with the inside, and the system was such that I did it and fell down to the fulcrum, and a bottom of engine Nasser was fixed two at the time of the landing all together. Whenever a main gear broke down, I would attach a main gear (there was much understock) specially made by Heinkel and started repair more than two hours because the main gear of He 177 was complicated structure.
The main gear of the form with two wheels is really adopted with He 274 (derivation machine of He177) to one general leg.
In addition, as for He 277 (derivation machine of He177) which terminated in the paper plan, it was planned to attach three-type undercarriage.
Conversion to other models
The body of the He 177A-5 type was used as the core of the body in Junkers Ju 287 V1. As for this body, as for the wing, as for the progress wing, the tailpiece of the new design, Ju 388, the neck leg are made using a thing of the B-24 Liberator whom they captured. Ju 287 V1 makes the first flight in August, 1944.
The neck leg of the prototype of all Horten Ho229 wing-type fighter jets uses the tire of the main gear of He 177.
Drivenness
When ヨー and pace tended to be unstable, He 177A-1 which was a first mass production type of グライフ was judged from a test flight in August, 1942. This meant a drop of the bombing precision. I extended the body 160cm, and, as for the body which increased this remodeling, ヨー and stability of the pace were improved by this test result. This body extension was adopted by He 177A-3.
When British navy test pilot, Eric Brown steered He 177A-5 captured in "Wings of the Luftwaffe" of the book all over the wartime, they state, "it is light" surprisingly. In addition, he states that the control of the elevator of He 177 was particularly light in comparison with the famous heavy bomber flying fortress of the United States Armed Forces.
He 177B prototype
Many plans were drawn up for the solution to the problem of the complicated engine layout of He 177A. その中にHe 177Aを通常の4発爆撃機とする計画があり、その計画の為にHe 177Aを改造して試作機が作られた。
航空機総監エルンスト・ウーデットは戦前からHe 177のエンジンに結合エンジンであるDB 606を選定したことを非難していた。ハインケル側が主張し導入させたDB 606エンジンが原因でHe177は際限なく続くトラブルに悩まされていた。
1942年9月、ゲーリング自身によってHe 177の急降下爆撃能力の要求は撤回された。そしてハインケルの設計で"適切な"4発爆撃機型が設計された。これは「He 177B」と名づけられHe 219と同じように環状のラジエーターを装備したダイムラー・ベンツ DB 603が個別で4基搭載されることとなった。
これに似た構成・経緯の爆撃機としてはイギリスのアブロ マンチェスターがある。マンチェスターに搭載されていたロールス・ロイス ヴァルチャーはDB 606/610とは異なり、V型12気筒エンジンをクランクシャフトを共用するよう上下に結合したX型24気筒エンジンであり、構成上はいくらか危険性の少ないものであったが、やはり信頼性不足で少数の生産で打ち切られた。しかしながらマンチェスターはエンジンをV型12気筒の4発にし、信頼性を向上させ、機体の設計変更でアブロ ランカスターへと発展し成功を収めた。
1943年8月までに、He 177B-5の詳細な設計が行われ、He 177 V101〜V103の3機のプロトタイプの製作が認められた。試作機のV101は中期生産型であるHe 177 A-3の機体から製作された。V102は先行量産機であるHe 177 A-0の8号機を改造して製作されている。V103はHe 177 A-5の初期型から製作された。
試作機V102は最初に双翼の尾翼が取り付けられた。この尾翼はテスト時に一枚の尾翼を持つ一般的なHe 177に比べ良好な操縦性を示した。1943年11月にファウラーフラップが取り付けられている。
He 177B型もA型と同様に航空力学的に優れた全面ガラスの機首を装備していた。その機首はA型より若干大きく、「チンターレット」と呼ばれる2連の銃座が設置され、それぞれMG 131機関銃×2、もしくはMG 151/20機関砲が装備される予定だった。しかし、この装備はHe 177A-0の15号機でテストされただけで、B型の試作機には搭載されることはなかった。B型の試作機には従来のHe 177の機種が取り付けられていただけだった。この新型の機首は今日、図面だけが残されており、写真は現存していない。
他の防御兵器としてHe 177Aと同じ装備が搭載されていた。特にB-5型は背部に連装のターレットとその後ろに有人のターレットを装備していた。軽量型として設計されたB-7型ではこれらは省略されている。また、尾部には動力化されたMG 131機関銃の4連装ターレットを試作機に取り付け、量産型ではこれを標準装備にする計画だった。しかしこれはハインケル社内で模型が制作されただけで終わった。
ウィーン-シュウェハト軍用飛行場で1943年12月の後半から1944年1月の前半までの間これらのB型の初飛行が行われた。また、A-5の初期型の機体を利用して追加のHe 177 V104試作機がHe 177B-5の量産型の試作機として製作された。
1944年の4月後半から7月の初めまで、ウィーン・エリアのドイツの航空機生産設備への米国空軍の重爆撃機の空襲により飛行可能なV103および未完成のV104が破壊された。これによりハインケルのオーストリアの工場でHe 177B-5型を生産する望みはついえた。
1944年の7月の初め、戦闘機開発計画の採用により、He 177B型の開発計画はハインケルHe162(サラマンダー)ジェット戦闘機の設計に専念するために後回しとされた。これは事実上計画放棄であり、結局He 177B型は試作機4機(うち1機は未完成)作成されたにとどまった。
運用実績
He 177は技術的な問題を多く抱えており、長い間トラブルを抱えながら運用されていたとされているがHe177V8試作機の段階で問題はある程度は解決されており、根本的な問題となったのはDB601及びDB605の供給問題である。他機種に発動機が優先供給された為にHe177の機体が製造工場に溢れる事態となった。He 177Aは1942年に就役したが、前記の事情から十分な運用機数など存在せず、緊急的な措置としてスターリングラードで敵に包囲された第6軍への補給任務に使用されたが、そのペイロードは、はるかに小型のHe111爆撃機とほぼ同じだった。そして負傷兵の輸送機としても役に立たなかった。その結果、He 177は、スターリングラードの近くでドイツ国防軍を支援する、爆撃や高射砲抑制任務に戻ることになった。ここではたった13回の任務で7機のHe 177が撃墜されているが、当然ながら他の機体も高射砲で多数撃墜されている
他の運用例としては、1944年1月から5月にかけて実施されたシュタインボック(アイベックス)作戦での、イギリスへの夜間攻撃がある。13機が出撃したが、1機はタイヤがバーストしたために離陸を中止しており、8機がエンジンのオーバーヒートで帰還している。残りの機体の内2機が敵夜間戦闘機に撃墜されている。飛行場には十分な整備員と機材がそろっておらず、機体は十分なメンテナンスが行われていない状態で出撃していた。シュタインボック作戦中に使用された機体(Do 217, He111, Ju 88, Ju 188)は平均損耗率が60%だったのに対し、He 177A-5は損耗率10%で作戦に参加した爆撃機の中で最良の結果を残している。熟練の搭乗員が使用した場合He 177は5,600kgの爆弾を搭載して作戦に参加可能であった。
He 177の基本戦術は英国の海岸を横断する前に実用上昇限度まで上昇し、その後速力最大で浅い角度を降下し任務を実行するものであった。その際、機体の速度は690km/h(430mph)以上にもなった。 高高度を高速で飛行することは迎撃されにくく航空機の生存性を高めたが、爆撃の精度と有効性を大幅に減少させることとなった。
1944年初頭の東部戦線では、He177は多くの場合、昼間に約6000メートル(19690フィート)以上の高度で作戦を実施し、損失も比較的低かった。地上攻撃を主な任務としたソ連空軍は迎撃のレベルが低く、高空を飛ぶHe177を妨げることは難しかった。
1944年後半には全機のHe 177を運用するだけの燃料がなくなっていた。
派生型
| この節の加筆が望まれています。 |
- He 177 V1-V8 :原型機。正式にはHe 177 V1のように製造(計画)された順に番号が付与された。V8まで存在した。V4から互いに反対方向へ回転するDB 606 A/Bエンジンを備えるようになっている。
- He 177 A-0 :生産前機。20mm機関砲×1、13mm機銃×3、7.92mm機銃×1を装備。35機生産。
- He 177 A-1 :最初の量産型。130機生産。
- He 177 A-2 :防御機銃を縮小し(7.92mm MG 81機関銃×6、13mm MG 131機関銃×1)、4人乗りの与圧キャビンを装備する提案モデル。
- He 177 A-3 :2番目の量産型、170機生産。16機目以降からDB 610エンジンを搭載
- He 177 A-3/R1 :DB 606A/BまたはDB 610エンジン搭載。
- He 177 A-3/R2 :A-3/R1型の尾部にMG 151/20を追加した武装改善型。
- He 177 A-3/R3 :Hs 293誘導爆弾を搭載出来るよう能力を付与した機体。
- He 177 A-3/R4 :FuG 203ミサイル管制装置を搭載し、腹部が張り出していた。
- He 177 A-3/R5 :腹部張り出しにBK 7.5 75 mm砲(PaK 40対戦車砲の改良型)を搭載した地上攻撃型。
- He 177 A-3/R7 :魚雷搭載能力を付与した対艦攻撃型。3機生産。
- He 177 A-4 :高々度爆撃機型の提案モデル。後にHe 274に発展。
- He 177 A-5 :構造改修型。主翼強化により吊下荷重を増加。826機生産。
- He 177 A-5/R1 :ケール制御装置を搭載しHs 293やフリッツXを搭載出来るよう能力を付与した機体。
- He 177 A-5/R4 :ケール制御装置と単純化された爆撃懸吊架を装備した機体。
- He 177 A-5/R5 :爆弾倉後部に13 mm MG 131機関銃 × 2 遠隔操作銃座を装備。
- A-5 重駆逐戦闘機型(Grosszerstorer) :対爆撃機用の装備として33個のロケットランチャーを装備、爆弾倉と追加燃料タンクは取り外されている。1944年6月に試験的に3機製作された。
- A-5 スターリングラード型 :高射砲抑制および対地攻撃用にBK 7.5 75 mm砲(PaK 40対戦車砲の改良型)を搭載。
- He 177 A-5/R6 :前部爆弾倉2つを廃止した機体。
- He 177 A-5/R7 :研究用に与圧キャビン採用した高々度型。武装はA-2と同じ。
- He 177 A-5/R8 :機首部と尾部に銃座を追加した機体。
- He 177 A-6 :高高度長距離爆撃型。与圧キャビンを装備し爆弾搭載量も増加している。防御武装はA-2と同じ。
- He 177 A-6/R1 :尾部銃座とHs 293搭載能力を追加。6機生産。
- He 177 A-7 :主翼全幅を36mに拡大。搭載エンジンをDB 610の代わりにDB 613を搭載する予定だった。He177A-5から6機が改造された。
- He 177 A-8 :A-5とA-3の胴体と4基の独立したエンジンを懸架する新設計の主翼の提案モデル。エンジンはDB 603か、Jumo 213をHe 219と同じように環状のラジエーターを装備して搭載。1943年8月に「He 177B-5」という名称に変更。ペーパープランのみ。
- He 177 A-10 :He177の4発の提案モデル。A-8とほぼ同じだがA-7の量産型の胴体を使用し有人の背部銃塔を省略。1943年8月に「He 177B-7」という名称に変更。
- He 177 B :この機体は「偽装計画」と考えられており、ドイツ空軍について書かれた多くの20世紀の書籍にはそう記述されている。ハインケルHe 277の名称で、He177のエンジンが独立した4発タイプの開発を計画していることをライヒ航空省やヘルマン・ゲーリングや空軍最高司令部(OKL)から秘匿するためである。1944年2月後半にハインケルが提案を予定していた、公式図面には"He 177B-5"と明記されていた。設計された機体は実際にA-3のフレームから作られたHe 177 V101試作機や後から作られたB型の試作機とよく似ていた。
- He 177 H :ハインケルHe 274の初期の名称。
スペック
- 全長: 22.00 m
- 全幅: 31.44 m
- 全高: 6.7 m
- 全備重量: 31,000 kg
- エンジン: ダイムラー・ベンツ DB 610 液冷24気筒 2,950 hp × 2
- 最大速度: 565 km/h (6,100m)
- 上限高度: 9,400 m
- 航続距離: 5,600 km (最大)
- 武装
- 乗員: 5名
参考文献
- 国江隆夫『WWIIドイツ空軍ハインケルHe177"グライフ" 謎の多い巨大4発爆撃機の実体を未発表を含む当時の資料を駆使して徹底解剖!』(文林堂、2007年) ISBN 978-4-89319-151-9
- 阿部寬一「米本土爆撃も狙ったドイツの野心作 ハインケルHe177/He277/He274」
- デルタ出版『ミリタリーエアクラフト』1997年7月号 No.33 p91〜p118
関連項目
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia He 177 (plane)
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